lib/libcmd/cp.c

/***********************************************************************
*                                                                      *
*               This software is part of the ast package               *
*          Copyright (c) 1992-2012 AT&T Intellectual Property          *
*                      and is licensed under the                       *
*                 Eclipse Public License, Version 1.0                  *
*                    by AT&T Intellectual Property                     *
*                                                                      *
*                A copy of the License is available at                 *
*          http://www.eclipse.org/org/documents/epl-v10.html           *
*         (with md5 checksum b35adb5213ca9657e911e9befb180842)         *
*                                                                      *
*              Information and Software Systems Research               *
*                            AT&T Research                             *
*                           Florham Park NJ                            *
*                                                                      *
*                 Glenn Fowler <gsf@research.att.com>                  *
*                  David Korn <dgk@research.att.com>                   *
*                                                                      *
***********************************************************************/
#pragma prototyped
/*
 * Glenn Fowler
 * AT&T Research
 *
 * cp/ln/mv -- copy/link/move files
 */

static const char usage_head[] =
"[-?@(#)$Id: cp (AT&T Research) 2012-04-20 $\n]"
USAGE_LICENSE
;

static const char usage_cp[] =
"[+NAME?cp - copy files]"
"[+DESCRIPTION?If the last argument names an existing directory, \bcp\b "
    "copies each \afile\a into a file with the same name in that directory. "
    "Otherwise, if only two files are given, \bcp\b copies the first onto "
    "the second. It is an error if the last argument is not a directory and "
    "more than two files are given. By default directories are not copied.]"

"[a:archive?Preserve as much as possible of the structure and attributes "
    "of the original files in the copy. Equivalent to \b--physical\b "
    "\b--preserve\b \b--recursive\b.]"
"[A:attributes?Preserve selected file attributes:]:[eipt]"
    "{"
        "[+e?Everything permissible.]"
        "[+i?Owner uid and gid.]"
        "[+p?Permissions.]"
        "[+t?Access and modify times.]"
    "}"
"[p:preserve?Preserve file owner, group, permissions and timestamps.]"
"[h:hierarchy|parents?Form the name of each destination file by "
    "appending to the target directory a slash and the specified source file "
    "name. The last argument must be an existing directory. Missing "
    "destination directories are created.]"
"[H:metaphysical?Follow command argument symbolic links, otherwise don't "
    "follow.]"
"[l:link?Make hard links to destination files instead of copies.]"
"[U:remove-destination?Remove existing destination files before copying.]"
"[L:logical|dereference?Follow symbolic links and copy the files they "
    "point to.]"
"[P|d:physical|nodereference?Don't follow symbolic links; copy symbolic "
    "rather than the files they point to.]"
;

static const char usage_ln[] =
"[+NAME?ln - link files]"
"[+DESCRIPTION?If the last argument names an existing directory, \bln\b "
    "links each \afile\a into a file with the same name in that directory. "
    "Otherwise, if only two files are given, \bln\b links the first onto the "
    "second. It is an error if the last argument is not a directory and more "
    "than two files are given. By default directories are not linked.]"
;

static const char usage_mv[] =
"[+NAME?mv - rename files]"
"[+DESCRIPTION?If the last argument names an existing directory, \bmv\b "
    "renames each \afile\a into a file with the same name in that directory. "
    "Otherwise, if only two files are given, \bmv\b renames the first onto "
    "the second. It is an error if the last argument is not a directory and "
    "more than two files are given. If a source and destination file reside "
    "on different filesystems then \bmv\b copies the file contents to the "
    "destination and then deletes the source file.]"

"[U:remove-destination?Remove existing destination files before moving.]"
;

static const char usage_tail[] =
"[f:force?Replace existing destination files.]"
"[i:interactive|prompt?Prompt whether to replace existing destination "
    "files. An affirmative response (\by\b or \bY\b) replaces the file, a "
    "quit response (\bq\b or \bQ\b) exits immediately, and all other "
    "responses skip the file.]"
"[r|R:recursive?Operate on the contents of directories recursively.]"
"[s:symlink|symbolic-link?Make symbolic links to destination files.]"
"[u:update?Replace a destination file only if its modification time is "
    "older than the corresponding source file modification time.]"
"[v:verbose?Print the name of each file before operating on it.]"
"[F:fsync|sync?\bfsync\b(2) each file after it is copied.]"
"[B:backup?Make backups of files that are about to be replaced. "
    "\b--suffix\b sets the backup suffix. The backup type is determined in "
    "this order: this option, the \bVERSION_CONTROL\b environment variable, "
    "or the default value \bexisting\b. \atype\a may be one of:]:?[type]"
    "{"
        "[+numbered|t?Always make numbered backups. The numbered backup "
            "suffix is \b.\aSNS\a, where \aS\a is the \bbackup-suffix\b and "
            "\aN\a is the version number, starting at 1, incremented with "
            "each version.]"
        "[+existing|nil?Make numbered backups of files that already have "
            "them, otherwise simple backups.]"
        "[+simple|never?Always make simple backups.]"
    "[+none|off?Disable backups.]"
    "}"
"[S:suffix?A backup file is made by renaming the file to the same name "
    "with the backup suffix appended. The backup suffix is determined in "
    "this order: this option, the \bSIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX\b, environment "
    "variable, or the default value \b~\b.]:[suffix]"
"[b?\b--backup\b using the type in the \bVERSION_CONTROL\b environment "
    "variable.]"
"[x|X:xdev|local|mount|one-file-system?Do not descend into directories "
    "in different filesystems than their parents.]"

"\n"
"\nsource destination\n"
"file ... directory\n"
"\n"

"[+SEE ALSO?\bpax\b(1), \bfsync\b(2), \brename\b(2), \bunlink\b(2),"
"   \bremove\b(3)]"
;

#include <cmd.h>
#include <ls.h>
#include <times.h>
#include <fts_fix.h>
#include <fs3d.h>
#include <hashkey.h>
#include <stk.h>
#include <tmx.h>

#define PATH_CHUNK  256

#define CP      1
#define LN      2
#define MV      3

#define PRESERVE_IDS    0x1     /* preserve uid gid     */
#define PRESERVE_PERM   0x2     /* preserve permissions     */
#define PRESERVE_TIME   0x4     /* preserve times       */

#define BAK_replace 0       /* no backup -- just replace    */
#define BAK_existing    1       /* number if already else simple*/
#define BAK_number  2       /* append .suffix number suffix */
#define BAK_simple  3       /* append suffix        */

typedef struct State_s          /* program state        */
{
    Shbltin_t*  context;    /* builtin context      */
    int     backup;     /* BAK_* type           */
    int     directory;  /* destination is directory */
    int     flags;      /* FTS_* flags          */
    int     force;      /* force approval       */
    int     fs3d;       /* 3d fs enabled        */
    int     hierarchy;  /* preserve hierarchy       */
    int     interactive;    /* prompt for approval      */
    int     missmode;   /* default missing dir mode */
    int     official;   /* move to next view        */
    int     op;     /* {CP,LN,MV}           */
    int     perm;       /* permissions to preserve  */
    int     postsiz;    /* state.path post index    */
    int     presiz;     /* state.path pre index     */
    int     preserve;   /* preserve { ids perms times } */
    int     recursive;  /* subtrees too         */
    int     remove;     /* remove destination before op */
    int     suflen;     /* strlen(state.suffix)     */
    int     sync;       /* fsync() each file after copy */
    int     uid;        /* caller uid           */
    int     update;     /* replace only if newer    */
    int     verbose;    /* list each file before op */
    int     wflags;     /* open() for write flags   */

    int     (*link)(const char*, const char*);  /* link */
    int     (*stat)(const char*, struct stat*); /* stat */

#define INITSTATE   pathsiz     /* (re)init state before this   */
    int     pathsiz;    /* state.path buffer size   */


    char*       path;       /* to pathname buffer       */
    char*       opname;     /* state.op message string  */
    char*       suffix;     /* backup suffix        */

    Sfio_t*     tmp;        /* tmp string stream        */

    char        text[PATH_MAX]; /* link text buffer     */
} State_t;

static const char   dot[2] = { '.' };

/*
 * preserve support
 */

static void
preserve(State_t* state, const char* path, struct stat* ns, struct stat* os)
{
    int n;

    if ((state->preserve & PRESERVE_TIME) && tmxtouch(path, tmxgetatime(os), tmxgetmtime(os), TMX_NOTIME, 0))
        error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot reset access and modify times", path);
    if (state->preserve & PRESERVE_IDS)
    {
        n = ((ns->st_uid != os->st_uid) << 1) | (ns->st_gid != os->st_gid);
        if (n && chown(state->path, os->st_uid, os->st_gid))
            switch (n)
            {
            case 01:
                error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot reset group to %s", path, fmtgid(os->st_gid));
                break;
            case 02:
                error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot reset owner to %s", path, fmtuid(os->st_uid));
                break;
            case 03:
                error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot reset owner to %s and group to %s", path, fmtuid(os->st_uid), fmtgid(os->st_gid));
                break;
            }
    }
}

/*
 * visit a single file and state.op to the destination
 */

static int
visit(State_t* state, register FTSENT* ent)
{
    register char*  base;
    register int    n;
    register int    len;
    int     rm;
    int     rfd;
    int     wfd;
    int     m;
    int     v;
    char*       s;
    char*       e;
    char*       protection;
    Sfio_t*     ip;
    Sfio_t*     op;
    FTS*        fts;
    FTSENT*     sub;
    struct stat st;

    if (ent->fts_info == FTS_DC)
    {
        error(2, "%s: directory causes cycle", ent->fts_path);
        fts_set(NiL, ent, FTS_SKIP);
        return 0;
    }
    if (ent->fts_level == 0)
    {
        base = ent->fts_name;
        len = ent->fts_namelen;
        if (state->hierarchy)
            state->presiz = -1;
        else
        {
            state->presiz = ent->fts_pathlen;
            while (*base == '.' && *(base + 1) == '/')
                for (base += 2; *base == '/'; base++);
            if (*base == '.' && !*(base + 1))
                state->presiz--;
            else if (*base)
                state->presiz -= base - ent->fts_name;
            base = ent->fts_name + len;
            while (base > ent->fts_name && *(base - 1) == '/')
                base--;
            while (base > ent->fts_name && *(base - 1) != '/')
                base--;
            len -= base - ent->fts_name;
            if (state->directory)
                state->presiz -= len + 1;
        }
    }
    else
    {
        base = ent->fts_path + state->presiz + 1;
        len = ent->fts_pathlen - state->presiz - 1;
    }
    len++;
    if (state->directory)
    {
        if ((state->postsiz + len) > state->pathsiz && !(state->path = newof(state->path, char, state->pathsiz = roundof(state->postsiz + len, PATH_CHUNK), 0)))
            error(ERROR_SYSTEM|3, "out of space");
        if (state->hierarchy && ent->fts_level == 0 && strchr(base, '/'))
        {
            s = state->path + state->postsiz;
            memcpy(s, base, len);
            while (e = strchr(s, '/'))
            {
                *e = 0;
                if (access(state->path, F_OK))
                {
                    st.st_mode = state->missmode;
                    if (s = strrchr(s, '/'))
                    {
                        *s = 0;
                        stat(state->path, &st);
                        *s = '/';
                    }
                    if (mkdir(state->path, st.st_mode & S_IPERM))
                    {
                        error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot create directory -- %s ignored", state->path, ent->fts_path);
                        fts_set(NiL, ent, FTS_SKIP);
                        return 0;
                    }
                }
                *e++ = '/';
                s = e;
            }
        }
    }
    switch (ent->fts_info)
    {
    case FTS_DP:
        if (state->preserve && state->op != LN || ent->fts_level > 0 && (ent->fts_statp->st_mode & S_IRWXU) != S_IRWXU)
        {
            if (len && ent->fts_level > 0)
                memcpy(state->path + state->postsiz, base, len);
            else
                state->path[state->postsiz] = 0;
            if (stat(state->path, &st))
                error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot stat", state->path);
            else
            {
                if ((ent->fts_statp->st_mode & S_IPERM) != (st.st_mode & S_IPERM) && chmod(state->path, ent->fts_statp->st_mode & S_IPERM))
                    error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot reset directory mode to %s", state->path, fmtmode(st.st_mode & S_IPERM, 0) + 1);
                if (state->preserve & (PRESERVE_IDS|PRESERVE_TIME))
                    preserve(state, state->path, &st, ent->fts_statp);
            }
        }
        return 0;
    case FTS_DNR:
    case FTS_DNX:
    case FTS_D:
        if (!state->recursive)
        {
            fts_set(NiL, ent, FTS_SKIP);
            if (state->op == CP)
                error(1, "%s: directory -- copying as plain file", ent->fts_path);
            else if (state->link == link && !state->force)
            {
                error(2, "%s: cannot link directory", ent->fts_path);
                return 0;
            }
        }
        else switch (ent->fts_info)
        {
        case FTS_DNR:
            error(2, "%s: cannot read directory", ent->fts_path);
            return 0;
        case FTS_DNX:
            error(2, "%s: cannot search directory", ent->fts_path);
            fts_set(NiL, ent, FTS_SKIP);

            /*FALLTHROUGH*/
        case FTS_D:
            if (state->directory)
                memcpy(state->path + state->postsiz, base, len);
            if (!(*state->stat)(state->path, &st))
            {
                if (!S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
                {
                    error(2, "%s: not a directory -- %s ignored", state->path, ent->fts_path);
                    return 0;
                }
            }
            else if (mkdir(state->path, (ent->fts_statp->st_mode & S_IPERM)|(ent->fts_info == FTS_D ? S_IRWXU : 0)))
            {
                error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot create directory -- %s ignored", state->path, ent->fts_path);
                fts_set(NiL, ent, FTS_SKIP);
            }
            if (!state->directory)
            {
                state->directory = 1;
                state->path[state->postsiz++] = '/';
                state->presiz--;
            }
            return 0;
        }
        break;
    case FTS_ERR:
    case FTS_NS:
    case FTS_SLNONE:
        if (state->link != pathsetlink)
        {
            error(2, "%s: not found", ent->fts_path);
            return 0;
        }
        break;
#if 0
    case FTS_SL:
        if (state->op == CP)
        {
            error(2, "%s: cannot copy non-terminal symbolic link", ent->fts_path);
            return 0;
        }
        break;
#endif
    }
    if (state->directory)
        memcpy(state->path + state->postsiz, base, len);
    if ((*state->stat)(state->path, &st))
        st.st_mode = 0;
    else if (state->update && !S_ISDIR(st.st_mode) && (unsigned long)ent->fts_statp->st_mtime < (unsigned long)st.st_mtime)
    {
        fts_set(NiL, ent, FTS_SKIP);
        return 0;
    }
    else if (!state->fs3d || !iview(&st))
    {
        /*
         * target is in top 3d view
         */

        if (state->op != LN && st.st_dev == ent->fts_statp->st_dev && st.st_ino == ent->fts_statp->st_ino)
        {
            if (state->op == MV)
            {
                /*
                 * let rename() handle it
                 */

                if (state->verbose)
                    sfputr(sfstdout, state->path, '\n');
                goto operate;
            }
            if (!state->official)
                error(2, "%s: identical to %s", state->path, ent->fts_path);
            return 0;
        }
        if (S_ISDIR(st.st_mode))
        {
            error(2, "%s: cannot %s existing directory", state->path, state->opname);
            return 0;
        }
        if (state->verbose)
            sfputr(sfstdout, state->path, '\n');
        rm = state->remove || ent->fts_info == FTS_SL;
        if (!rm || !state->force)
        {
            if (S_ISLNK(st.st_mode) && (n = -1) || (n = open(state->path, O_RDWR|O_BINARY|O_cloexec)) >= 0)
            {
                if (n >= 0)
                    close(n);
                if (state->force)
                    /* ok */;
                else if (state->interactive)
                {
                    if ((n = astquery(-1, "%s %s? ", state->opname, state->path)) < 0 || sh_checksig(state->context))
                        return -1;
                    if (n)
                        return 0;
                }
                else if (state->op == LN)
                {
                    error(2, "%s: cannot %s existing file", state->path, state->opname);
                    return 0;
                }
            }
            else if (state->force)
                rm = 1;
            else
            {
                protection =
#ifdef ETXTBSY
                    errno == ETXTBSY ? "``running program''" :
#endif
                    st.st_uid != state->uid ? "``not owner''" :
                    fmtmode(st.st_mode & (S_IRWXU|S_IRWXG|S_IRWXO), 0) + 1;
                if (state->interactive)
                {
                    if ((n = astquery(-1, "override protection %s for %s? ", protection, state->path)) < 0 || sh_checksig(state->context))
                        return -1;
                    if (n)
                        return 0;
                    rm = 1;
                }
                else if (!rm)
                {
                    error(2, "%s: cannot %s %s protection", state->path, state->opname, protection);
                    return 0;
                }
            }
        }
        switch (state->backup)
        {
        case BAK_existing:
        case BAK_number:
            v = 0;
            if (s = strrchr(state->path, '/'))
            {
                e = state->path;
                *s++ = 0;
            }
            else
            {
                e = (char*)dot;
                s = state->path;
            }
            n = strlen(s);
            if (fts = fts_open((char**)e, FTS_NOCHDIR|FTS_ONEPATH|FTS_PHYSICAL|FTS_NOPOSTORDER|FTS_NOSTAT|FTS_NOSEEDOTDIR, NiL))
            {
                while (sub = fts_read(fts))
                {
                    if (strneq(s, sub->fts_name, n) && sub->fts_name[n] == '.' && strneq(sub->fts_name + n + 1, state->suffix, state->suflen) && (m = strtol(sub->fts_name + n + state->suflen + 1, &e, 10)) && streq(e, state->suffix) && m > v)
                        v = m;
                    if (sub->fts_level)
                        fts_set(NiL, sub, FTS_SKIP);
                }
                fts_close(fts);
            }
            if (s != state->path)
                *--s = '/';
            if (v || state->backup == BAK_number)
            {
                sfprintf(state->tmp, "%s.%s%d%s", state->path, state->suffix, v + 1, state->suffix);
                goto backup;
            }
            /*FALLTHROUGH*/
        case BAK_simple:
            sfprintf(state->tmp, "%s%s", state->path, state->suffix);
        backup:
            if (!(s = sfstruse(state->tmp)))
                error(ERROR_SYSTEM|3, "%s: out of space", state->path);
            if (rename(state->path, s))
            {
                error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot backup to %s", state->path, s);
                return 0;
            }
            break;
        default:
            if (rm && remove(state->path))
            {
                error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot remove", state->path);
                return 0;
            }
            break;
        }
    }
 operate:
    switch (state->op)
    {
    case MV:
        for (;;)
        {
            if (!rename(ent->fts_path, state->path))
                return 0;
            if (errno == ENOENT)
                rm = 1;
            else if (!rm && st.st_mode && !remove(state->path))
            {
                rm = 1;
                continue;
            }
            if (errno != EXDEV && (rm || S_ISDIR(ent->fts_statp->st_mode)))
            {
                error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot rename to %s", ent->fts_path, state->path);
                return 0;
            }
            else
                break;
        }
        /*FALLTHROUGH*/
    case CP:
        if (S_ISLNK(ent->fts_statp->st_mode))
        {
            if ((n = pathgetlink(ent->fts_path, state->text, sizeof(state->text) - 1)) < 0)
            {
                error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot read symbolic link text", ent->fts_path);
                return 0;
            }
            state->text[n] = 0;
            if (pathsetlink(state->text, state->path))
            {
                error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot copy symbolic link to %s", ent->fts_path, state->path);
                return 0;
            }
        }
        else if (state->op == CP || S_ISREG(ent->fts_statp->st_mode) || S_ISDIR(ent->fts_statp->st_mode))
        {
            if (ent->fts_statp->st_size > 0 && (rfd = open(ent->fts_path, O_RDONLY|O_BINARY|O_cloexec)) < 0)
            {
                error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot read", ent->fts_path);
                return 0;
            }
            else if ((wfd = open(state->path, (st.st_mode ? (state->wflags & ~O_EXCL) : state->wflags)|O_cloexec, ent->fts_statp->st_mode & state->perm)) < 0)
            {
                error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot write", state->path);
                if (ent->fts_statp->st_size > 0)
                    close(rfd);
                return 0;
            }
            else if (ent->fts_statp->st_size > 0)
            {
                if (!(ip = sfnew(NiL, NiL, SF_UNBOUND, rfd, SF_READ)))
                {
                    error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: %s read stream error", ent->fts_path, state->path);
                    close(rfd);
                    close(wfd);
                    return 0;
                }
                if (!(op = sfnew(NiL, NiL, SF_UNBOUND, wfd, SF_WRITE)))
                {
                    error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: %s write stream error", ent->fts_path, state->path);
                    close(wfd);
                    sfclose(ip);
                    return 0;
                }
                n = 0;
                if (sfmove(ip, op, (Sfoff_t)SF_UNBOUND, -1) < 0)
                    n |= 3;
                if (!sfeof(ip))
                    n |= 1;
                if (sfsync(op) || state->sync && fsync(wfd) || sfclose(op))
                    n |= 2;
                if (sfclose(ip))
                    n |= 1;
                if (n)
                {
                    error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: %s %s error", ent->fts_path, state->path, n == 1 ? ERROR_translate(0, 0, 0, "read") : n == 2 ? ERROR_translate(0, 0, 0, "write") : ERROR_translate(0, 0, 0, "io"));
                    return 0;
                }
            }
            else
                close(wfd);
        }
        else if (S_ISBLK(ent->fts_statp->st_mode) || S_ISCHR(ent->fts_statp->st_mode) || S_ISFIFO(ent->fts_statp->st_mode))
        {
            if (mknod(state->path, ent->fts_statp->st_mode, idevice(ent->fts_statp)))
            {
                error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot copy special file to %s", ent->fts_path, state->path);
                return 0;
            }
        }
        else
        {
            error(2, "%s: cannot copy -- unknown file type 0%o", ent->fts_path, S_ITYPE(ent->fts_statp->st_mode));
            return 0;
        }
        if (state->preserve)
        {
            if (ent->fts_info != FTS_SL)
            {
                if (stat(state->path, &st))
                    error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot stat", state->path);
                else
                {
                    if ((state->preserve & PRESERVE_PERM) && (ent->fts_statp->st_mode & state->perm) != (st.st_mode & state->perm) && chmod(state->path, ent->fts_statp->st_mode & state->perm))
                        error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot reset mode to %s", state->path, fmtmode(st.st_mode & state->perm, 0) + 1);
                    if (state->preserve & (PRESERVE_IDS|PRESERVE_TIME))
                        preserve(state, state->path, &st, ent->fts_statp);
                }
            }
            if (state->op == MV && remove(ent->fts_path))
                error(ERROR_SYSTEM|1, "%s: cannot remove", ent->fts_path);
        }
        break;
    case LN:
        if ((*state->link)(ent->fts_path, state->path))
            error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot link to %s", ent->fts_path, state->path);
        break;
    }
    return 0;
}

int
b_cp(int argc, register char** argv, Shbltin_t* context)
{
    register char*  file;
    register char*  s;
    char**      v;
    char*       backup_type;
    FTS*        fts;
    FTSENT*     ent;
    const char* usage;
    int     path_resolve;
    int     standard;
    struct stat st;
    State_t*    state;
    Shbltin_t*  sh;
    Shbltin_t*  cleanup = context;

    cmdinit(argc, argv, context, ERROR_CATALOG, ERROR_NOTIFY);
    if (!(sh = CMD_CONTEXT(context)) || !(state = (State_t*)sh->ptr))
    {
        if (!(state = newof(0, State_t, 1, 0)))
            error(ERROR_SYSTEM|3, "out of space");
        if (sh)
            sh->ptr = state;
    }
    else
        memset(state, 0, offsetof(State_t, INITSTATE));
    state->context = context;
    state->presiz = -1;
    backup_type = 0;
    state->flags = FTS_NOCHDIR|FTS_NOSEEDOTDIR;
    state->uid = geteuid();
    state->wflags = O_WRONLY|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC|O_BINARY;
    if (!state->tmp && !(state->tmp = sfstropen()))
        error(ERROR_SYSTEM|3, "out of space [tmp string]");
    sfputr(state->tmp, usage_head, -1);
    standard = !!conformance(0, 0);
    switch (error_info.id[0])
    {
    case 'c':
    case 'C':
        sfputr(state->tmp, usage_cp, -1);
        state->op = CP;
        state->stat = stat;
        path_resolve = -1;
        break;
    case 'l':
    case 'L':
        sfputr(state->tmp, usage_ln, -1);
        state->op = LN;
        state->flags |= FTS_PHYSICAL;
        state->link = link;
        state->remove = 1;
        state->stat = lstat;
        path_resolve = 1;
        break;
    case 'm':
    case 'M':
        sfputr(state->tmp, usage_mv, -1);
        state->op = MV;
        state->flags |= FTS_PHYSICAL;
        state->preserve = PRESERVE_IDS|PRESERVE_PERM|PRESERVE_TIME;
        state->stat = lstat;
        path_resolve = 1;
        break;
    default:
        error(3, "not implemented");
        break;
    }
    sfputr(state->tmp, usage_tail, -1);
    if (!(usage = sfstruse(state->tmp)))
        error(ERROR_SYSTEM|3, "%s: out of space", state->path);
    state->opname = state->op == CP ? ERROR_translate(0, 0, 0, "overwrite") : ERROR_translate(0, 0, 0, "replace");
    for (;;)
    {
        switch (optget(argv, usage))
        {
        case 'a':
            state->flags |= FTS_PHYSICAL;
            state->preserve = PRESERVE_IDS|PRESERVE_PERM|PRESERVE_TIME;
            state->recursive = 1;
            path_resolve = 1;
            continue;
        case 'A':
            s = opt_info.arg;
            for (;;)
            {
                switch (*s++)
                {
                case 0:
                    break;
                case 'e':
                    state->preserve |= PRESERVE_IDS|PRESERVE_PERM|PRESERVE_TIME;
                    continue;
                case 'i':
                    state->preserve |= PRESERVE_IDS;
                    continue;
                case 'p':
                    state->preserve |= PRESERVE_PERM;
                    continue;
                case 't':
                    state->preserve |= PRESERVE_TIME;
                    continue;
                default:
                    error(1, "%s=%c: unknown attribute flag", opt_info.option, *(s - 1));
                    continue;
                }
                break;
            }
            continue;
        case 'b':
            state->backup = 1;
            continue;
        case 'f':
            state->force = 1;
            if (state->op != CP || !standard)
                state->interactive = 0;
            continue;
        case 'h':
            state->hierarchy = 1;
            continue;
        case 'i':
            state->interactive = 1;
            if (state->op != CP || !standard)
                state->force = 0;
            continue;
        case 'l':
            state->op = LN;
            state->link = link;
            state->stat = lstat;
            continue;
        case 'p':
            state->preserve = PRESERVE_IDS|PRESERVE_PERM|PRESERVE_TIME;
            continue;
        case 'r':
            state->recursive = 1;
            if (path_resolve < 0)
                path_resolve = 0;
            continue;
        case 's':
            state->op = LN;
            state->link = pathsetlink;
            state->stat = lstat;
            continue;
        case 'u':
            state->update = 1;
            continue;
        case 'v':
            state->verbose = 1;
            continue;
        case 'x':
            state->flags |= FTS_XDEV;
            continue;
        case 'B':
            backup_type = opt_info.arg;
            state->backup = 1;
            continue;
        case 'F':
#if _lib_fsync
            state->sync = 1;
#else
            error(1, "%s not implemented on this system", opt_info.name);
#endif
            continue;
        case 'H':
            state->flags |= FTS_META|FTS_PHYSICAL;
            path_resolve = 1;
            continue;
        case 'L':
            state->flags &= ~FTS_PHYSICAL;
            path_resolve = 1;
            continue;
        case 'P':
            state->flags &= ~FTS_META;
            state->flags |= FTS_PHYSICAL;
            path_resolve = 1;
            continue;
        case 'R':
            state->recursive = 1;
            state->flags &= ~FTS_META;
            state->flags |= FTS_PHYSICAL;
            path_resolve = 1;
            continue;
        case 'S':
            state->suffix = opt_info.arg;
            continue;
        case 'U':
            state->remove = 1;
            continue;
        case '?':
            error(ERROR_USAGE|4, "%s", opt_info.arg);
            continue;
        case ':':
            error(2, "%s", opt_info.arg);
            continue;
        }
        break;
    }
    argc -= opt_info.index + 1;
    argv += opt_info.index;
    if (*argv && streq(*argv, "-") && !streq(*(argv - 1), "--"))
    {
        argc--;
        argv++;
    }
    if (!(v = (char**)stkalloc(stkstd, (argc + 2) * sizeof(char*))))
        error(ERROR_SYSTEM|3, "out of space");
    memcpy(v, argv, (argc + 1) * sizeof(char*));
    argv = v;
    if (!standard)
    {
        state->wflags |= O_EXCL;
        if (!argc)
        {
            argc++;
            argv[1] = (char*)dot;
        }
    }
    if (state->backup)
    {
        if (!(file = backup_type) && !(backup_type = getenv("VERSION_CONTROL")))
            state->backup = 0;
        else
            switch (strkey(backup_type))
            {
            case HASHKEY6('e','x','i','s','t','i'):
            case HASHKEY5('e','x','i','s','t'):
            case HASHKEY4('e','x','i','s'):
            case HASHKEY3('e','x','i'):
            case HASHKEY2('e','x'):
            case HASHKEY1('e'):
            case HASHKEY3('n','i','l'):
            case HASHKEY2('n','i'):
                state->backup = BAK_existing;
                break;
            case HASHKEY5('n','e','v','e','r'):
            case HASHKEY4('n','e','v','e'):
            case HASHKEY3('n','e','v'):
            case HASHKEY2('n','e'):
            case HASHKEY6('s','i','m','p','l','e'):
            case HASHKEY5('s','i','m','p','l'):
            case HASHKEY4('s','i','m','p'):
            case HASHKEY3('s','i','m'):
            case HASHKEY2('s','i'):
            case HASHKEY1('s'):
                state->backup = BAK_simple;
                break;
            case HASHKEY4('n','o','n','e'):
            case HASHKEY3('n','o','n'):
            case HASHKEY2('n','o'):
            case HASHKEY3('o','f','f'):
            case HASHKEY2('o','f'):
            case HASHKEY1('o'):
                state->backup = 0;
                break;
            case HASHKEY6('n','u','m','b','e','r'):
            case HASHKEY5('n','u','m','b','e'):
            case HASHKEY4('n','u','m','b'):
            case HASHKEY3('n','u','m'):
            case HASHKEY2('n','u'):
            case HASHKEY1('t'):
                state->backup = BAK_number;
                break;
            default:
                if (file)
                    error(2, "%s: unknown backup type", backup_type);
                break;
            }
        if (!state->suffix && !(state->suffix = getenv("SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX")))
            state->suffix = "~";
        state->suflen = strlen(state->suffix);
    }
    if (argc <= 0 || error_info.errors)
        error(ERROR_USAGE|4, "%s", optusage(NiL));
    if (!path_resolve)
        state->flags |= fts_flags() | FTS_META;
    file = argv[argc];
    argv[argc] = 0;
    if (s = strrchr(file, '/'))
    {
        while (*s == '/')
            s++;
        if (!(!*s || *s == '.' && (!*++s || *s == '.' && !*++s)))
            s = 0;
    }
    if (file != (char*)dot)
        pathcanon(file, 0, 0);
    if (!(state->directory = !stat(file, &st) && S_ISDIR(st.st_mode)) && argc > 1)
        error(ERROR_USAGE|4, "%s", optusage(NiL));
    if (s && !state->directory)
        error(3, "%s: not a directory", file);
    if ((state->fs3d = fs3d(FS3D_TEST)) && strmatch(file, "...|*/...|.../*"))
        state->official = 1;
    state->postsiz = strlen(file);
    if (state->pathsiz < roundof(state->postsiz + 2, PATH_CHUNK) && !(state->path = newof(state->path, char, state->pathsiz = roundof(state->postsiz + 2, PATH_CHUNK), 0)))
        error(ERROR_SYSTEM|3, "out of space");
    memcpy(state->path, file, state->postsiz + 1);
    if (state->directory && state->path[state->postsiz - 1] != '/')
        state->path[state->postsiz++] = '/';
    if (state->hierarchy)
    {
        if (!state->directory)
            error(3, "%s: last argument must be a directory", file);
        state->missmode = st.st_mode;
    }
    state->perm = state->uid ? S_IPERM : (S_IPERM & ~S_ISVTX);
    if (!state->recursive)
        state->flags |= FTS_TOP;
    if (fts = fts_open(argv, state->flags, NiL))
    {
        while (!sh_checksig(context) && (ent = fts_read(fts)) && !visit(state, ent));
        fts_close(fts);
    }
    else if (state->link != pathsetlink)
        switch (state->op)
        {
        case CP:
            error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot copy", argv[0]);
            break;
        case LN:
            error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot link", argv[0]);
            break;
        case MV:
            error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot move", argv[0]);
            break;
        }
    else if ((*state->link)(*argv, state->path))
        error(ERROR_SYSTEM|2, "%s: cannot link to %s", *argv, state->path);
    if (cleanup && !sh)
    {
        if (state->path)
            free(state->path);
        free(state);
    }
    return error_info.errors != 0;
}