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<!DOCTYPE refentry PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.2//EN"

"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.2/docbookx.dtd">

<refentry id="systemctl">

<refentryinfo>

<title>systemctl</title>

<productname>systemd</productname>

<authorgroup>

<author>

<contrib>Developer</contrib>

<firstname>Lennart</firstname>

<surname>Poettering</surname>

<email>lennart@poettering.net</email>

</author>

</authorgroup>

</refentryinfo>

<refmeta>

<refentrytitle>systemctl</refentrytitle>

<manvolnum>1</manvolnum>

</refmeta>

<refnamediv>

<refname>systemctl</refname>

<refpurpose>Control the systemd system and service manager</refpurpose>

</refnamediv>

<refsynopsisdiv>

<cmdsynopsis>

<command>systemctl <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">OPTIONS</arg> <arg choice="req">COMMAND</arg> <arg choice="opt" rep="repeat">NAME</arg></command>

</cmdsynopsis>

</refsynopsisdiv>

<refsect1>

<title>Description</title>

<para><command>systemctl</command> may be used to

introspect and control the state of the

<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>

system and service manager.</para>

</refsect1>

<refsect1>

<title>Options</title>

<para>The following options are understood:</para>

<variablelist>

<varlistentry>

<term><option>--help</option></term>

<term><option>-h</option></term>

<listitem><para>Prints a short help

text and exits.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><option>--version</option></term>

<listitem><para>Prints a short version

string and exits.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><option>--type=</option></term>

<term><option>-t</option></term>

<listitem><para>The argument should

be a unit type name such as

<option>service</option> and

<option>socket</option>,

or a unit load state such as

<option>loaded</option> and

<option>masked</option>.

</para>

<para>If the argument is a unit type,

when listing units, limit display to

certain unit types. If not specified

units of all types will be shown.</para>

<para>If the argument is a unit load state,

when listing units, limit display to

certain unit types. If not specified

units of in all load states will be

shown.</para>

<para>As a special case, if the argument

is <option>help</option>, a list of

allowed values will be printed and the

program will exit.</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><option>--property=</option></term>

<term><option>-p</option></term>

<listitem><para>When showing

unit/job/manager properties, limit

display to certain properties as

specified as argument. If not

specified all set properties are

shown. The argument should be a

property name, such as

<literal>MainPID</literal>. If

specified more than once all

properties with the specified names

are shown.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><option>--all</option></term>

<term><option>-a</option></term>

<listitem><para>When listing units,

show all units, regardless of their

state, including inactive units. When

showing unit/job/manager properties,

show all properties regardless whether

they are set or not.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><option>--failed</option></term>

<listitem><para>When listing units,

show only failed units. Do not confuse

with

<option>--fail</option>.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><option>--full</option></term>

<listitem><para>Do not ellipsize unit

names and truncate unit descriptions

in the output of

<command>list-units</command> and

<command>list-jobs</command>.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><option>--fail</option></term>

<listitem><para>If the requested

operation conflicts with a pending

unfinished job, fail the command. If

this is not specified the requested

operation will replace the pending job,

if necessary. Do not confuse

with

<option>--failed</option>.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><option>--ignore-dependencies</option></term>

<listitem><para>When enqueuing a new

job ignore all its dependencies and

execute it immediately. If passed no

required units of the unit passed will

be pulled in, and no ordering

dependencies will be honored. This is

mostly a debugging and rescue tool for

the administrator and should not be

used by

applications.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><option>-i</option></term>

<term><option>--ignore-inhibitors</option></term>

<listitem><para>When system shutdown

or a sleep state is requested, ignore

inhibitor locks. Applications can

establish inhibitor locks to avoid

that certain important operations

(such as CD burning or suchlike) are

interrupted by system shutdown or a

sleep state. Any user may take these

locks and privileged users may

override these locks. If any locks are

taken, shutdown and sleep state

requests will normally fail

(regardless if privileged or not) and

list of active locks is

printed. However if

<option>--ignore-inhibitors</option>

is specified the locks are ignored and

not printed, and the operation

attempted anyway, possibly requiring

additional

privileges.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><option>--quiet</option></term>

<term><option>-q</option></term>

<listitem><para>Suppress output to

STDOUT in

<command>snapshot</command>,

<command>is-active</command>,

<command>is-failed</command>,

<command>enable</command> and

<command>disable</command>.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><option>--no-block</option></term>

<listitem><para>Do not synchronously wait for

the requested operation to finish. If this is

not specified the job will be verified,

enqueued and <command>systemctl</command> will

wait until it is completed. By passing this

argument it is only verified and

enqueued.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><option>--no-legend</option></term>

<listitem><para>Do not print a legend, i.e.

the column headers and the footer with hints.

</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><option>--no-pager</option></term>

<listitem><para>Do not pipe output into a

pager.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><option>--system</option></term>

<listitem><para>Talk to the systemd

system manager. (Default)</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><option>--user</option></term>

<listitem><para>Talk to the systemd

manager of the calling user.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><option>--order</option></term>

<term><option>--require</option></term>

<listitem><para>When used in

conjunction with the

<command>dot</command> command (see

below), selects which dependencies are

shown in the dependency graph. If

<option>--order</option> is passed

only dependencies of type

<varname>After=</varname> or

<varname>Before=</varname> are

shown. If <option>--require</option>

is passed only dependencies of type

<varname>Requires=</varname>,

<varname>RequiresOverridable=</varname>,

<varname>Requisite=</varname>,

<varname>RequisiteOverridable=</varname>,

<varname>Wants=</varname> and

<varname>Conflicts=</varname> are

shown. If neither is passed, shows

dependencies of all these

types.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><option>--no-wall</option></term>

<listitem><para>Don't send wall

message before

halt, power-off, reboot.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><option>--global</option></term>

<listitem><para>When used with

<command>enable</command> and

<command>disable</command>, operate on the

global user configuration

directory, thus enabling or disabling

a unit file globally for all future

logins of all users.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><option>--no-reload</option></term>

<listitem><para>When used with

<command>enable</command> and

<command>disable</command>, do not

implicitly reload daemon configuration

after executing the

changes.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><option>--no-ask-password</option></term>

<listitem><para>When used with

<command>start</command> and related

commands, disables asking for

passwords. Background services may

require input of a password or

passphrase string, for example to

unlock system hard disks or

cryptographic certificates. Unless

this option is specified and the

command is invoked from a terminal

<command>systemctl</command> will

query the user on the terminal for the

necessary secrets. Use this option to

switch this behavior off. In this case

the password must be supplied by some

other means (for example graphical

password agents) or the service might

fail. This also disables querying the

user for authentication for privileged

operations.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><option>--kill-who=</option></term>

<listitem><para>When used with

<command>kill</command>, choose which

processes to kill. Must be one of

<option>main</option>,

<option>control</option> or

<option>all</option> to select whether

to kill only the main process of the

unit, the control process or all

processes of the unit. If omitted

defaults to

<option>all</option>.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><option>--signal=</option></term>

<term><option>-s</option></term>

<listitem><para>When used with

<command>kill</command>, choose which

signal to send to selected

processes. Must be one of the well

known signal specifiers such as

SIGTERM, SIGINT or SIGSTOP. If

omitted defaults to

<option>SIGTERM</option>.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><option>--force</option></term>

<term><option>-f</option></term>

<listitem><para>When used with

<command>enable</command>, overwrite any

existing conflicting

symlinks.</para></listitem>

<listitem><para>When used with

<command>halt</command>,

<command>poweroff</command>,

<command>reboot</command> or

<command>kexec</command> execute the

selected operation without shutting

down all units. However, all processes

will be killed forcibly and all file

systems are unmounted or remounted

read-only. This is hence a drastic but

relatively safe option to request an

immediate reboot. If

<option>--force</option> is specified

twice for these operations, they will

be executed immediately without

terminating any processes or umounting

any file systems. Warning: specifying

<option>--force</option> twice with

any of these operations might result

in data loss.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><option>--root=</option></term>

<listitem><para>When used with

<command>enable</command>/<command>disable</command>/<command>is-enabled</command> (and

related commands), use alternative

root path when looking for unit

files.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><option>--runtime</option></term>

<listitem><para>When used with

<command>enable</command>/<command>disable</command>/<command>is-enabled</command> (and related commands), make

changes only temporarily, so that they

are dropped on the next reboot. This

will have the effect that changes are

not made in subdirectories of

<filename>/etc</filename> but in

<filename>/run</filename>, with

identical immediate effects, however,

since the latter is lost on reboot,

the changes are lost

too.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><option>-H</option></term>

<term><option>--host</option></term>

<listitem><para>Execute operation

remotely. Specify a hostname, or

username and hostname separated by @,

to connect to. This will use SSH to

talk to the remote systemd

instance.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><option>-P</option></term>

<term><option>--privileged</option></term>

<listitem><para>Acquire privileges via

PolicyKit before executing the

operation.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><option>--lines=</option></term>

<term><option>-n</option></term>

<listitem><para>When used with

<command>status</command> controls the

number of journal lines to show,

counting from the most recent

ones. Takes a positive integer

argument. Defaults to

10.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><option>--output=</option></term>

<term><option>-o</option></term>

<listitem><para>When used with

<command>status</command> controls the

formatting of the journal entries that

are shown. For the available choices

see

<citerefentry><refentrytitle>journalctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>. Defaults

to

<literal>short</literal>.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

</variablelist>

<para>The following commands are understood:</para>

<variablelist>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>list-units</command></term>

<listitem><para>List known units.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>start [NAME...]</command></term>

<listitem><para>Start (activate) one

or more units specified on the command

line.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>stop [NAME...]</command></term>

<listitem><para>Stop (deactivate) one

or more units specified on the command

line.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>reload [NAME...]</command></term>

<listitem><para>Asks all units listed

on the command line to reload their

configuration. Note that this will

reload the service-specific

configuration, not the unit

configuration file of systemd. If you

want systemd to reload the

configuration file of a unit use the

<command>daemon-reload</command>

command. In other words: for the

example case of Apache, this will

reload Apache's

<filename>httpd.conf</filename> in the

web server, not the

<filename>apache.service</filename>

systemd unit file. </para>

<para>This command should not be

confused with the

<command>daemon-reload</command> or

<command>load</command>

commands.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>restart [NAME...]</command></term>

<listitem><para>Restart one or more

units specified on the command

line. If the units are not running yet

they will be

started.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>try-restart [NAME...]</command></term>

<listitem><para>Restart one or more

units specified on the command

line if the units are running. Do

nothing if units are not running.

Note that for compatibility

with Red Hat init scripts

<command>condrestart</command> is

equivalent to this command.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>reload-or-restart [NAME...]</command></term>

<listitem><para>Reload one or more

units if they support it. If not,

restart them instead. If the units

are not running yet they will be

started.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>reload-or-try-restart [NAME...]</command></term>

<listitem><para>Reload one or more

units if they support it. If not,

restart them instead. Do nothing if

the units are not running. Note that

for compatibility with SysV init

scripts

<command>force-reload</command> is

equivalent to this

command.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>isolate [NAME]</command></term>

<listitem><para>Start the unit

specified on the command line and its

dependencies and stop all others.</para>

<para>This is similar to changing the

runlevel in a traditional init system. The

<command>isolate</command> command will

immediately stop processes that are not

enabled in the new unit, possibly including

the graphical environment or terminal you

are currently using.</para>

<para>Note that this works only on units

where <option>AllowIsolate=</option> is

enabled. See

<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>

for details.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>kill [NAME...]</command></term>

<listitem><para>Send a signal to one

or more processes of the unit. Use

<option>--kill-who=</option> to select

which process to kill. Use

<option>--kill-mode=</option> to

select the kill mode and

<option>--signal=</option> to select

the signal to send.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>is-active [NAME...]</command></term>

<listitem><para>Check whether any of

the specified units are active

(i.e. running). Returns an exit code

0 if at least one is active, non-zero

otherwise. Unless

<option>--quiet</option> is specified

this will also print the current unit

state to STDOUT.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>is-failed [NAME...]</command></term>

<listitem><para>Check whether any of

the specified units are failed.

Returns an exit code

0 if at least one is failed, non-zero

otherwise. Unless

<option>--quiet</option> is specified

this will also print the current unit

state to STDOUT.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>status [NAME...|PID...]</command></term>

<listitem><para>Show terse runtime

status information about one or more

units, followed by its most recent log

data from the journal. This function

is intended to generate human-readable

output. If you are looking for

computer-parsable output, use

<command>show</command> instead. If a

PID is passed information about the

unit the process of the PID belongs to

is shown.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>show [NAME...|JOB...]</command></term>

<listitem><para>Show properties of one

or more units, jobs or the manager

itself. If no argument is specified

properties of the manager will be

shown. If a unit name is specified

properties of the unit is shown, and

if a job id is specified properties of

the job is shown. By default, empty

properties are suppressed. Use

<option>--all</option> to show those

too. To select specific properties to

show use

<option>--property=</option>. This

command is intended to be used

whenever computer-parsable output is

required. Use

<command>status</command> if you are

looking for formatted human-readable

output.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>help [NAME...|PID...]</command></term>

<listitem><para>Show manual pages for

one or more units, if available. If a

PID is passed the manual pages for the

unit the process of the PID belongs to

is shown.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>reset-failed [NAME...]</command></term>

<listitem><para>Reset the

'<literal>failed</literal>' state of the

specified units, or if no unit name is

passed of all units. When a unit fails

in some way (i.e. process exiting with

non-zero error code, terminating

abnormally or timing out) it will

automatically enter the

'<literal>failed</literal>' state and

its exit code and status is recorded

for introspection by the administrator

until the service is restarted or

reset with this

command.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>list-unit-files</command></term>

<listitem><para>List installed unit files.

</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>enable [NAME...]</command></term>

<listitem><para>Enable one or

more unit files or unit file

instances, as specified on the

command line. This will create a

number of symlinks as encoded in

the <literal>[Install]</literal>

sections of the unit files. After

the symlinks have been created the

systemd configuration is reloaded

(in a way that is equivalent to

<command>daemon-reload</command>)

to ensure the changes are taken into

account immediately. Note that this

does not have the effect that any of

the units enabled are also started at

the same time. If this is desired

a separate <command>start</command>

command must be invoked for the unit.

Also note that in case of instance

enablement, symlinks named same as

instances are created in install

location, however they all point to

the same template unit file.</para>

<para>This command will

print the actions executed. This

output may be suppressed by passing

<option>--quiet</option>.</para>

<para>Note that this operation creates

only the suggested symlinks for the

units. While this command is the

recommended way to manipulate the unit

configuration directory, the

administrator is free to make

additional changes manually, by

placing or removing symlinks in the

directory. This is particularly useful

to create configurations that deviate

from the suggested default

installation. In this case the

administrator must make sure to invoke

<command>daemon-reload</command>

manually as necessary, to ensure his

changes are taken into account.</para>

<para>Enabling units should not be

confused with starting (activating)

units, as done by the

<command>start</command>

command. Enabling and starting units

is orthogonal: units may be enabled

without being started and started

without being enabled. Enabling simply

hooks the unit into various suggested

places (for example, so that the unit

is automatically started on boot or

when a particular kind of hardware is

plugged in). Starting actually spawns

the daemon process (in case of service

units), or binds the socket (in case

of socket units), and so

on.</para>

<para>Depending on whether

<option>--system</option>,

<option>--user</option> or

<option>--global</option> is specified

this enables the unit for the system,

for the calling user only

or for all future logins of all

users. Note that in the latter case no

systemd daemon configuration is

reloaded.</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>disable [NAME...]</command></term>

<listitem><para>Disables one or more

units. This removes all symlinks to

the specified unit files from the unit

configuration directory, and hence

undoes the changes made by

<command>enable</command>. Note

however that this removes

all symlinks to the unit files

(i.e. including manual additions), not

just those actually created by

<command>enable</command>. This call

implicitly reloads the systemd daemon

configuration after completing the

disabling of the units. Note that this

command does not implicitly stop the

units that are being disabled. If this

is desired an additional

<command>stop</command> command should

be executed afterwards.</para>

<para>This command will print the

actions executed. This output may be

suppressed by passing

<option>--quiet</option>.</para>

</listitem>

<para>This command honors

<option>--system</option>,

<option>--user</option>,

<option>--global</option> in a similar

way as

<command>enable</command>.</para>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>is-enabled [NAME...]</command></term>

<listitem><para>Checks whether any of

the specified unit files are enabled

(as with

<command>enable</command>). Returns an

exit code of 0 if at least one is

enabled, non-zero otherwise. Prints

the current enable status. To suppress

this output use

<option>--quiet</option>.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>reenable [NAME...]</command></term>

<listitem><para>Reenable one or more

unit files, as specified on the

command line. This is a combination of

<command>disable</command> and

<command>enable</command> and is

useful to reset the symlinks a unit is

enabled with to the defaults

configured in the

<literal>[Install]</literal> section

of the unit file.</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>preset [NAME...]</command></term>

<listitem><para>Reset one or more unit

files, as specified on the command

line, to the defaults configured in

the preset policy files. This has the

same effect as

<command>disable</command> or

<command>enable</command>, depending

how the unit is listed in the preset

files. For more information on preset

policy format see

<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.preset</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>. For

more information on the concept of

presets please consult the <ulink

url="http://freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/Preset">Preset</ulink>

document.</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>mask [NAME...]</command></term>

<listitem><para>Mask one or more unit

files, as specified on the command

line. This will link these units to

<filename>/dev/null</filename>, making

it impossible to start them. This is a stronger version

of <command>disable</command>, since

it prohibits all kinds of activation

of the unit, including manual

activation. Use this option with

care.</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>unmask [NAME...]</command></term>

<listitem><para>Unmask one or more

unit files, as specified on the

command line. This will undo the

effect of

<command>mask</command>.</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>link [NAME...]</command></term>

<listitem><para>Link a unit file that

is not in the unit file search paths

into the unit file search path. This

requires an absolute path to a unit

file. The effect of this can be undone

with <command>disable</command>. The

effect of this command is that a unit

file is available for

<command>start</command> and other

commands although it isn't installed

directly in the unit search

path.</para>

</listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>load [NAME...]</command></term>

<listitem><para>Load one or more units

specified on the command line. This

will simply load their configuration

from disk, but not start them. To

start them you need to use the

<command>start</command> command which

will implicitly load a unit that has

not been loaded yet. Note that systemd

garbage collects loaded units that are

not active or referenced by an active

unit. This means that units loaded

this way will usually not stay loaded

for long. Also note that this command

cannot be used to reload unit

configuration. Use the

<command>daemon-reload</command>

command for that. All in all, this

command is of little use except for

debugging.</para>

<para>This command should not be

confused with the

<command>daemon-reload</command> or

<command>reload</command>

commands.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>list-jobs</command></term>

<listitem><para>List jobs that are in progress.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>cancel [JOB...]</command></term>

<listitem><para>Cancel one or more

jobs specified on the command line by

their numeric job

IDs. If no job id is specified, cancel all pending jobs.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>dump</command></term>

<listitem><para>Dump server

status. This will output a (usually

very long) human readable manager

status dump. Its format is subject to

change without notice and should not

be parsed by

applications.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>dot</command></term>

<listitem><para>Generate textual

dependency graph description in dot

format for further processing with the

GraphViz

<citerefentry><refentrytitle>dot</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>

tool. Use a command line like

<command>systemctl dot | dot -Tsvg >

systemd.svg</command> to generate a

graphical dependency tree. Unless

<option>--order</option> or

<option>--require</option> is passed

the generated graph will show both

ordering and requirement

dependencies.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>snapshot [NAME]</command></term>

<listitem><para>Create a snapshot. If

a snapshot name is specified, the new

snapshot will be named after it. If

none is specified an automatic

snapshot name is generated. In either

case, the snapshot name used is

printed to STDOUT, unless

<option>--quiet</option> is

specified.</para>

<para>A snapshot refers to a saved

state of the systemd manager. It is

implemented itself as a unit that is

generated dynamically with this

command and has dependencies on all

units active at the time. At a later

time the user may return to this state

by using the

<command>isolate</command> command on

the snapshot unit.</para></listitem>

<para>Snapshots are only useful for

saving and restoring which units are

running or are stopped, they do not

save/restore any other

state. Snapshots are dynamic and lost

on reboot.</para>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>delete [NAME...]</command></term>

<listitem><para>Remove a snapshot

previously created with

<command>snapshot</command>.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>daemon-reload</command></term>

<listitem><para>Reload systemd manager

configuration. This will reload all

unit files and recreate the entire

dependency tree. While the daemon is

reloaded, all sockets systemd listens

on on behalf of user configuration will

stay accessible.</para> <para>This

command should not be confused with

the <command>load</command> or

<command>reload</command>

commands.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>daemon-reexec</command></term>

<listitem><para>Reexecute the systemd

manager. This will serialize the

manager state, reexecute the process

and deserialize the state again. This

command is of little use except for

debugging and package

upgrades. Sometimes it might be

helpful as a heavy-weight

<command>daemon-reload</command>. While

the daemon is reexecuted all sockets

systemd listens on on behalf of user

configuration will stay

accessible.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>show-environment</command></term>

<listitem><para>Dump the systemd

manager environment block. The

environment block will be dumped in

straight-forward form suitable for

sourcing into a shell script. This

environment block will be passed to

all processes the manager

spawns.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>set-environment [NAME=VALUE...]</command></term>

<listitem><para>Set one or more

systemd manager environment variables,

as specified on the command

line.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>unset-environment [NAME...]</command></term>

<listitem><para>Unset one or more

systemd manager environment

variables. If only a variable name is

specified it will be removed

regardless of its value. If a variable

and a value are specified the variable

is only removed if it has the

specified value.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>default</command></term>

<listitem><para>Enter default

mode. This is mostly equivalent to

<command>start

default.target</command>.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>rescue</command></term>

<listitem><para>Enter rescue

mode. This is mostly equivalent to

<command>isolate

rescue.target</command> but also

prints a wall message to all

users.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>emergency</command></term>

<listitem><para>Enter emergency

mode. This is mostly equivalent to

<command>isolate

emergency.target</command> but also

prints a wall message to all

users.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>halt</command></term>

<listitem><para>Shut down and halt the

system. This is mostly equivalent to

<command>start halt.target</command>

but also prints a wall message to all

users. If combined with

<option>--force</option> shutdown of

all running services is skipped,

however all processes are killed and

all file systems are unmounted or

mounted read-only, immediately

followed by the system halt. If

<option>--force</option> is specified

twice the operation is immediately

executed without terminating any

processes or unmounting any file

systems. This may result in data

loss.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>poweroff</command></term>

<listitem><para>Shut down and

power-off the system. This is mostly

equivalent to <command>start

poweroff.target</command> but also

prints a wall message to all users. If

combined with <option>--force</option>

shutdown of all running services is

skipped, however all processes are

killed and all file systems are

unmounted or mounted read-only,

immediately followed by the powering

off. If <option>--force</option> is

specified twice the operation is

immediately executed without

terminating any processes or

unmounting any file systems. This may

result in data loss.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>reboot</command></term>

<listitem><para>Shut down and reboot

the system. This is mostly equivalent

to <command>start

reboot.target</command> but also

prints a wall message to all users. If

combined with <option>--force</option>

shutdown of all running services is

skipped, however all processes are

killed and all file systems are

unmounted or mounted read-only,

immediately followed by the reboot. If

<option>--force</option> is specified

twice the operation is immediately

executed without terminating any

processes or unmounting any file

systems. This may result in data

loss.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>kexec</command></term>

<listitem><para>Shut down and reboot

the system via kexec. This is mostly

equivalent to <command>start

kexec.target</command> but also prints

a wall message to all users. If

combined with <option>--force</option>

shutdown of all running services is

skipped, however all processes are killed

and all file systems are unmounted or

mounted read-only, immediately

followed by the

reboot.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>exit</command></term>

<listitem><para>Ask the systemd

manager to quit. This is only

supported for user service managers

(i.e. in conjunction with the

<option>--user</option> option) and

will fail otherwise.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>suspend</command></term>

<listitem><para>Suspend the

system. This will trigger activation

of the special

<filename>suspend.target</filename>

target.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>hibernate</command></term>

<listitem><para>Hibernate the

system. This will trigger activation

of the special

<filename>hibernate.target</filename>

target.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>hybrid-sleep</command></term>

<listitem><para>Hibernate and suspend

the system. This will trigger

activation of the special

<filename>hybrid-sleep.target</filename>

target.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

<varlistentry>

<term><command>switch-root [ROOT] [INIT]</command></term>

<listitem><para>Switches to a

different root directory and executes

a new system manager process below

it. This is intended for usage in

initial RAM disks ("initrd"), and will

transition from the initrd's system

manager process (a.k.a "init" process)

to the main system manager

process. Takes two arguments: the

directory to make the new root

directory, and the path to the new

system manager binary below it to

execute as PID 1. If the latter is

omitted or the empty string, a

systemd binary will automatically be

searched for and used as init. If the

system manager path is omitted or

equal the empty string the state of

the initrd's system manager process is

passed to the main system manager,

which allows later introspection of the

state of the services involved in the

initrd boot.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

</variablelist>

</refsect1>

<refsect1>

<title>Exit status</title>

<para>On success 0 is returned, a non-zero failure

code otherwise.</para>

</refsect1>

<refsect1>

<title>Environment</title>

<variablelist>

<varlistentry>

<term><varname>$SYSTEMD_PAGER</varname></term>

<listitem><para>Pager to use when

<option>--no-pager</option> is not given;

overrides <varname>$PAGER</varname>. Setting

this to an empty string or the value

<literal>cat</literal> is equivalent to passing

<option>--no-pager</option>.</para></listitem>

</varlistentry>

</variablelist>

</refsect1>

<refsect1>

<title>See Also</title>

<para>

<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,

<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemadm</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,

<citerefentry><refentrytitle>journalctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,

<citerefentry><refentrytitle>loginctl</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,

<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.unit</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>,

<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.special</refentrytitle><manvolnum>7</manvolnum></citerefentry>,

<citerefentry><refentrytitle>wall</refentrytitle><manvolnum>1</manvolnum></citerefentry>,

<citerefentry><refentrytitle>systemd.preset</refentrytitle><manvolnum>5</manvolnum></citerefentry>

</para>

</refsect1>

</refentry>