3738N/A GNU Free Documentation License
3738N/A Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
3738N/A Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
3738N/A Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
3738N/A of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
3738N/AThe purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
3738N/Afunctional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
3738N/Aassure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
3738N/Awith or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
3738N/ASecondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
3738N/Ato get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
3738N/Afor modifications made by others.
3738N/AThis License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
3738N/Aworks of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
3738N/Acomplements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
3738N/Alicense designed for free software.
3738N/AWe have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
3738N/Asoftware, because free software needs free documentation: a free
3738N/Aprogram should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
3738N/Asoftware does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;
3738N/Ait can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
3738N/Awhether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
3738N/Aprincipally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
3738N/A1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
3738N/AThis License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
3738N/Acontains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
3738N/Adistributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a
3738N/Aworld-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
3738N/Awork under the conditions stated herein. The "Document", below,
3738N/Arefers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a
3738N/Alicensee, and is addressed as "you". You accept the license if you
3738N/Acopy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
3738N/AA "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
3738N/ADocument or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
3738N/AA "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
3738N/Athe Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
3738N/Apublishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
3738N/Asubject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall
3738N/Adirectly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in
3738N/Apart a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain
3738N/Aany mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
3738N/Aconnection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
3738N/Acommercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
3738N/AThe "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
3738N/Aare designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
3738N/Athat says that the Document is released under this License. If a
3738N/Asection does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not
3738N/Aallowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero
3738N/AInvariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant
3738N/ASections then there are none.
3738N/AThe "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,
3738N/Aas Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
3738N/Athe Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may
3738N/Abe at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
3738N/AA "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
3738N/Arepresented in a format whose specification is available to the
3738N/Ageneral public, that is suitable for revising the document
3738N/Astraightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
3738N/Apixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
3738N/Adrawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
3738N/Afor automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
3738N/Ato text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
3738N/Aformat whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
3738N/Aor discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.
3738N/AAn image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount
3738N/Aof text. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
3738N/AExamples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
3738N/AASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML
3738N/Aor XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple
3738N/AHTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of
3738N/Atransparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats
3738N/Ainclude proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by
3738N/Aproprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD
and/or 3738N/Aprocessing tools are not generally available, and the
3738N/Amachine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
3738N/Aprocessors for output purposes only.
3738N/AThe "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
3738N/Aplus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
3738N/Athis License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
3738N/Aformats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means
3738N/Athe text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
3738N/Apreceding the beginning of the body of the text.
3738N/AThe "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies of
3738N/AA section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose
3738N/Atitle either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
3738N/Atext that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a
3738N/Aspecific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements",
3738N/A"Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".) To "Preserve the Title"
3738N/Aof such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
3738N/Asection "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.
3738N/AThe Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
3738N/Astates that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty
3738N/ADisclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
3738N/ALicense, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
3738N/Aimplication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
3738N/Ano effect on the meaning of this License.
3738N/AYou may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
3738N/Acommercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
3738N/Acopyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
3738N/Ato the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no
3738N/Aother conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
3738N/Atechnical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
3738N/Acopying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
3738N/Acompensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
3738N/Anumber of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
3738N/AYou may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
3738N/Ayou may publicly display copies.
3738N/AIf you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
3738N/Aprinted covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
3738N/ADocument's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
3738N/Acopies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
3738N/ATexts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
3738N/Athe back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
3738N/Ayou as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present
3738N/Athe full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
3738N/Avisible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
3738N/ACopying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
3738N/Athe title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
3738N/Aas verbatim copying in other respects.
3738N/AIf the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
3738N/Alegibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
3738N/Areasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
3738N/AIf you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
3738N/Amore than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
3738N/Acopy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
3738N/Aa computer-network location from which the general network-using
3738N/Apublic has access to download using public-standard network protocols
3738N/Aa complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
3738N/AIf you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
3738N/Awhen you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
3738N/Athat this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
3738N/Alocation until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
3738N/AOpaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
3738N/AIt is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
3738N/ADocument well before redistributing any large number of copies, to
3738N/Agive them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
3738N/AYou may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
3738N/Athe conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
3738N/Athe Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
3738N/AVersion filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
3738N/Aand modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
3738N/Aof it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
3738N/AA. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
3738N/A from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
3738N/A (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
3738N/A of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
3738N/A if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
3738N/AB. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
3738N/A responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
3738N/A Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
3738N/A Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
3738N/A unless they release you from this requirement.
3738N/AC. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
3738N/A Modified Version, as the publisher.
3738N/AD. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
3738N/AE. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
3738N/A adjacent to the other copyright notices.
3738N/AF. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
3738N/A giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
3738N/A terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
3738N/AG. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
3738N/A and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
3738N/AH. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
3738N/AI. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add
3738N/A to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
3738N/A publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
3738N/A there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one
3738N/A stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
3738N/A given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
3738N/A Version as stated in the previous sentence.
3738N/AJ. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
3738N/A public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
3738N/A the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
3738N/A it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section.
3738N/A You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
3738N/A least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
3738N/A publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
3738N/AK. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
3738N/A Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all
3738N/A the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
3738N/AL. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
3738N/A unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
3738N/A or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
3738N/AM. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
3738N/A may not be included in the Modified Version.
3738N/AN. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements"
3738N/A or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
3738N/AO. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
3738N/AIf the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
3738N/Aappendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
3738N/Acopied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
3738N/Aof these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
3738N/Alist of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
3738N/AThese titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
3738N/AYou may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
3738N/Anothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
3738N/Aparties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
3738N/Abeen approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
3738N/AYou may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
3738N/Apassage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
3738N/Aof Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
3738N/AFront-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
3738N/Athrough arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already
3738N/Aincludes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
3738N/Aby arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
3738N/Ayou may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
3738N/Apermission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
3738N/AThe author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
3738N/Agive permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
3738N/Aimply endorsement of any Modified Version.
3738N/AYou may combine the Document with other documents released under this
3738N/ALicense, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
3738N/Aversions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
3738N/AInvariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
3738N/Alist them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
3738N/Alicense notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
3738N/AThe combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
3738N/Amultiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
3738N/Acopy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
3738N/Adifferent contents, make the title of each such section unique by
3738N/Aadding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
3738N/Aauthor or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
3738N/AMake the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
3738N/AInvariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
3738N/AIn the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History"
3738N/Ain the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
3738N/A"History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements",
3738N/Aand any sections Entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections
3738N/AYou may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
3738N/Adocuments released under this License, and replace the individual
3738N/Acopies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
3738N/Athat is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules
3738N/Aof this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all
3738N/AYou may extract a single document from such a collection, and
3738N/Adistribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a
3738N/Acopy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
3738N/ALicense in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
3738N/A7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
3738N/AA compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
3738N/Aand independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
3738N/Adistribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright
3738N/Aresulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
3738N/Aof the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
3738N/AWhen the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
3738N/Aapply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
3738N/Aderivative works of the Document.
3738N/AIf the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
3738N/Acopies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
3738N/Athe entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
3738N/Acovers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
3738N/Aelectronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
3738N/AOtherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
3738N/ATranslation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
3738N/Adistribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
3738N/AReplacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
3738N/Apermission from their copyright holders, but you may include
3738N/Atranslations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
3738N/Aoriginal versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
3738N/Atranslation of this License, and all the license notices in the
3738N/ADocument, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
3738N/Athe original English version of this License and the original versions
3738N/Aof those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between
3738N/Athe translation and the original version of this License or a notice
3738N/Aor disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
3738N/AIf a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
3738N/A"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
3738N/Aits Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
3738N/AYou may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
3738N/Aexcept as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
3738N/Aotherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and
3738N/Awill automatically terminate your rights under this License.
3738N/AHowever, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license
3738N/Afrom a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally,
3738N/Aunless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally
3738N/Aterminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder
3738N/Afails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to
3738N/A60 days after the cessation.
3738N/AMoreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
3738N/Areinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
3738N/Aviolation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
3738N/Areceived notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that
3738N/Acopyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after
3738N/ATermination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
3738N/Alicenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under
3738N/Athis License. If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
3738N/Areinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does
3738N/Anot give you any rights to use it.
3738N/A10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
3738N/AThe Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the
3738N/AGNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions
3738N/Awill be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in
3738N/Adetail to address new problems or concerns. See
3738N/AEach version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
3738N/AIf the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
3738N/ALicense "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
3738N/Afollowing the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
3738N/Aof any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
3738N/AFree Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
3738N/Anumber of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
3738N/Aas a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document
3738N/Aspecifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this
3738N/ALicense can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a
3738N/Aversion permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the
3738N/A"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any
3738N/AWorld Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
3738N/Aprovides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A
3738N/Apublic wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A
3738N/A"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the site
3738N/Ameans any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.
3738N/A"CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
3738N/Alicense published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
3738N/Acorporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
3738N/ACalifornia, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
3738N/Apublished by that same organization.
3738N/A"Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in
3738N/Apart, as part of another Document.
3738N/AAn MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this
3738N/ALicense, and if all works that were first published under this License
3738N/Asomewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or
3738N/Ain part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and
3738N/A(2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
3738N/AThe operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site
3738N/Aunder CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009,
3738N/Aprovided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
3738N/AADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
3738N/ATo use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
3738N/Athe License in the document and put the following copyright and
3738N/Alicense notices just after the title page:
3738N/A Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME.
3738N/A Permission is granted to copy, distribute
and/or modify this document
3738N/A under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
3738N/A or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
3738N/A with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
3738N/A A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
3738N/A Free Documentation License".
3738N/AIf you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
3738N/A with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
3738N/A Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
3738N/AIf you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
3738N/Acombination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
3738N/AIf your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
3738N/Arecommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
3738N/Afree software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
3738N/Ato permit their use in free software.