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The Solaris Kerberos implementation, hereafter sometimes shortened to "Kerberos," authenticates clients in a network environment, allowing for secure transactions. (A client may be a user or a network service.) Kerberos validates the identity of a client and the authenticity of transferred data. Kerberos is a single-sign-on system, meaning that a user needs to provide a password only at the beginning of a session. The Solaris Kerberos implementation is based on the Kerberos(TM) system developed at MIT, and is compatible with Kerberos V5 systems over heterogeneous networks.
Kerberos works by granting clients tickets, which uniquely identify a client, and which have a finite lifetime. A client possessing a ticket is automatically validated for network services for which it is entitled; for example, a user with a valid Kerberos ticket may rlogin into another machine running Kerberos without having to identify itself. Because each client has a unique ticket, its identity is guaranteed.
To obtain tickets, a client must first initialize the Kerberos session, either by using the kinit(1) command or a PAM module. (See pam_krb5(5)). kinit prompts for a password, and then communicates with a Key Distribution Center (KDC). The KDC returns a Ticket-Granting Ticket (TGT) and prompts for a confirmation password. If the client confirms the password, it can use the Ticket-Granting Ticket to obtain tickets for specific network services. Because tickets are granted transparently, the user need not worry about their management. Current tickets may be viewed by using the klist(1) command.
Tickets are valid according to the system policy set up at installation time. For example, tickets have a default lifetime for which they are valid. A policy may further dictate that privileged tickets, such as those belonging to root, have very short lifetimes. Policies may allow some defaults to be overruled; for example, a client may request a ticket with a lifetime greater or less than the default.
Tickets can be renewed using kinit. Tickets are also forwardable, allowing you to use a ticket granted on one machine on a different host. Tickets can be destroyed by using kdestroy(1). It is a good idea to include a call to kdestroy in your .logout file.
Under Kerberos, a client is referred to as a principal. A principal takes the following form:
primary/instance@REALMprimary
A user, a host, or a service.
A qualification of the primary. If the primary is a host \(em indicated by the keyword host\(em then the instance is the fully-qualified domain name of that host. If the primary is a user or service, then the instance is optional. Some instances, such as admin or root, are privileged.
The Kerberos equivalent of a domain; in fact, in most cases the realm is directly mapped to a DNS domain name. Kerberos realms are given in upper-case only. For examples of principal names, see the EXAMPLES.
By taking advantage of the General Security Services API (GSS-API), Kerberos offers, besides user authentication, two other types of security service: integrity, which authenticates the validity of transmitted data, and privacy, which encrypts transmitted data. Developers can take advantage of the GSS-API through the use of the RPCSEC_GSS API interface (see rpcsec_gss(3NSL)).
Example 1 Examples of valid principal names
The following are examples of valid principal names:
joe joe/admin joe@ENG.ACME.COM joe/admin@ENG.ACME.COM rlogin/bigmachine.eng.acme.com@ENG.ACME.COM host/bigmachine.eng.acme.com@ENG.ACME.COM
The first four cases are user principals. In the first two cases, it is assumed that the user joe is in the same realm as the client, so no realm is specified. Note that joe and joe/admin are different principals, even if the same user uses them; joe/admin has different privileges from joe. The fifth case is a service principal, while the final case is a host principal. The word host is required for host principals. With host principals, the instance is the fully qualified hostname. Note that the words admin and host are reserved keywords.
kdestroy(1), kinit(1), klist(1), kpasswd(1), krb5.conf(4), krb5envvar(5)
System Administration Guide: Security Services
In previous releases of the Solaris operating system, the Solaris Kerberos implementation was referred to as the "Sun Enterprise Authentication Mechanism" (SEAM).
If you enter your username and kinit responds with this message:
Principal unknown (kerberos)
you have not been registered as a Kerberos user. See your system administrator or the System Administration Guide: Security Services.