te
libpopt - parse command-line options

#include <popt.h>

 poptContext poptGetContext(const char * name, int argc,
 const char ** argv,
 const struct poptOption * options,
 int flags);

 void poptFreeContext(poptContext con);

 void poptResetContext(poptContext con);

 int poptGetNextOpt(poptContext con);

 const char * poptGetOptArg(poptContext con);

 const char * poptGetArg(poptContext con);

 const char * poptPeekArg(poptContext con);

 const char ** poptGetArgs(poptContext con);

 const char *const poptStrerror(const int error);

 const char * poptBadOption(poptContext con, int flags);

 int poptReadDefaultConfig(poptContext con, int flags);

 int poptReadConfigFile(poptContext con, char * fn);

 int poptAddAlias(poptContext con, struct poptAlias alias,
 int flags);

 int poptParseArgvString(char * s, int * argcPtr,
 const char *** argvPtr);

 int poptDupArgv(int argc, const char ** argv, int * argcPtr,
 const char *** argvPtr);

 int poptStuffArgs(poptContext con, const char ** argv);

The popt library parses command-line options. The popt library provides an alternative to parsing the argv array by hand, or using the getopt(3) functions getopt() and getopt_long().

The popt library has the following advantages:

popt does not use global variables, thus enabling multiple passes in parsing argv.

popt can parse an arbitrary array of argv-style elements, allowing parsing of command-line strings from any source.

popt provides a standard method of option aliasing. This feature is discussed in detail below.

popt can exec external option filters.

popt can automatically generate help and usage messages for the application.

The popt library supports short and long options. A short option consists of a hyphen followed by a single alphanumeric character. A long option, common in GNU utilities, consists of two hyphens followed by a string composed of letters, numbers, and hyphens. Long options can optionally begin with a single hyphen, primarily to allow command-line compatibility between popt applications and X toolkit applications. Either type of option can be followed by an argument. A space separates a short option from its argument. Either a space or an equals sign separates a long option from an argument.

The popt library is highly portable and should work on any POSIX platform. The latest version is distributed with rpm and is available from: ftp://ftp.rpm.org/pub/rpm/dist.

The popt library may be redistributed under the X consortium license, see the file COPYING in the popt source distribution for details.

Each application provides popt with information about the command-line options for the application, by means of an option table. An option table is an array of struct poptOption structures, with the following format:

#include <popt.h>

struct poptOption {
 const char * longName; /* may be NULL */
 char shortName; /* may be '\0' */
 int argInfo;
 void * arg; /* depends on argInfo */
 int val; /* 0 means do not return, just update flag */
 char * descrip; /* description for autohelp -- may be NULL */
 char * argDescrip; /* argument description for autohelp */
};

Each member of the table defines a single option that may be passed to the program. Long and short options are considered to be a single option that can occur in two different forms. The option table members are as follows:

longName Defines the name of the option in a long name.

shortName Defines the name of the option in a single character.

argInfo Tells popt what type of argument is expected after the option. Valid values are as follows:

POPT_ARG_DOUBLE Double argument expected, arg type: double

POPT_ARG_FLOAT Float argument expected, arg type: float

POPT_ARG_INT Integer argument expected, arg type: int

POPT_ARG_LONG Long integer expected, arg type: long

POPT_ARG_NONE No argument expected, arg type: int

POPT_ARG_STRING No type checking to be performed, arg type: char *

POPT_ARG_VAL Integer value taken from val, arg type: int For numeric values, if the argInfo value is bitwise or'd with one of POPT_ARGFLAG_OR, POPT_ARGFLAG_AND, or POPT_ARGFLAG_XOR, the value is saved by performing an OR, AND, or XOR. If the argInfo value is bitwise or'd with POPT_ARGFLAG_NOT, the value is negated before saving. For the common operations of setting or clearing bits, POPT_BIT_SET and POPT_BIT_CLR have the appropriate flags set to perform bit operations. If the argInfovalue is bitwise or'd with POPT_ARGFLAG_ONEDASH, the long argument may be given with a single hyphen instead of two. For example, if --longopt is an option with POPT_ARGFLAG_ONEDASH, -longopt is also accepted.

arg Allows popt to automatically update program variables. If arg is NULL, popt ignores arg and takes no special action. Otherwise, arg points to a variable of the appropriate type, as follows:

If argInfo is POPT_ARG_NONE, the variable pointed to by arg is set to 1 when the option is used.

If the option takes an argument, the variable pointed to by arg is updated to reflect the value of the argument. Any string is acceptable for POPT_ARG_STRING arguments. POPT_ARG_INT, POPT_ARG_LONG, POPT_ARG_FLOAT, and POPT_ARG_DOUBLE arguments are converted to the appropriate type, and an error returned if the conversion fails. POPT_ARG_VAL causes arg to be set to the integer value of val when the argument is found. This is useful for mutually-exclusive arguments in cases where it is not an error for multiple arguments to occur and where you want the last argument specified to take precedence, for example, rm -i -f. POPT_ARG_VAL causes the parsing function not to return a value, because the value of val has already been used. If the argInfo value is bitwise or'd with POPT_ARGFLAG_OPTIONAL, the argument to the long option may be omitted. If the long option is used without an argument, a default value of zero or NULL is saved if the arg pointer is present. Otherwise, the behavior is identical to that of a long option with an argument.

val The value returned by the popt parsing function when the option is encountered. If val is 0, the parsing function does not return a value. Instead, popt parses the next command-line argument.

descrip Text description of the argument. Only required if automatic help messages are desired. Automatic usage messages can be generated without this argument.

argDescrip Short summary of the type of arguments expected by the option, or NULL if the option does not require any arguments. Only required if automatic help messages are desired. Automatic usage messages can be generated without this argument.

The final structure in the table should have all pointer values set to NULL and all arithmetic values set to 0, marking the end of the table. The macro POPT_TABLEEND performs these tasks.

If popt should automatically provide --usage and --help options, one line in the option table should contain the macro POPT_AUTOHELP. This macro includes another option table, via POPT_ARG_INCLUDE_TABLE, which provides the table entries for these arguments. When the --usage or --help option is passed to applications that use popt automatic help, popt displays the appropriate message on stderr, and exits the application with a return code of 0. To use popt automatic help generation in a different way, you must explicitly add the option entries to the application's option table, instead of using POPT_AUTOHELP.

If the argInfo value is bitwise or'd with POPT_ARGFLAG_DOC_HIDDEN, the argument is not shown in help output.

If the argInfo value is bitwise or'd with POPT_ARGFLAG_SHOW_DEFAULT, the inital value of the arg is shown in help output.

Two types of option table entries do not specify command-line options. When either of these types of entries is used, the longName element must be NULL and the shortName element must be \\0.

The first of these special entry types allows the application to nest another option table in the current option table. Such nesting may extend quite deeply, the actual depth is limited by the application stack. Including other option tables allows a library to provide a standard set of command-line options to every application that uses the library. This is often done in graphical programming toolkits, for example. To nest another option table, set the argInfo field to POPT_ARG_INCLUDE_TABLE and the arg field to point to the table that is being included. If automatic help generation is used, the descrip field should contain an overall description of the option table being included.

The other special option table entry type tells popt to call a function when any option in that table is found. This callback functionality is especially useful when included option tables are used, because the application that provides the top-level option table does not need to be aware of the other options that are provided by the included table. When a callback is set for a table, the parsing function never returns information on an option in the table. Instead, option information must be retained via the callback or by having popt set a variable through the option's arg field. Option callbacks should match the following prototype:

void poptCallbackType(poptContext con,
 const struct poptOption * opt,
 const char * arg, void * data);

The callback uses the following parameters:

con The context that is being parsed. See the next section for information on contexts.

opt The option that triggered this callback.

arg The argument for the opt option. If the option does not take an argument, arg is NULL.

data Taken from the descrip field of the option table entry that defined the callback. As descrip is a pointer, this allows you to pass an arbitrary set of data to callback functions, though a typecast must be used.

The option table entry that defines a callback has an argInfo of POPT_ARG_CALLBACK, an arg that points to the callback function, and a descrip field that specifies an arbitrary pointer to be passed to the callback.

popt can interleave the parsing of multiple command-line sets. popt allows this by keeping all of the state information for a particular set of command-line arguments in a poptContext data structure, an opaque type that should not be modified outside the popt library.

New popt contexts are created by poptGetContext():

poptContext poptGetContext(const char * name, int argc,
 const char ** argv,
 const struct poptOption * options,
 int flags);

The poptGetContext() function takes the following parameters:

name Used only for alias handling. name should be the name of the application whose options are being parsed, or should be NULL if no option aliasing is desired.

argc, argv Specifies the command-line arguments to parse. These arguments are generally passed to poptGetContext() exactly as they were passed to the application's main() function.

options Points to the table of command-line options. See the Option Tables section above.

flags Can take one of the following values:

POPT_CONTEXT_NO_EXEC Ignore exec expansions

POPT_CONTEXT_KEEP_FIRST Do not ignore argv[0]

POPT_CONTEXT_POSIXMEHARDER Options cannot follow arguments

A poptContext keeps track of which options have already been parsed and which remain to be parsed. If an application wishes to restart processing the options of a set of arguments, the application can reset the poptContext by passing the context as the sole argument to poptResetContext().

When argument processing is complete, the process should free the poptContext, as it contains dynamically allocated components. The poptFreeContext() function takes a poptContext as its sole argument and frees the resources that the context is using.

Here are the prototypes of both poptResetContext() and poptFreeContext():

#include <popt.h>
void poptFreeContext(poptContext con);
void poptResetContext(poptContext con);

After an application has created a poptContext, the poptContext may begin parsing arguments. poptGetNextOpt() performs the actual argument parsing:

#include <popt.h>
int poptGetNextOpt(poptContext con);

Taking the context as its sole argument, the poptGetNextOpt() function parses the next command-line argument found. When poptGetNextOpt() finds the next argument in the option table, the function populates the object pointed to by the option table entry's arg pointer, if the pointer is not NULL. If the val entry for the option is not zero, the function returns that value. Otherwise, poptGetNextOpt() continues to the next argument.

poptGetNextOpt() returns -1 when the final argument has been parsed, and other negative values when errors occur. Therefore, you should ensure that the val elements in the option table are greater than 0.

If all of the command-line options are handled through arg pointers, command-line parsing is reduced to the following line of code:

rc = poptGetNextOpt(poptcon);

Many applications require more complex command-line parsing than this, however, and use the following structure:

while ((rc = poptGetNextOpt(poptcon)) > 0) {
 switch (rc) {
 /* specific arguments are handled here */
 }
}

When returned options are handled, the application needs to know the value of any arguments that were specified after the option. There are two ways to discover these values:

Ask popt to populate a variable with the value of the option from the option table's arg elements.

Use poptGetOptArg():

#include <popt.h>
const char * poptGetOptArg(poptContext con);

The poptGetOptArg() function returns the argument given for the final option returned by poptGetNextOpt(), or returns NULL if no argument was specified.

Many applications take an arbitrary number of command-line arguments, such as a list of file names. When popt encounters an argument that does not begin with a hyphen, popt assumes that this is such an argument, and adds the argument to a list of leftover arguments. Three functions allow applications to access such arguments:

const char * poptGetArg(poptContext con); Returns the next leftover argument and marks the argument as processed.

const char * poptPeekArg(poptContext con); Returns the next leftover argument but does not mark the argument as processed. This allows an application to look ahead into the argument list, without modifying the list.

const char ** poptGetArgs(poptContext con); Returns all of the leftover arguments in a manner identical to argv. The final element in the returned array points to NULL, indicating the end of the arguments.

The popt library can automatically generate help messages that describe the options that an application accepts. Two types of help messages can be generated:

Usage messages are short messages that list valid options, but do not describe the options.

Help messages describe each option in one or more lines, resulting in a longer but more useful message.

Whenever automatic help messages are used, the descrip and argDescrip members of the struct poptOption structure should be populated for each option.

The POPT_AUTOHELP macro makes it easy to add usage and help messages to your application, as described earlier in this man page. If you need more control over your help messages, use the following functions:

#include <popt.h>
void poptPrintHelp(poptContext con, FILE * f, int flags);
void poptPrintUsage(poptContext con, FILE * f, int flags);

poptPrintHelp() displays the standard help message to the stdio file descriptor f, while poptPrintUsage() displays the shorter usage message. Both functions currently ignore the flags argument, which is provided for future functionality.

One of the primary benefits of popt is the ability to use option aliasing. Option aliasing allows the user to specify options that popt expands into other options. For example. if the standard grep command made use of popt, users could add a --text option that expanded to -i -n -E -2, to allow users to more easily find information in text files.

Aliases are normally specified in two places:

/etc/popt

$HOME/.popt

Both files have the same format, that is, an arbitrary number of lines formatted as follows:

appname alias newoption expansion

An alias specification is composed of the following elements:

appname Specifies the name of the application, which must be the same as the name parameter passed to poptGetContext(). This allows each file to specify aliases for multiple programs.

alias Specifies that an alias is being defined. Currently, popt configuration files support only aliases, but other abilities may be added in the future.

newoption Specifies the option that should be aliased, either a short option or a long option.

expansion Specifies the expansion for the alias. The expansion is parsed in a similar way to a shell command: backslashes are allowed, and single quotation marks can be used for quoting. If a backslash is the final character on a line, the next line in the file is assumed to be a logical continuation of the line containing the backslash, just as in a shell command.

For example, the following entry would add to the grep command the --text option described earlier:

grep alias --text -i -n -E -2

An application must enable alias expansion for a poptContext, before calling poptGetNextArg() for the first time. Three functions define aliases for a context:

int poptReadDefaultConfig(poptContext con, int flags); Reads aliases from /etc/popt and $HOME/.popt. The flags argument should be NULL, it is provided only for future expansion.

int poptReadConfigFile(poptContext con, char * fn); Opens the file specified by fn and parses the file as a popt configuration file. This allows applications to use application-specific configuration files.

int poptAddAlias(poptContext con, struct poptAlias alias, int flags); Adds a new alias to a context. This function is useful when processes want to specify aliases without having to read them from a configuration file. The flags argument should be 0, it is provided only for future expansion. The new alias is specified as a struct poptAlias, which is defined as follows:

struct poptAlias {
 const char * longName; /* may be NULL */
 char shortName; /* may be '\0' */
 int argc;
 const char ** argv; /* must be free()able */
};

longName and shortName specify the option that is aliased. argc and argv define the expansion to use when the aliases option is encountered.

popt usually parses arguments that are already divided into an argv-style array. However, some applications need to parse strings that are formatted identically to command lines. To facilitate this, popt provides a function that parses a string into an array of strings, using rules similar to those of normal shell parsing:

#include <popt.h>
int poptParseArgvString(char * s, int * argcPtr,
 char *** argvPtr);
int poptDupArgv(int argc, const char ** argv, int * argcPtr,
 const char *** argvPtr);

The string s is parsed into an argv-style array. The integer pointed to by the argcPtr parameter contains the number of elements parsed, and the final argvPtr parameter contains the address of the newly created array. The routine poptDupArgv() can be used to make a copy of an existing argument array.

The argvPtr created by poptParseArgvString() or poptDupArgv() can be passed directly to poptGetContext(). Both routines return a single dynamically allocated contiguous block of storage and should be freed using free() when the application is finished with the storage.

Some applications implement the equivalent of option aliasing but do so using special logic. The poptStuffArgs() function allows an application to insert new arguments into the current poptContext:

#include <popt.h>
int poptStuffArgs(poptContext con, const char ** argv);

The passed argv must have a NULL pointer as its final element. When poptGetNextOpt() is next called, the "stuffed" arguments are the first to be parsed. popt returns to the normal arguments when all of the stuffed arguments have been exhausted.

All of the popt functions that can return errors return integers. When an error occurs, a negative error code is returned. The following error codes can occur:

POPT_ERROR_BADNUMBER A string-to-number conversion failed because the string contains nonnumeric characters. This occurs when poptGetNextOpt() is processing an argument of type POPT_ARG_INT, POPT_ARG_LONG, POPT_ARG_FLOAT, or POPT_ARG_DOUBLE.

POPT_ERROR_BADOPT An option was specified in argv but is not in the option table. This error can be returned only from poptGetNextOpt().

POPT_ERROR_BADQUOTE A parsed string has a quotation mismatch, for example, a single quotation mark. poptParseArgvString(), poptReadConfigFile(), or poptReadDefaultConfig() can return this error.

POPT_ERROR_ERRNO A system call returned with an error, and errno still contains the error from the system call. Both poptReadConfigFile() and poptReadDefaultConfig() can return this error.

POPT_ERROR_NOARG An option that requires an argument was specified on the command line, but no argument was given. This error can be returned only by poptGetNextOpt().

POPT_ERROR_OPTSTOODEEP A set of option aliases is nested too deeply. Currently, popt follows options to only 10 levels, to prevent infinite recursion. Only poptGetNextOpt() can return this error.

POPT_ERROR_OVERFLOW A string-to-number conversion failed because the number is too large or too small. This error can occur only when poptGetNextOpt() is processing an argument of type POPT_ARG_INT, POPT_ARG_LONG, POPT_ARG_FLOAT, or POPT_ARG_DOUBLE.

Two functions allow applications to provide good error messages:

const char *const poptStrerror(const int error); Takes a popt error code and returns a string describing the error, just as with the standard strerror() function.

const char * poptBadOption(poptContext con, int flags); Returns the option that caused the error, if an error occurred during poptGetNextOpt(). If the flags argument is set to POPT_BADOPTION_NOALIAS, the outermost option is returned. Otherwise, flags should be 0, and the option that is returned may have been specified through an alias.

These two functions ensure that popt error handling is trivial for most applications. When an error is detected from most of the functions, an error message is printed along with the error string from poptStrerror(). When an error occurs during argument parsing, code similar to the following displays a useful error message:

fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n",
 poptBadOption(optCon, POPT_BADOPTION_NOALIAS),
 poptStrerror(rc));

Example 1: Parse Program Created From robin Program

The following example is a simplified version of the robin program that appears in Chapter 15 of "Linux Application Development" by Michael K. Johnson and Erik W. Troan (copyright 1998 by Addison Wesley Longman, Inc.). The robin program has been stripped of everything but its argument-parsing logic, slightly reworked, and renamed parse. This program illustrates some of the features of the extremely rich popt library.

#include <popt.h>
#include <stdio.h>

void usage(poptContext optCon, int exitcode, char *error, char *addl) {
 poptPrintUsage(optCon, stderr, 0);
 if (error) fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s0, error, addl);
 exit(exitcode);
}

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
 char c; /* used for argument parsing */
 int i = 0; /* used for tracking options */
 char *portname;
 int speed = 0; /* used in argument parsing to set speed */
 int raw = 0; /* raw mode? */
 int j;
 char buf[BUFSIZ+1];
 poptContext optCon; /* context for parsing command-line options */

 struct poptOption optionsTable[] = {
 { "bps", 'b', POPT_ARG_INT, &speed, 0,
 "signaling rate in bits-per-second", "BPS" },
 { "crnl", 'c', 0, 0, 'c',
 "expand cr characters to cr/lf sequences" },
 { "hwflow", 'h', 0, 0, 'h',
 "use hardware (RTS/CTS) flow control" },
 { "noflow", 'n', 0, 0, 'n',
 "use no flow control" },
 { "raw", 'r', 0, &raw, 0,
 "don't perform any character conversions" },
 { "swflow", 's', 0, 0, 's',
 "use software (XON/XOF) flow control" } ,
 POPT_AUTOHELP
 { NULL, 0, 0, NULL, 0 }
 };

 optCon = poptGetContext(NULL, argc, argv, optionsTable, 0);
 poptSetOtherOptionHelp(optCon, "[OPTIONS]* <port>");

 if (argc < 2) {
 poptPrintUsage(optCon, stderr, 0);
 exit(1);
 }

 /* Now do options processing, get portname */
 while ((c = poptGetNextOpt(optCon)) >= 0) {
 switch (c) {
 case 'c':
 buf[i++] = 'c';
 break;
 case 'h':
 buf[i++] = 'h';
 break;
 case 's':
 buf[i++] = 's';
 break;
 case 'n':
 buf[i++] = 'n';
 break;
 }
 }
 portname = poptGetArg(optCon);
 if((portname == NULL) || !(poptPeekArg(optCon) == NULL))
 usage(optCon, 1, "Specify a single port", ".e.g., /dev/cua0");

 if (c < -1) {
 /* an error occurred during option processing */
 fprintf(stderr, "%s: %s\n",
 poptBadOption(optCon, POPT_BADOPTION_NOALIAS),
 poptStrerror(c));
 return 1;
 }

 /* Print out options, portname chosen */
 printf("Options chosen: ");
 for(j = 0; j < i ; j++)
 printf("-%c ", buf[j]);
 if(raw) printf("-r ");
 if(speed) printf("-b %d ", speed);
 printf("\nPortname chosen: %s\n", portname);

 poptFreeContext(optCon);
 exit(0);
}

RPM, a popular Linux package management application, uses several popt features. Many RPM command-line arguments are implemented using popt aliases, which makes RPM an excellent example of how to take advantage of the popt library. For more information about RPM, see http://www.rpm.org. The popt source code distribution includes test programs that use all of the features of the popt libraries in various ways. If a popt feature does not work for you, check the popt test code.

The following files are used by this library:

/usr/lib/libpopt.so Command Line Parser API shared library

getopt(3), attributes(7)

Updated by Erwann Chenede, Sun Microsystems Inc., 2003. Written by Erik W. Troan (ewt@redhat.com), Michael K. Johnson, and Robert Lynch. created by instant / solbook-to-man, Tue 21 Aug 2012, 08:56