The XKB Configuration Guide
Kamil Toman
Ivan U. Pascal
X Version 11, Release 7.7
November 2010
This document describes how to configure Xorg XKB from a user's point of view.
It covers basic configuration syntax and gives also a few examples.
This version covers Xorg server versions 1.8 and later, used with the data
files from the xkeyboard-config project.
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Table of Contents
Overview
Selecting XKB Configuration
Basic Configuration
Advanced Configuration
Even More Advanced Configuration
Basic Global Options
Keymap XKB Configuration
Overview
The XKB configuration is decomposed into a number of components. Selecting
proper parts and combining them back you can achieve most of the configurations
you might need. Unless you have a completely atypical keyboard you really don't
need to touch any of the xkb configuration files.
Some desktop environments now provide integrated graphical configuration tools
for setting XKB configuration as part of your desktop session. The instructions
in this document are provided for those without such support, those who need to
configure XKB before the session startup (such as at the login screen), or
those who need to perform more advanced configuration than those tools provide.
Selecting XKB Configuration
The easiest and the most natural way to specify a keyboard mapping is to use
the rules component. As its name suggests it describes a number of general
rules to combine all bits and pieces into a valid and useful keyboard mapping.
All you need to do is to select a suitable rules file and then to feed it with
a few parameters that will adjust the keyboard behaviour to fulfill your needs.
The parameters are:
XkbRules files of rules to be used for keyboard mapping composition
XkbModel name of the model of your keyboard type
XkbLayout layout(s) you intend to use
XkbVariant variant(s) of the layout you intend to use
XkbOptions extra xkb configuration options
The rules file used depends on your system. The rules files commonly used with
Xorg are provided by the xkeyboard-config project. On Linux systems, the evdev
rules are most commonly used, on other systems the base rules are used. Some
additional rules files exist for historical reasons, but are no longer widely
used. In general, it's best to simply not specify the rules file, in order to
use the default rules selected automatically by the X server.
For each rules file there is a description file named <vendor-rules>.lst, for
instance base.lst which is located in the xkb configuration subdirectory rules
(for example /usr/share/X11/xkb/rules).
Basic Configuration
Let's say you want to configure a PC-style American keyboard with 104 keys as
described in base.lst. This can be done by simply writing several lines from
below to a new configuration file in /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d, such as /etc/X11/
Section "InputClass"
Identifier "keyboard defaults"
MatchIsKeyboard "on"
Option "XkbModel" "pc104"
Option "XkbLayout" "us"
Option "XKbOptions" ""
EndSection
The values of XkbModel and XkbLayout are really not surprising. The XkbOptions
has been explicitly set to the empty set of parameters. The XkbVariant option
has been left out. That means the default variant named basic is loaded.
Of course, this can be also done at runtime using the utility setxkbmap. The
shell command loading the same keyboard mapping would look like:
setxkbmap -model pc104 -layout us -option ""
The configuration and the shell command would be very analogous for most other
layouts (internationalized mappings).
If you wanted to enable the Ctrl+Alt+Backspace sequence to kill the X server by
default, you could create a configuration snippet /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/
90-zap.conf containing:
Section "InputClass"
Identifier "keyboard defaults"
MatchIsKeyboard "on"
Option "XKbOptions" "terminate:ctrl_alt_bksp"
EndSection
This would be equivalent to running the shell command:
setxkbmap -option "terminate:ctrl_alt_bksp"
Advanced Configuration
You can use multi-layouts xkb configuration. What does it mean? Basically it
allows to load up to four different keyboard layouts at a time. Each such
layout would reside in its own group. The groups (unlike complete keyboard
remapping) can be switched very fast from one to another by a combination of
keys.
Let's say you want to configure your new Logitech cordless desktop keyboard,
you intend to use three different layouts at the same time - us, czech and
german (in this order), and that you are used to Alt+Shift combination for
switching among them.
Then the configuration snippet could look like this:
Section "InputClass"
Identifier "Logitech Cordless"
MatchIsKeyboard "on"
Option "XkbModel" "logicordless"
Option "XkbLayout" "us,cz,de"
Option "XKbOptions" "grp:alt_shift_toggle"
EndSection
Of course, this can be also done at runtime using the utility setxkbmap. The
shell command loading the same keyboard mapping would look like:
setxkbmap -model logicordless -layout "us,cz,de" \
-option "grp:alt_shift_toggle"
Even More Advanced Configuration
Okay, let's say you are more demanding. You do like the example above but you
want it to change a bit. Let's imagine you want the czech keyboard mapping to
use another variant but basic. The configuration snippet then changes into:
Section "InputClass"
Identifier "Logitech Cordless"
MatchIsKeyboard "on"
Option "XkbModel" "logicordless"
Option "XkbLayout" "us,cz,de"
Option "XkbVariant" ",bksl,"
Option "XKbOptions" "grp:alt_shift_toggle"
EndSection
That seems tricky but it is not. The logic for settings of variants is the same
as for layouts, that means the first and the third variant settings are left
out (set to basic), the second is set to bksl (a special variant with an
enhanced definition of the backslash key).
Analogously, the loading runtime will change to:
setxkbmap -model logicordless -layout "us,cz,de" \
-variant ",bksl," -option "grp:alt_shift_toggle"
Basic Global Options
For a list of available options, with a short decription of what they do, see
the section starting with “! option” in the rules/*.lst files.
Keymap XKB Configuration
Keymap configuration is the way formerly used to configure xkb. The user
included a special keymap file which specified the direct xkb configuration.
This method has been obsoleted by previously described rules files which are
far more flexible and allow simpler and more intuitive syntax. It is preserved
merely for compatibility reasons and should be avoided if possible.