/*
* Copyright (c) 2003, 2009, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
*/
/* Copyright (c) 2002 Graz University of Technology. All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
*
* 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
* this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
*
* 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
* this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
* and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
*
* 3. The end-user documentation included with the redistribution, if any, must
* include the following acknowledgment:
*
* "This product includes software developed by IAIK of Graz University of
* Technology."
*
* Alternately, this acknowledgment may appear in the software itself, if
* and wherever such third-party acknowledgments normally appear.
*
* 4. The names "Graz University of Technology" and "IAIK of Graz University of
* Technology" must not be used to endorse or promote products derived from
* this software without prior written permission.
*
* 5. Products derived from this software may not be called
* "IAIK PKCS Wrapper", nor may "IAIK" appear in their name, without prior
* written permission of Graz University of Technology.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED
* WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
* WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
* PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE LICENSOR BE
* LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY,
* OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
* PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA,
* OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON
* ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY,
* OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
* OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
* POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
#include "pkcs11wrapper.h"
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include "sun_security_pkcs11_wrapper_PKCS11.h"
/* The list of notify callback handles that are currently active and waiting
* for callbacks from their sessions.
*/
#ifndef NO_CALLBACKS
NotifyListNode *notifyListHead = NULL;
jobject notifyListLock = NULL;
#endif /* NO_CALLBACKS */
#ifdef P11_ENABLE_C_OPENSESSION
/*
* Class: sun_security_pkcs11_wrapper_PKCS11
* Method: C_OpenSession
* Signature: (JJLjava/lang/Object;Lsun/security/pkcs11/wrapper/CK_NOTIFY;)J
* Parametermapping: *PKCS11*
* @param jlong jSlotID CK_SLOT_ID slotID
* @param jlong jFlags CK_FLAGS flags
* @param jobject jApplication CK_VOID_PTR pApplication
* @param jobject jNotify CK_NOTIFY Notify
* @return jlong jSessionHandle CK_SESSION_HANDLE_PTR phSession
*/
JNIEXPORT jlong JNICALL Java_sun_security_pkcs11_wrapper_PKCS11_C_1OpenSession
(JNIEnv *env, jobject obj, jlong jSlotID, jlong jFlags, jobject jApplication, jobject jNotify)
{
CK_SESSION_HANDLE ckSessionHandle;
CK_SLOT_ID ckSlotID;
CK_FLAGS ckFlags;
CK_VOID_PTR ckpApplication;
CK_NOTIFY ckNotify;
jlong jSessionHandle;
CK_RV rv;
#ifndef NO_CALLBACKS
NotifyEncapsulation *notifyEncapsulation = NULL;
#endif /* NO_CALLBACKS */
CK_FUNCTION_LIST_PTR ckpFunctions = getFunctionList(env, obj);
if (ckpFunctions == NULL) { return 0L; }
ckSlotID = jLongToCKULong(jSlotID);
ckFlags = jLongToCKULong(jFlags);
#ifndef NO_CALLBACKS
if (jNotify != NULL) {
notifyEncapsulation = (NotifyEncapsulation *) malloc(sizeof(NotifyEncapsulation));
if (notifyEncapsulation == NULL) {
JNU_ThrowOutOfMemoryError(env, 0);
return 0L;
}
notifyEncapsulation->jApplicationData = (jApplication != NULL)
? (*env)->NewGlobalRef(env, jApplication)
: NULL;
notifyEncapsulation->jNotifyObject = (*env)->NewGlobalRef(env, jNotify);
ckpApplication = notifyEncapsulation;
ckNotify = (CK_NOTIFY) &notifyCallback;
} else {
ckpApplication = NULL_PTR;
ckNotify = NULL_PTR;
}
#else
ckpApplication = NULL_PTR;
ckNotify = NULL_PTR;
#endif /* NO_CALLBACKS */
TRACE0("DEBUG: C_OpenSession");
TRACE1(", slotID=%u", ckSlotID);
TRACE1(", flags=%x", ckFlags);
TRACE0(" ... ");
rv = (*ckpFunctions->C_OpenSession)(ckSlotID, ckFlags, ckpApplication, ckNotify, &ckSessionHandle);
if (ckAssertReturnValueOK(env, rv) != CK_ASSERT_OK) {
#ifndef NO_CALLBACKS
if (notifyEncapsulation != NULL) {
if (notifyEncapsulation->jApplicationData != NULL) {
(*env)->DeleteGlobalRef(env, jApplication);
}
(*env)->DeleteGlobalRef(env, jNotify);
free(notifyEncapsulation);
}
#endif /* NO_CALLBACKS */
return 0L;
}
TRACE0("got session");
TRACE1(", SessionHandle=%u", ckSessionHandle);
TRACE0(" ... ");
jSessionHandle = ckULongToJLong(ckSessionHandle);
#ifndef NO_CALLBACKS
if (notifyEncapsulation != NULL) {
/* store the notifyEncapsulation to enable later cleanup */
putNotifyEntry(env, ckSessionHandle, notifyEncapsulation);
}
#endif /* NO_CALLBACKS */
TRACE0("FINISHED\n");
return jSessionHandle ;
}
#endif
#ifdef P11_ENABLE_C_CLOSESESSION
/*
* Class: sun_security_pkcs11_wrapper_PKCS11
* Method: C_CloseSession
* Signature: (J)V
* Parametermapping: *PKCS11*
* @param jlong jSessionHandle CK_SESSION_HANDLE hSession
*/
JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_sun_security_pkcs11_wrapper_PKCS11_C_1CloseSession
(JNIEnv *env, jobject obj, jlong jSessionHandle)
{
CK_SESSION_HANDLE ckSessionHandle;
CK_RV rv;
#ifndef NO_CALLBACKS
NotifyEncapsulation *notifyEncapsulation;
jobject jApplicationData;
#endif /* NO_CALLBACKS */
CK_FUNCTION_LIST_PTR ckpFunctions = getFunctionList(env, obj);
if (ckpFunctions == NULL) { return; }
ckSessionHandle = jLongToCKULong(jSessionHandle);
rv = (*ckpFunctions->C_CloseSession)(ckSessionHandle);
if (ckAssertReturnValueOK(env, rv) != CK_ASSERT_OK) { return; }
#ifndef NO_CALLBACKS
notifyEncapsulation = removeNotifyEntry(env, ckSessionHandle);
if (notifyEncapsulation != NULL) {
/* there was a notify object used with this session, now dump the
* encapsulation object
*/
(*env)->DeleteGlobalRef(env, notifyEncapsulation->jNotifyObject);
jApplicationData = notifyEncapsulation->jApplicationData;
if (jApplicationData != NULL) {
(*env)->DeleteGlobalRef(env, jApplicationData);
}
free(notifyEncapsulation);
}
#endif /* NO_CALLBACKS */
}
#endif
#ifdef P11_ENABLE_C_CLOSEALLSESSIONS
/*
* Class: sun_security_pkcs11_wrapper_PKCS11
* Method: C_CloseAllSessions
* Signature: (J)V
* Parametermapping: *PKCS11*
* @param jlong jSlotID CK_SLOT_ID slotID
*/
JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_sun_security_pkcs11_wrapper_PKCS11_C_1CloseAllSessions
(JNIEnv *env, jobject obj, jlong jSlotID)
{
CK_SLOT_ID ckSlotID;
CK_RV rv;
#ifndef NO_CALLBACKS
NotifyEncapsulation *notifyEncapsulation;
jobject jApplicationData;
#endif /* NO_CALLBACKS */
CK_FUNCTION_LIST_PTR ckpFunctions = getFunctionList(env, obj);
if (ckpFunctions == NULL) { return; }
ckSlotID = jLongToCKULong(jSlotID);
rv = (*ckpFunctions->C_CloseAllSessions)(ckSlotID);
if (ckAssertReturnValueOK(env, rv) != CK_ASSERT_OK) { return; }
#ifndef NO_CALLBACKS
/* Remove all notify callback helper objects. */
while ((notifyEncapsulation = removeFirstNotifyEntry(env)) != NULL) {
/* there was a notify object used with this session, now dump the
* encapsulation object
*/
(*env)->DeleteGlobalRef(env, notifyEncapsulation->jNotifyObject);
jApplicationData = notifyEncapsulation->jApplicationData;
if (jApplicationData != NULL) {
(*env)->DeleteGlobalRef(env, jApplicationData);
}
free(notifyEncapsulation);
}
#endif /* NO_CALLBACKS */
}
#endif
#ifdef P11_ENABLE_C_GETSESSIONINFO
/*
* Class: sun_security_pkcs11_wrapper_PKCS11
* Method: C_GetSessionInfo
* Signature: (J)Lsun/security/pkcs11/wrapper/CK_SESSION_INFO;
* Parametermapping: *PKCS11*
* @param jlong jSessionHandle CK_SESSION_HANDLE hSession
* @return jobject jSessionInfo CK_SESSION_INFO_PTR pInfo
*/
JNIEXPORT jobject JNICALL Java_sun_security_pkcs11_wrapper_PKCS11_C_1GetSessionInfo
(JNIEnv *env, jobject obj, jlong jSessionHandle)
{
CK_SESSION_HANDLE ckSessionHandle;
CK_SESSION_INFO ckSessionInfo;
jobject jSessionInfo;
CK_RV rv;
CK_FUNCTION_LIST_PTR ckpFunctions = getFunctionList(env, obj);
if (ckpFunctions == NULL) { return NULL; }
ckSessionHandle = jLongToCKULong(jSessionHandle);
rv = (*ckpFunctions->C_GetSessionInfo)(ckSessionHandle, &ckSessionInfo);
if (ckAssertReturnValueOK(env, rv) == CK_ASSERT_OK) {
jSessionInfo = ckSessionInfoPtrToJSessionInfo(env, &ckSessionInfo);
}
return jSessionInfo ;
}
#endif
#ifdef P11_ENABLE_C_GETOPERATIONSTATE
/*
* Class: sun_security_pkcs11_wrapper_PKCS11
* Method: C_GetOperationState
* Signature: (J)[B
* Parametermapping: *PKCS11*
* @param jlong jSessionHandle CK_SESSION_HANDLE hSession
* @return jbyteArray jState CK_BYTE_PTR pOperationState
* CK_ULONG_PTR pulOperationStateLen
*/
JNIEXPORT jbyteArray JNICALL Java_sun_security_pkcs11_wrapper_PKCS11_C_1GetOperationState
(JNIEnv *env, jobject obj, jlong jSessionHandle)
{
CK_SESSION_HANDLE ckSessionHandle;
CK_BYTE_PTR ckpState;
CK_ULONG ckStateLength;
jbyteArray jState = NULL;
CK_RV rv;
CK_FUNCTION_LIST_PTR ckpFunctions = getFunctionList(env, obj);
if (ckpFunctions == NULL) { return NULL; }
ckSessionHandle = jLongToCKULong(jSessionHandle);
rv = (*ckpFunctions->C_GetOperationState)(ckSessionHandle, NULL_PTR, &ckStateLength);
if (ckAssertReturnValueOK(env, rv) != CK_ASSERT_OK) { return NULL ; }
ckpState = (CK_BYTE_PTR) malloc(ckStateLength);
if (ckpState == NULL) {
JNU_ThrowOutOfMemoryError(env, 0);
return NULL;
}
rv = (*ckpFunctions->C_GetOperationState)(ckSessionHandle, ckpState, &ckStateLength);
if (ckAssertReturnValueOK(env, rv) == CK_ASSERT_OK) {
jState = ckByteArrayToJByteArray(env, ckpState, ckStateLength);
}
free(ckpState);
return jState ;
}
#endif
#ifdef P11_ENABLE_C_SETOPERATIONSTATE
/*
* Class: sun_security_pkcs11_wrapper_PKCS11
* Method: C_SetOperationState
* Signature: (J[BJJ)V
* Parametermapping: *PKCS11*
* @param jlong jSessionHandle CK_SESSION_HANDLE hSession
* @param jbyteArray jOperationState CK_BYTE_PTR pOperationState
* CK_ULONG ulOperationStateLen
* @param jlong jEncryptionKeyHandle CK_OBJECT_HANDLE hEncryptionKey
* @param jlong jAuthenticationKeyHandle CK_OBJECT_HANDLE hAuthenticationKey
*/
JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_sun_security_pkcs11_wrapper_PKCS11_C_1SetOperationState
(JNIEnv *env, jobject obj, jlong jSessionHandle, jbyteArray jOperationState, jlong jEncryptionKeyHandle, jlong jAuthenticationKeyHandle)
{
CK_SESSION_HANDLE ckSessionHandle;
CK_BYTE_PTR ckpState = NULL_PTR;
CK_ULONG ckStateLength;
CK_OBJECT_HANDLE ckEncryptionKeyHandle;
CK_OBJECT_HANDLE ckAuthenticationKeyHandle;
CK_RV rv;
CK_FUNCTION_LIST_PTR ckpFunctions = getFunctionList(env, obj);
if (ckpFunctions == NULL) { return; }
ckSessionHandle = jLongToCKULong(jSessionHandle);
jByteArrayToCKByteArray(env, jOperationState, &ckpState, &ckStateLength);
if ((*env)->ExceptionCheck(env)) { return; }
ckEncryptionKeyHandle = jLongToCKULong(jEncryptionKeyHandle);
ckAuthenticationKeyHandle = jLongToCKULong(jAuthenticationKeyHandle);
rv = (*ckpFunctions->C_SetOperationState)(ckSessionHandle, ckpState, ckStateLength, ckEncryptionKeyHandle, ckAuthenticationKeyHandle);
free(ckpState);
if (ckAssertReturnValueOK(env, rv) != CK_ASSERT_OK) { return; }
}
#endif
#ifdef P11_ENABLE_C_LOGIN
/*
* Class: sun_security_pkcs11_wrapper_PKCS11
* Method: C_Login
* Signature: (JJ[C)V
* Parametermapping: *PKCS11*
* @param jlong jSessionHandle CK_SESSION_HANDLE hSession
* @param jlong jUserType CK_USER_TYPE userType
* @param jcharArray jPin CK_CHAR_PTR pPin
* CK_ULONG ulPinLen
*/
JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_sun_security_pkcs11_wrapper_PKCS11_C_1Login
(JNIEnv *env, jobject obj, jlong jSessionHandle, jlong jUserType, jcharArray jPin)
{
CK_SESSION_HANDLE ckSessionHandle;
CK_USER_TYPE ckUserType;
CK_CHAR_PTR ckpPinArray = NULL_PTR;
CK_ULONG ckPinLength;
CK_RV rv;
CK_FUNCTION_LIST_PTR ckpFunctions = getFunctionList(env, obj);
if (ckpFunctions == NULL) { return; }
ckSessionHandle = jLongToCKULong(jSessionHandle);
ckUserType = jLongToCKULong(jUserType);
jCharArrayToCKCharArray(env, jPin, &ckpPinArray, &ckPinLength);
if ((*env)->ExceptionCheck(env)) { return; }
rv = (*ckpFunctions->C_Login)(ckSessionHandle, ckUserType, ckpPinArray, ckPinLength);
free(ckpPinArray);
if (ckAssertReturnValueOK(env, rv) != CK_ASSERT_OK) { return; }
}
#endif
#ifdef P11_ENABLE_C_LOGOUT
/*
* Class: sun_security_pkcs11_wrapper_PKCS11
* Method: C_Logout
* Signature: (J)V
* Parametermapping: *PKCS11*
* @param jlong jSessionHandle CK_SESSION_HANDLE hSession
*/
JNIEXPORT void JNICALL Java_sun_security_pkcs11_wrapper_PKCS11_C_1Logout
(JNIEnv *env, jobject obj, jlong jSessionHandle)
{
CK_SESSION_HANDLE ckSessionHandle;
CK_RV rv;
CK_FUNCTION_LIST_PTR ckpFunctions = getFunctionList(env, obj);
if (ckpFunctions == NULL) { return; }
ckSessionHandle = jLongToCKULong(jSessionHandle);
rv = (*ckpFunctions->C_Logout)(ckSessionHandle);
if (ckAssertReturnValueOK(env, rv) != CK_ASSERT_OK) { return; }
}
#endif
/* ************************************************************************** */
/* Functions for keeping track of notify callbacks */
/* ************************************************************************** */
#ifndef NO_CALLBACKS
/*
* Add the given notify encapsulation object to the list of active notify
* objects.
* If notifyEncapsulation is NULL, this function does nothing.
*/
void putNotifyEntry(JNIEnv *env, CK_SESSION_HANDLE hSession, NotifyEncapsulation *notifyEncapsulation) {
NotifyListNode *currentNode, *newNode;
if (notifyEncapsulation == NULL) {
return;
}
newNode = (NotifyListNode *) malloc(sizeof(NotifyListNode));
if (newNode == NULL) {
JNU_ThrowOutOfMemoryError(env, 0);
return;
}
newNode->hSession = hSession;
newNode->notifyEncapsulation = notifyEncapsulation;
newNode->next = NULL;
(*env)->MonitorEnter(env, notifyListLock); /* synchronize access to list */
if (notifyListHead == NULL) {
/* this is the first entry */
notifyListHead = newNode;
} else {
/* go to the last entry; i.e. the first node which's 'next' is NULL.
*/
currentNode = notifyListHead;
while (currentNode->next != NULL) {
currentNode = currentNode->next;
}
currentNode->next = newNode;
}
(*env)->MonitorExit(env, notifyListLock); /* synchronize access to list */
}
/*
* Removes the active notifyEncapsulation object used with the given session and
* returns it. If there is no notifyEncapsulation active for this session, this
* function returns NULL.
*/
NotifyEncapsulation * removeNotifyEntry(JNIEnv *env, CK_SESSION_HANDLE hSession) {
NotifyEncapsulation *notifyEncapsulation;
NotifyListNode *currentNode, *previousNode;
(*env)->MonitorEnter(env, notifyListLock); /* synchronize access to list */
if (notifyListHead == NULL) {
/* this is the first entry */
notifyEncapsulation = NULL;
} else {
/* Find the node with the wanted session handle. Also stop, when we reach
* the last entry; i.e. the first node which's 'next' is NULL.
*/
currentNode = notifyListHead;
previousNode = NULL;
while ((currentNode->hSession != hSession) && (currentNode->next != NULL)) {
previousNode = currentNode;
currentNode = currentNode->next;
}
if (currentNode->hSession == hSession) {
/* We found a entry for the wanted session, now remove it. */
if (previousNode == NULL) {
/* it's the first node */
notifyListHead = currentNode->next;
} else {
previousNode->next = currentNode->next;
}
notifyEncapsulation = currentNode->notifyEncapsulation;
free(currentNode);
} else {
/* We did not find a entry for this session */
notifyEncapsulation = NULL;
}
}
(*env)->MonitorExit(env, notifyListLock); /* synchronize access to list */
return notifyEncapsulation ;
}
/*
* Removes the first notifyEncapsulation object. If there is no notifyEncapsulation,
* this function returns NULL.
*/
NotifyEncapsulation * removeFirstNotifyEntry(JNIEnv *env) {
NotifyEncapsulation *notifyEncapsulation;
NotifyListNode *currentNode;
(*env)->MonitorEnter(env, notifyListLock); /* synchronize access to list */
if (notifyListHead == NULL) {
/* this is the first entry */
notifyEncapsulation = NULL;
} else {
/* Remove the first entry. */
currentNode = notifyListHead;
notifyListHead = notifyListHead->next;
notifyEncapsulation = currentNode->notifyEncapsulation;
free(currentNode);
}
(*env)->MonitorExit(env, notifyListLock); /* synchronize access to list */
return notifyEncapsulation ;
}
#endif /* NO_CALLBACKS */
#ifndef NO_CALLBACKS
/*
* The function handling notify callbacks. It casts the pApplication paramter
* back to a NotifyEncapsulation structure and retrieves the Notify object and
* the application data from it.
*
* @param hSession The session, this callback is comming from.
* @param event The type of event that occurred.
* @param pApplication The application data as passed in upon OpenSession. In
this wrapper we always pass in a NotifyEncapsulation
object, which holds necessary information for delegating
the callback to the Java VM.
* @return
*/
CK_RV notifyCallback(
CK_SESSION_HANDLE hSession, /* the session's handle */
CK_NOTIFICATION event,
CK_VOID_PTR pApplication /* passed to C_OpenSession */
)
{
NotifyEncapsulation *notifyEncapsulation;
JavaVM *jvm;
JNIEnv *env;
jsize actualNumberVMs;
jint returnValue;
jlong jSessionHandle;
jlong jEvent;
jclass ckNotifyClass;
jmethodID jmethod;
jthrowable pkcs11Exception;
jclass pkcs11ExceptionClass;
jlong errorCode;
CK_RV rv = CKR_OK;
int wasAttached = 1;
if (pApplication == NULL) { return rv ; } /* This should not occur in this wrapper. */
notifyEncapsulation = (NotifyEncapsulation *) pApplication;
/* Get the currently running Java VM */
returnValue = JNI_GetCreatedJavaVMs(&jvm, (jsize) 1, &actualNumberVMs);
if ((returnValue != 0) || (actualNumberVMs <= 0)) { return rv ; } /* there is no VM running */
/* Determine, if current thread is already attached */
returnValue = (*jvm)->GetEnv(jvm, (void **) &env, JNI_VERSION_1_2);
if (returnValue == JNI_EDETACHED) {
/* thread detached, so attach it */
wasAttached = 0;
returnValue = (*jvm)->AttachCurrentThread(jvm, (void **) &env, NULL);
} else if (returnValue == JNI_EVERSION) {
/* this version of JNI is not supported, so just try to attach */
/* we assume it was attached to ensure that this thread is not detached
* afterwards even though it should not
*/
wasAttached = 1;
returnValue = (*jvm)->AttachCurrentThread(jvm, (void **) &env, NULL);
} else {
/* attached */
wasAttached = 1;
}
jSessionHandle = ckULongToJLong(hSession);
jEvent = ckULongToJLong(event);
ckNotifyClass = (*env)->FindClass(env, CLASS_NOTIFY);
if (ckNotifyClass == NULL) { return rv; }
jmethod = (*env)->GetMethodID(env, ckNotifyClass, "CK_NOTIFY", "(JJLjava/lang/Object;)V");
if (jmethod == NULL) { return rv; }
(*env)->CallVoidMethod(env, notifyEncapsulation->jNotifyObject, jmethod,
jSessionHandle, jEvent, notifyEncapsulation->jApplicationData);
/* check, if callback threw an exception */
pkcs11Exception = (*env)->ExceptionOccurred(env);
if (pkcs11Exception != NULL) {
/* TBD: clear the pending exception with ExceptionClear? */
/* The was an exception thrown, now we get the error-code from it */
pkcs11ExceptionClass = (*env)->FindClass(env, CLASS_PKCS11EXCEPTION);
if (pkcs11ExceptionClass == NULL) { return rv; }
jmethod = (*env)->GetMethodID(env, pkcs11ExceptionClass, "getErrorCode", "()J");
if (jmethod == NULL) { return rv; }
errorCode = (*env)->CallLongMethod(env, pkcs11Exception, jmethod);
rv = jLongToCKULong(errorCode);
}
/* if we attached this thread to the VM just for callback, we detach it now */
if (wasAttached) {
returnValue = (*jvm)->DetachCurrentThread(jvm);
}
return rv ;
}
#endif /* NO_CALLBACKS */