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README content (required to be distributed if any of the JPEG source code is distributed)

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The Independent JPEG Group's JPEG software

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README for release 6b of 27-Mar-1998

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This distribution contains the sixth public release of the Independent JPEG

Group's free JPEG software. You are welcome to redistribute this software and

to use it for any purpose, subject to the conditions under LEGAL ISSUES, below.

Serious users of this software (particularly those incorporating it into

larger programs) should contact IJG at jpeg-info@uunet.uu.net to be added to

our electronic mailing list. Mailing list members are notified of updates

and have a chance to participate in technical discussions, etc.

This software is the work of Tom Lane, Philip Gladstone, Jim Boucher,

Lee Crocker, Julian Minguillon, Luis Ortiz, George Phillips, Davide Rossi,

Guido Vollbeding, Ge' Weijers, and other members of the Independent JPEG

Group.

IJG is not affiliated with the official ISO JPEG standards committee.

DOCUMENTATION ROADMAP

=====================

This file contains the following sections:

OVERVIEW General description of JPEG and the IJG software.

LEGAL ISSUES Copyright, lack of warranty, terms of distribution.

REFERENCES Where to learn more about JPEG.

ARCHIVE LOCATIONS Where to find newer versions of this software.

RELATED SOFTWARE Other stuff you should get.

FILE FORMAT WARS Software *not* to get.

TO DO Plans for future IJG releases.

Other documentation files in the distribution are:

User documentation:

install.doc How to configure and install the IJG software.

usage.doc Usage instructions for cjpeg, djpeg, jpegtran,

rdjpgcom, and wrjpgcom.

*.1 Unix-style man pages for programs (same info as usage.doc).

wizard.doc Advanced usage instructions for JPEG wizards only.

change.log Version-to-version change highlights.

Programmer and internal documentation:

libjpeg.doc How to use the JPEG library in your own programs.

example.c Sample code for calling the JPEG library.

structure.doc Overview of the JPEG library's internal structure.

filelist.doc Road map of IJG files.

coderules.doc Coding style rules --- please read if you contribute code.

Please read at least the files install.doc and usage.doc. Useful information

can also be found in the JPEG FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) article. See

ARCHIVE LOCATIONS below to find out where to obtain the FAQ article.

If you want to understand how the JPEG code works, we suggest reading one or

more of the REFERENCES, then looking at the documentation files (in roughly

the order listed) before diving into the code.

OVERVIEW

========

This package contains C software to implement JPEG image compression and

decompression. JPEG (pronounced "jay-peg") is a standardized compression

method for full-color and gray-scale images. JPEG is intended for compressing

"real-world" scenes; line drawings, cartoons and other non-realistic images

are not its strong suit. JPEG is lossy, meaning that the output image is not

exactly identical to the input image. Hence you must not use JPEG if you

have to have identical output bits. However, on typical photographic images,

very good compression levels can be obtained with no visible change, and

remarkably high compression levels are possible if you can tolerate a

low-quality image. For more details, see the references, or just experiment

with various compression settings.

This software implements JPEG baseline, extended-sequential, and progressive

compression processes. Provision is made for supporting all variants of these

processes, although some uncommon parameter settings aren't implemented yet.

For legal reasons, we are not distributing code for the arithmetic-coding

variants of JPEG; see LEGAL ISSUES. We have made no provision for supporting

the hierarchical or lossless processes defined in the standard.

We provide a set of library routines for reading and writing JPEG image files,

plus two sample applications "cjpeg" and "djpeg", which use the library to

perform conversion between JPEG and some other popular image file formats.

The library is intended to be reused in other applications.

In order to support file conversion and viewing software, we have included

considerable functionality beyond the bare JPEG coding/decoding capability;

for example, the color quantization modules are not strictly part of JPEG

decoding, but they are essential for output to colormapped file formats or

colormapped displays. These extra functions can be compiled out of the

library if not required for a particular application. We have also included

"jpegtran", a utility for lossless transcoding between different JPEG

processes, and "rdjpgcom" and "wrjpgcom", two simple applications for

inserting and extracting textual comments in JFIF files.

The emphasis in designing this software has been on achieving portability and

flexibility, while also making it fast enough to be useful. In particular,

the software is not intended to be read as a tutorial on JPEG. (See the

REFERENCES section for introductory material.) Rather, it is intended to

be reliable, portable, industrial-strength code. We do not claim to have

achieved that goal in every aspect of the software, but we strive for it.

We welcome the use of this software as a component of commercial products.

No royalty is required, but we do ask for an acknowledgement in product

documentation, as described under LEGAL ISSUES.

LEGAL ISSUES

============

In plain English:

1. We don't promise that this software works. (But if you find any bugs,

please let us know!)

2. You can use this software for whatever you want. You don't have to pay us.

3. You may not pretend that you wrote this software. If you use it in a

program, you must acknowledge somewhere in your documentation that

you've used the IJG code.

In legalese:

The authors make NO WARRANTY or representation, either express or implied,

with respect to this software, its quality, accuracy, merchantability, or

fitness for a particular purpose. This software is provided "AS IS", and you,

its user, assume the entire risk as to its quality and accuracy.

This software is copyright (C) 1991-1998, Thomas G. Lane.

All Rights Reserved except as specified below.

Permission is hereby granted to use, copy, modify, and distribute this

software (or portions thereof) for any purpose, without fee, subject to these

conditions:

(1) If any part of the source code for this software is distributed, then this

README file must be included, with this copyright and no-warranty notice

unaltered; and any additions, deletions, or changes to the original files

must be clearly indicated in accompanying documentation.

(2) If only executable code is distributed, then the accompanying

documentation must state that "this software is based in part on the work of

the Independent JPEG Group".

(3) Permission for use of this software is granted only if the user accepts

full responsibility for any undesirable consequences; the authors accept

NO LIABILITY for damages of any kind.

These conditions apply to any software derived from or based on the IJG code,

not just to the unmodified library. If you use our work, you ought to

acknowledge us.

Permission is NOT granted for the use of any IJG author's name or company name

in advertising or publicity relating to this software or products derived from

it. This software may be referred to only as "the Independent JPEG Group's

software".

We specifically permit and encourage the use of this software as the basis of

commercial products, provided that all warranty or liability claims are

assumed by the product vendor.

ansi2knr.c is included in this distribution by permission of L. Peter Deutsch,

sole proprietor of its copyright holder, Aladdin Enterprises of Menlo Park, CA.

ansi2knr.c is NOT covered by the above copyright and conditions, but instead

by the usual distribution terms of the Free Software Foundation; principally,

that you must include source code if you redistribute it. (See the file

ansi2knr.c for full details.) However, since ansi2knr.c is not needed as part

of any program generated from the IJG code, this does not limit you more than

the foregoing paragraphs do.

The Unix configuration script "configure" was produced with GNU Autoconf.

It is copyright by the Free Software Foundation but is freely distributable.

The same holds for its supporting scripts (config.guess, config.sub,

ltconfig, ltmain.sh). Another support script, install-sh, is copyright

by M.I.T. but is also freely distributable.

It appears that the arithmetic coding option of the JPEG spec is covered by

patents owned by IBM, AT&T, and Mitsubishi. Hence arithmetic coding cannot

legally be used without obtaining one or more licenses. For this reason,

support for arithmetic coding has been removed from the free JPEG software.

(Since arithmetic coding provides only a marginal gain over the unpatented

Huffman mode, it is unlikely that very many implementations will support it.)

So far as we are aware, there are no patent restrictions on the remaining

code.

The IJG distribution formerly included code to read and write GIF files.

To avoid entanglement with the Unisys LZW patent, GIF reading support has

been removed altogether, and the GIF writer has been simplified to produce

"uncompressed GIFs". This technique does not use the LZW algorithm; the

resulting GIF files are larger than usual, but are readable by all standard

GIF decoders.

We are required to state that

"The Graphics Interchange Format(c) is the Copyright property of

CompuServe Incorporated. GIF(sm) is a Service Mark property of

CompuServe Incorporated."

REFERENCES

==========

We highly recommend reading one or more of these references before trying to

understand the innards of the JPEG software.

The best short technical introduction to the JPEG compression algorithm is

Wallace, Gregory K. "The JPEG Still Picture Compression Standard",

Communications of the ACM, April 1991 (vol. 34 no. 4), pp. 30-44.

(Adjacent articles in that issue discuss MPEG motion picture compression,

applications of JPEG, and related topics.) If you don't have the CACM issue

handy, a PostScript file containing a revised version of Wallace's article is

available at ftp://ftp.uu.net/graphics/jpeg/wallace.ps.gz. The file (actually

a preprint for an article that appeared in IEEE Trans. Consumer Electronics)

omits the sample images that appeared in CACM, but it includes corrections

and some added material. Note: the Wallace article is copyright ACM and IEEE,

and it may not be used for commercial purposes.

A somewhat less technical, more leisurely introduction to JPEG can be found in

"The Data Compression Book" by Mark Nelson and Jean-loup Gailly, published by

M&T Books (New York), 2nd ed. 1996, ISBN 1-55851-434-1. This book provides

good explanations and example C code for a multitude of compression methods

including JPEG. It is an excellent source if you are comfortable reading C

code but don't know much about data compression in general. The book's JPEG

sample code is far from industrial-strength, but when you are ready to look

at a full implementation, you've got one here...

The best full description of JPEG is the textbook "JPEG Still Image Data

Compression Standard" by William B. Pennebaker and Joan L. Mitchell, published

by Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1993, ISBN 0-442-01272-1. Price US$59.95, 638 pp.

The book includes the complete text of the ISO JPEG standards (DIS 10918-1

and draft DIS 10918-2). This is by far the most complete exposition of JPEG

in existence, and we highly recommend it.

The JPEG standard itself is not available electronically; you must order a

paper copy through ISO or ITU. (Unless you feel a need to own a certified

official copy, we recommend buying the Pennebaker and Mitchell book instead;

it's much cheaper and includes a great deal of useful explanatory material.)

In the USA, copies of the standard may be ordered from ANSI Sales at (212)

642-4900, or from Global Engineering Documents at (800) 854-7179. (ANSI

doesn't take credit card orders, but Global does.) It's not cheap: as of

1992, ANSI was charging $95 for Part 1 and $47 for Part 2, plus 7%

shipping/handling. The standard is divided into two parts, Part 1 being the

actual specification, while Part 2 covers compliance testing methods. Part 1

is titled "Digital Compression and Coding of Continuous-tone Still Images,

Part 1: Requirements and guidelines" and has document numbers ISO/IEC IS

10918-1, ITU-T T.81. Part 2 is titled "Digital Compression and Coding of

Continuous-tone Still Images, Part 2: Compliance testing" and has document

numbers ISO/IEC IS 10918-2, ITU-T T.83.

Some extensions to the original JPEG standard are defined in JPEG Part 3,

a newer ISO standard numbered ISO/IEC IS 10918-3 and ITU-T T.84. IJG

currently does not support any Part 3 extensions.

The JPEG standard does not specify all details of an interchangeable file

format. For the omitted details we follow the "JFIF" conventions, revision

1.02. A copy of the JFIF spec is available from:

Literature Department

C-Cube Microsystems, Inc.

1778 McCarthy Blvd.

Milpitas, CA 95035

phone (408) 944-6300, fax (408) 944-6314

A PostScript version of this document is available by FTP at

ftp://ftp.uu.net/graphics/jpeg/jfif.ps.gz. There is also a plain text

version at ftp://ftp.uu.net/graphics/jpeg/jfif.txt.gz, but it is missing

the figures.

The TIFF 6.0 file format specification can be obtained by FTP from

ftp://ftp.sgi.com/graphics/tiff/TIFF6.ps.gz. The JPEG incorporation scheme

found in the TIFF 6.0 spec of 3-June-92 has a number of serious problems.

IJG does not recommend use of the TIFF 6.0 design (TIFF Compression tag 6).

Instead, we recommend the JPEG design proposed by TIFF Technical Note #2

(Compression tag 7). Copies of this Note can be obtained from ftp.sgi.com or

from ftp://ftp.uu.net/graphics/jpeg/. It is expected that the next revision

of the TIFF spec will replace the 6.0 JPEG design with the Note's design.

Although IJG's own code does not support TIFF/JPEG, the free libtiff library

uses our library to implement TIFF/JPEG per the Note. libtiff is available

from ftp://ftp.sgi.com/graphics/tiff/.

ARCHIVE LOCATIONS

=================

The "official" archive site for this software is ftp.uu.net (Internet

address 192.48.96.9). The most recent released version can always be found

there in directory graphics/jpeg. This particular version will be archived

as ftp://ftp.uu.net/graphics/jpeg/jpegsrc.v6b.tar.gz. If you don't have

direct Internet access, UUNET's archives are also available via UUCP; contact

help@uunet.uu.net for information on retrieving files that way.

Numerous Internet sites maintain copies of the UUNET files. However, only

ftp.uu.net is guaranteed to have the latest official version.

You can also obtain this software in DOS-compatible "zip" archive format from

the SimTel archives (ftp://ftp.simtel.net/pub/simtelnet/msdos/graphics/), or

on CompuServe in the Graphics Support forum (GO CIS:GRAPHSUP), library 12

"JPEG Tools". Again, these versions may sometimes lag behind the ftp.uu.net

release.

The JPEG FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions) article is a useful source of

general information about JPEG. It is updated constantly and therefore is

not included in this distribution. The FAQ is posted every two weeks to

Usenet newsgroups comp.graphics.misc, news.answers, and other groups.

It is available on the World Wide Web at http://www.faqs.org/faqs/jpeg-faq/

and other news.answers archive sites, including the official news.answers

archive at rtfm.mit.edu: ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/jpeg-faq/.

If you don't have Web or FTP access, send e-mail to mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu

with body

send usenet/news.answers/jpeg-faq/part1

send usenet/news.answers/jpeg-faq/part2

RELATED SOFTWARE

================

Numerous viewing and image manipulation programs now support JPEG. (Quite a

few of them use this library to do so.) The JPEG FAQ described above lists

some of the more popular free and shareware viewers, and tells where to

obtain them on Internet.

If you are on a Unix machine, we highly recommend Jef Poskanzer's free

PBMPLUS software, which provides many useful operations on PPM-format image

files. In particular, it can convert PPM images to and from a wide range of

other formats, thus making cjpeg/djpeg considerably more useful. The latest

version is distributed by the NetPBM group, and is available from numerous

sites, notably ftp://wuarchive.wustl.edu/graphics/graphics/packages/NetPBM/.

Unfortunately PBMPLUS/NETPBM is not nearly as portable as the IJG software is;

you are likely to have difficulty making it work on any non-Unix machine.

A different free JPEG implementation, written by the PVRG group at Stanford,

is available from ftp://havefun.stanford.edu/pub/jpeg/. This program

is designed for research and experimentation rather than production use;

it is slower, harder to use, and less portable than the IJG code, but it

is easier to read and modify. Also, the PVRG code supports lossless JPEG,

which we do not. (On the other hand, it doesn't do progressive JPEG.)

FILE FORMAT WARS

================

Some JPEG programs produce files that are not compatible with our library.

The root of the problem is that the ISO JPEG committee failed to specify a

concrete file format. Some vendors "filled in the blanks" on their own,

creating proprietary formats that no one else could read. (For example, none

of the early commercial JPEG implementations for the Macintosh were able to

exchange compressed files.)

The file format we have adopted is called JFIF (see REFERENCES). This format

has been agreed to by a number of major commercial JPEG vendors, and it has

become the de facto standard. JFIF is a minimal or "low end" representation.

We recommend the use of TIFF/JPEG (TIFF revision 6.0 as modified by TIFF

Technical Note #2) for "high end" applications that need to record a lot of

additional data about an image. TIFF/JPEG is fairly new and not yet widely

supported, unfortunately.

The upcoming JPEG Part 3 standard defines a file format called SPIFF.

SPIFF is interoperable with JFIF, in the sense that most JFIF decoders should

be able to read the most common variant of SPIFF. SPIFF has some technical

advantages over JFIF, but its major claim to fame is simply that it is an

official standard rather than an informal one. At this point it is unclear

whether SPIFF will supersede JFIF or whether JFIF will remain the de-facto

standard. IJG intends to support SPIFF once the standard is frozen, but we

have not decided whether it should become our default output format or not.

(In any case, our decoder will remain capable of reading JFIF indefinitely.)

Various proprietary file formats incorporating JPEG compression also exist.

We have little or no sympathy for the existence of these formats. Indeed,

one of the original reasons for developing this free software was to help

force convergence on common, open format standards for JPEG files. Don't

use a proprietary file format!

TO DO

=====

The major thrust for v7 will probably be improvement of visual quality.

The current method for scaling the quantization tables is known not to be

very good at low Q values. We also intend to investigate block boundary

smoothing, "poor man's variable quantization", and other means of improving

quality-vs-file-size performance without sacrificing compatibility.

In future versions, we are considering supporting some of the upcoming JPEG

Part 3 extensions --- principally, variable quantization and the SPIFF file

format.

As always, speeding things up is of great interest.

Please send bug reports, offers of help, etc. to jpeg-info@uunet.uu.net.