tree-wide: remove Emacs lines from all files This should be handled fine now by .dir-locals.el, so need to carry that stuff in every file.

core: don't reset /dev/console if stdin/stdout/stderr as passed as fd in a transient service Otherwise we might end resetting /dev/console all the time when a transient service starts or stops. Fixes #2377 Fixes #2198 Fixes #2061

capabilities: added support for ambient capabilities. This patch adds support for ambient capabilities in service files. The idea with ambient capabilities is that the execed processes can run with non-root user and get some inherited capabilities, without having any need to add the capabilities to the executable file. You need at least Linux 4.3 to use ambient capabilities. SecureBit keep-caps is automatically added when you use ambient capabilities and wish to change the user. An example system service file might look like this: [Unit] Description=Service for testing caps [Service] ExecStart=/usr/bin/sleep 10000 User=nobody AmbientCapabilities=CAP_NET_ADMIN CAP_NET_RAW After starting the service it has these capabilities: CapInh: 0000000000003000 CapPrm: 0000000000003000 CapEff: 0000000000003000 CapBnd: 0000003fffffffff CapAmb: 0000000000003000

capabilities: keep bounding set in non-inverted format. Change the capability bounding set parser and logic so that the bounding set is kept as a positive set internally. This means that the set reflects those capabilities that we want to keep instead of drop.

tree-wide: sort includes in *.h This is a continuation of the previous include sort patch, which only sorted for .c files.

execute: Add new PassEnvironment= directive This directive allows passing environment variables from the system manager to spawned services. Variables in the system manager can be set inside a container by passing `--set-env=...` options to systemd-spawn. Tested with an on-disk test.service unit. Tested using multiple variable names on a single line, with an empty setting to clear the current list of variables, with non-existing variables. Tested using `systemd-run -p PassEnvironment=VARNAME` to confirm it works with transient units. Confirmed that `systemctl show` will display the PassEnvironment settings. Checked that man pages are generated correctly. No regressions in `make check`.

core: add support for setting stdin/stdout/stderr for transient services When starting a transient service, allow setting stdin/stdout/stderr fds for it, by passing them in via the bus. This also simplifies some of the serialization code for units.

core: add support for naming file descriptors passed using socket activation This adds support for naming file descriptors passed using socket activation. The names are passed in a new $LISTEN_FDNAMES= environment variable, that matches the existign $LISTEN_FDS= one and contains a colon-separated list of names. This also adds support for naming fds submitted to the per-service fd store using FDNAME= in the sd_notify() message. This also adds a new FileDescriptorName= setting for socket unit files to set the name for fds created by socket units. This also adds a new call sd_listen_fds_with_names(), that is similar to sd_listen_fds(), but also returns the names of the fds. systemd-activate gained the new --fdname= switch to specify a name for testing socket activation. This is based on #1247 by Maciej Wereski. Fixes #1247.

core: allow setting WorkingDirectory= to the special value ~ If set to ~ the working directory is set to the home directory of the user configured in User=. This change also exposes the existing switch for the working directory that allowed making missing working directories non-fatal. This also changes "machinectl shell" to make use of this to ensure that the invoked shell is by default in the user's home directory. Fixes #1268.

core: unified cgroup hierarchy support This patch set adds full support the new unified cgroup hierarchy logic of modern kernels. A new kernel command line option "systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy=1" is added. If specified the unified hierarchy is mounted to /sys/fs/cgroup instead of a tmpfs. No further hierarchies are mounted. The kernel command line option defaults to off. We can turn it on by default as soon as the kernel's APIs regarding this are stabilized (but even then downstream distros might want to turn this off, as this will break any tools that access cgroupfs directly). It is possibly to choose for each boot individually whether the unified or the legacy hierarchy is used. nspawn will by default provide the legacy hierarchy to containers if the host is using it, and the unified otherwise. However it is possible to run containers with the unified hierarchy on a legacy host and vice versa, by setting the $UNIFIED_CGROUP_HIERARCHY environment variable for nspawn to 1 or 0, respectively. The unified hierarchy provides reliable cgroup empty notifications for the first time, via inotify. To make use of this we maintain one manager-wide inotify fd, and each cgroup to it. This patch also removes cg_delete() which is unused now. On kernel 4.2 only the "memory" controller is compatible with the unified hierarchy, hence that's the only controller systemd exposes when booted in unified heirarchy mode. This introduces a new enum for enumerating supported controllers, plus a related enum for the mask bits mapping to it. The core is changed to make use of this everywhere. This moves PID 1 into a new "init.scope" implicit scope unit in the root slice. This is necessary since on the unified hierarchy cgroups may either contain subgroups or processes but not both. PID 1 hence has to move out of the root cgroup (strictly speaking the root cgroup is the only one where processes and subgroups are still allowed, but in order to support containers nicey, we move PID 1 into the new scope in all cases.) This new unit is also used on legacy hierarchy setups. It's actually pretty useful on all systems, as it can then be used to filter journal messages coming from PID 1, and so on. The root slice ("-.slice") is now implicitly created and started (and does not require a unit file on disk anymore), since that's where "init.scope" is located and the slice needs to be started before the scope can. To check whether we are in unified or legacy hierarchy mode we use statfs() on /sys/fs/cgroup. If the .f_type field reports tmpfs we are in legacy mode, if it reports cgroupfs we are in unified mode. This patch set carefuly makes sure that cgls and cgtop continue to work as desired. When invoking nspawn as a service it will implicitly create two subcgroups in the cgroup it is using, one to move the nspawn process into, the other to move the actual container processes into. This is done because of the requirement that cgroups may either contain processes or other subgroups.

execute: make the invalid entry of the enum -1 Set _EXEC_UTMP_MODE_INVALID to -1. This matches the return value from string_table_lookup.

core: optionally create LOGIN_PROCESS or USER_PROCESS utmp entries When generating utmp/wtmp entries, optionally add both LOGIN_PROCESS and INIT_PROCESS entries or even all three of LOGIN_PROCESS, INIT_PROCESS and USER_PROCESS entries, instead of just a single INIT_PROCESS entry. With this change systemd may be used to not only invoke a getty directly in a SysV-compliant way but alternatively also a login(1) implementation or even forego getty and login entirely, and invoke arbitrary shells in a way that they appear in who(1) or w(1). This is preparation for a later commit that adds a "machinectl shell" operation to invoke a shell in a container, in a way that is compatible with who(1) and w(1).

Default to /usr/bin/u?mount, configurable, rather than hard-coded /bin/u?mount.

core,network: major per-object logging rework This changes log_unit_info() (and friends) to take a real Unit* object insted of just a unit name as parameter. The call will now prefix all logged messages with the unit name, thus allowing the unit name to be dropped from the various passed romat strings, simplifying invocations drastically, and unifying log output across messages. Also, UNIT= vs. USER_UNIT= is now derived from the Manager object attached to the Unit object, instead of getpid(). This has the benefit of correcting the field for --test runs. Also contains a couple of other logging improvements: - Drops a couple of strerror() invocations in favour of using %m. - Not only .mount units now warn if a symlinks exist for the mount point already, .automount units do that too, now. - A few invocations of log_struct() that didn't actually pass any additional structured data have been replaced by simpler invocations of log_unit_info() and friends. - For structured data a new LOG_UNIT_MESSAGE() macro has been added, that works like LOG_MESSAGE() but prefixes the message with the unit name. Similar, there's now LOG_LINK_MESSAGE() and LOG_NETDEV_MESSAGE(). - For structured data new LOG_UNIT_ID(), LOG_LINK_INTERFACE(), LOG_NETDEV_INTERFACE() macros have been added that generate the necessary per object fields. The old log_unit_struct() call has been removed in favour of these new macros used in raw log_struct() invocations. In addition to removing one more function call this allows generated structured log messages that contain two object fields, as necessary for example for network interfaces that are joined into another network interface, and whose messages shall be indexed by both. - The LOG_ERRNO() macro has been removed, in favour of log_struct_errno(). The latter has the benefit of ensuring that %m in format strings is properly resolved to the specified error number. - A number of logging messages have been converted to use log_unit_info() instead of log_info() - The client code in sysv-generator no longer #includes core code from src/core/. - log_unit_full_errno() has been removed, log_unit_full() instead takes an errno now, too. - log_unit_info(), log_link_info(), log_netdev_info() and friends, now avoid double evaluation of their parameters

remove unused includes This patch removes includes that are not used. The removals were found with include-what-you-use which checks if any of the symbols from a header is in use.

Add missing includes in header files This fixes various issues found by globally reordering the include sections of all .c files.

core: don't fail to run services in --user instances if $HOME is missing Otherwise we cannot even invoke systemd-exit.service anymore, thus not even exit. https://bugs.freedesktop.org/show_bug.cgi?id=83100 https://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=759320

core: make exec_command_free_list return NULL

smack: introduce new SmackProcessLabel option In service file, if the file has some of special SMACK label in ExecStart= and systemd has no permission for the special SMACK label then permission error will occurred. To resolve this, systemd should be able to set its SMACK label to something accessible of ExecStart=. So introduce new SmackProcessLabel. If label is specified with SmackProcessLabel= then the child systemd will set its label to that. To successfully execute the ExecStart=, accessible label should be specified with SmackProcessLabel=. Additionally, by SMACK policy, if the file in ExecStart= has no SMACK64EXEC then the executed process will have given label by SmackProcessLabel=. But if the file has SMACK64EXEC then the SMACK64EXEC label will be overridden. [zj: reword man page]

core: introduce new Delegate=yes/no property controlling creation of cgroup subhierarchies For priviliged units this resource control property ensures that the processes have all controllers systemd manages enabled. For unpriviliged services (those with User= set) this ensures that access rights to the service cgroup is granted to the user in question, to create further subgroups. Note that this only applies to the name=systemd hierarchy though, as access to other controllers is not safe for unpriviliged processes. Delegate=yes should be set for container scopes where a systemd instance inside the container shall manage the hierarchies below its own cgroup and have access to all controllers. Delegate=yes should also be set for user@.service, so that systemd --user can run, controlling its own cgroup tree. This commit changes machined, systemd-nspawn@.service and user@.service to set this boolean, in order to ensure that container management will just work, and the user systemd instance can run fine.

environment: append unit_id to error messages regarding EnvironmentFile

swap: introduce Discard property Process possible "discard" values from /etc/fstab.

socket: introduce SELinuxContextFromNet option This makes possible to spawn service instances triggered by socket with MLS/MCS SELinux labels which are created based on information provided by connected peer. Implementation of label_get_child_mls_label derived from xinetd. Reviewed-by: Paul Moore <pmoore@redhat.com>

service: hook up custom endpoint logic If BusPolicy= was passed, the parser function will have created an ExecContext->bus_endpoint object, along with policy information. In that case, create a kdbus endpoint, and pass its path name to the namespace logic, to it will be mounted over the actual 'bus' node. At endpoint creation time, no policy is updloaded. That is done after fork(), through a separate call. This is necessary because we don't know the real uid of the process earlier than that.

bus: add kdbus endpoint types Add types to describe endpoints and associated policy entries, and add a BusEndpoint instace to ExecContext.

exec: factor out most function arguments of exec_spawn() to ExecParameters This way, the list of arguments to that function gets more comprehensive, and we can get around passing lots of NULL and 0 arguments from socket.c, swap.c and mount.c. It also allows for splitting up the code in exec_spawn(). While at it, make ExecContext const in execute.c.

Revert "socket: introduce SELinuxLabelViaNet option" This reverts commit cf8bd44339b00330fdbc91041d6731ba8aba9fec. Needs more discussion on the mailing list.

socket: introduce SELinuxLabelViaNet option This makes possible to spawn service instances triggered by socket with MLS/MCS SELinux labels which are created based on information provided by connected peer. Implementation of label_get_child_label derived from xinetd. Reviewed-by: Paul Moore <pmoore@redhat.com>

core: rename ReadOnlySystem= to ProtectSystem= and add a third value for also mounting /etc read-only Also, rename ProtectedHome= to ProtectHome=, to simplify things a bit. With this in place we now have two neat options ProtectSystem= and ProtectHome= for protecting the OS itself (and optionally its configuration), and for protecting the user's data.

core: add new ReadOnlySystem= and ProtectedHome= settings for service units ReadOnlySystem= uses fs namespaces to mount /usr and /boot read-only for a service. ProtectedHome= uses fs namespaces to mount /home and /run/user inaccessible or read-only for a service. This patch also enables these settings for all our long-running services. Together they should be good building block for a minimal service sandbox, removing the ability for services to modify the operating system or access the user's private data.

core: remove tcpwrap support tcpwrap is legacy code, that is barely maintained upstream. It's APIs are awful, and the feature set it exposes (such as DNS and IDENT access control) questionnable. We should not support this natively in systemd. Hence, let's remove the code. If people want to continue making use of this, they can do so by plugging in "tcpd" for the processes they start. With that scheme things are as well or badly supported as they were from traditional inetd, hence no functionality is really lost.

core: don't override NoNewPriviliges= from SystemCallFilter= if it is already explicitly set

missing: if RLIMIT_RTTIME is not defined by the libc, then we need a new define for the max number of rlimits, too

core: introduce new RuntimeDirectory= and RuntimeDirectoryMode= unit settings As discussed on the ML these are useful to manage runtime directories below /run for services.

execute: no need to include seccomp.h from execute.h

core: add new RestrictAddressFamilies= switch This new unit settings allows restricting which address families are available to processes. This is an effective way to minimize the attack surface of services, by turning off entire network stacks for them. This is based on seccomp, and does not work on x86-32, since seccomp cannot filter socketcall() syscalls on that platform.

core: Add AppArmor profile switching This permit to switch to a specific apparmor profile when starting a daemon. This will result in a non operation if apparmor is disabled. It also add a new build requirement on libapparmor for using this feature.

core: add Personality= option for units to set the personality for spawned processes

core: store and expose SELinuxContext field normalized as bool + string

core: add SystemCallArchitectures= unit setting to allow disabling of non-native architecture support for system calls Also, turn system call filter bus properties into complex types instead of concatenated strings.

core: rework syscall filter - Allow configuration of an errno error to return from blacklisted syscalls, instead of immediately terminating a process. - Fix parsing logic when libseccomp support is turned off - Only keep the actual syscall set in the ExecContext, and generate the string version only on demand.

syscallfilter: port to libseccomp

exec: Add SELinuxContext configuration item This permit to let system administrators decide of the domain of a service. This can be used with templated units to have each service in a différent domain ( for example, a per customer database, using MLS or anything ), or can be used to force a non selinux enabled system (jvm, erlang, etc) to start in a different domain for each service.

exec: introduce PrivateDevices= switch to provide services with a private /dev Similar to PrivateNetwork=, PrivateTmp= introduce PrivateDevices= that sets up a private /dev with only the API pseudo-devices like /dev/null, /dev/zero, /dev/random, but not any physical devices in them.

sd-daemon: introduce sd_watchdog_enabled() for parsing $WATCHDOG_USEC Also, introduce a new environment variable named $WATCHDOG_PID which cotnains the PID of the process that is supposed to send the keep-alive events. This is similar how $LISTEN_FDS and $LISTEN_PID work together, and protects against confusing processes further down the process tree due to inherited environment.

execute.h: remove redefinition of Unit Unit is typedef'ed in both unit.h and execute.h. The typedef existed first in unit.h and was later added to execute.h in c17ec25e4d9bd6c8e8617416f813e25b2ebbafc5 It is no longer needed so let's just keep the one in unit.h to avoid redefining it.

service: add the ability for units to join other unit's PrivateNetwork= and PrivateTmp= namespaces

Remove dead code and unexport some calls "make check-api-unused" informs us about code that is not used anymore or that is exported but only used internally. Fix these all over the place.

core: general cgroup rework Replace the very generic cgroup hookup with a much simpler one. With this change only the high-level cgroup settings remain, the ability to set arbitrary cgroup attributes is removed, so is support for adding units to arbitrary cgroup controllers or setting arbitrary paths for them (especially paths that are different for the various controllers). This also introduces a new -.slice root slice, that is the parent of system.slice and friends. This enables easy admin configuration of root-level cgrouo properties. This replaces DeviceDeny= by DevicePolicy=, and implicitly adds in /dev/null, /dev/zero and friends if DeviceAllow= is used (unless this is turned off by DevicePolicy=).

Add __attribute__((const, pure, format)) in various places I'm assuming that it's fine if a _const_ or _pure_ function calls assert. It is assumed that the assert won't trigger, and even if it does, it can only trigger on the first call with a given set of parameters, and we don't care if the compiler moves the order of calls.

core: reuse the same /tmp, /var/tmp and inaccessible dir All Execs within the service, will get mounted the same /tmp and /var/tmp directories, if service is configured with PrivateTmp=yes. Temporary directories are cleaned up by service itself in addition to systemd-tmpfiles. Directory which is mounted as inaccessible is created at runtime in /run/systemd.

core/execute: determine if ExecContext may fiddle with /dev/console There is some guesswork, but it should work satisfactorily for the purpose of knowing when to suppress printing of status messages.

unit: split off KillContext from ExecContext containing only kill definitions

use #pragma once instead of foo*foo #define guards #pragma once has been "un-deprecated" in gcc since 3.3, and is widely supported in other compilers. I've been using and maintaining (rebasing) this patch for a while now, as it annoyed me to see #ifndef fooblahfoo, etc all over the place, almost arrogant about the annoyance of having to define all these names to perform a commen but neccicary functionality, when a completely superior alternative exists. I havn't sent it till now, cause its kindof a style change, and it is bad voodoo to mess with style that has been established by more established editors. So feel free to lambast me as a crazy bafoon. v2 - preserve externally used headers

execute: support syscall filtering using seccomp filters

journal: set the _SYSTEMD_UNIT field for messages from terminated processes As described in https://bugs.freedesktop.org/show_bug.cgi?id=50184 the journal currently doesn't set fields such as _SYSTEMD_UNIT properly for messages coming from processes that have already terminated. This means among other things that "systemctl status" may not show some of the output of services that wrote messages just before they exited. This patch fixes this by having processes that log to the journal write their unit identifier to journald when the connection to /run/systemd/journal/stdout is opened. Journald stores the unit ID and uses it to fill in _SYSTEMD_UNIT when it cannot be obtained normally (i.e. from the cgroup). To prevent impersonating another unit, this information is only used when the caller is root. This doesn't fix the general problem of getting metadata about messages from terminated processes (which requires some kernel support), but it allows "systemctl status" and similar queries to do the Right Thing for units that log via stdout/stderr.

util: introduce a proper nsec_t and make use of it where appropriate

service: introduce Type=idle and use it for gettys Type=idle is much like Type=simple, however between the fork() and the exec() in the child we wait until PID 1 informs us that no jobs are left. This is mostly a cosmetic fix to make gettys appear only after all boot output is finished and complete. Note that this does not impact the normal job logic as we do not delay the completion of any jobs. We just delay the invocation of the actual binary, and only for services that otherwise would be of Type=simple.

service: place control command in subcgroup control/ Previously, we were brutally and onconditionally killing all processes in a service's cgroup before starting the service anew, in order to ensure that StartPre lines cannot be misused to spawn long-running processes. On logind-less systems this has the effect that restarting sshd necessarily calls all active ssh sessions, which is usually not desirable. With this patch control processes for a service are placed in a sub-cgroup called "control/". When starting a service anew we simply kill this cgroup, but not the main cgroup, in order to avoid killing any long-running non-control processes from previous runs. https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=805942

relicense to LGPLv2.1 (with exceptions) We finally got the OK from all contributors with non-trivial commits to relicense systemd from GPL2+ to LGPL2.1+. Some udev bits continue to be GPL2+ for now, but we are looking into relicensing them too, to allow free copy/paste of all code within systemd. The bits that used to be MIT continue to be MIT. The big benefit of the relicensing is that closed source code may now link against libsystemd-login.so and friends.

move libsystemd_core.la sources into core/