2N/A@node GNU Free Documentation License
2N/A@appendixsec GNU Free Documentation License
2N/A@cindex FDL, GNU Free Documentation License
2N/A@center Version 1.2, November 2002
2N/ACopyright @copyright{} 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
2N/A51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
2N/AEveryone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
2N/Aof this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
2N/AThe purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
2N/Afunctional and useful document @dfn{free} in the sense of freedom: to
2N/Aassure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
2N/Awith or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
2N/ASecondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
2N/Ato get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
2N/Afor modifications made by others.
2N/AThis License is a kind of ``copyleft'', which means that derivative
2N/Aworks of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It
2N/Acomplements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
2N/Alicense designed for free software.
2N/AWe have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
2N/Asoftware, because free software needs free documentation: a free
2N/Aprogram should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
2N/Asoftware does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;
2N/Ait can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
2N/Awhether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License
2N/Aprincipally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
2N/AAPPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
2N/AThis License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
2N/Acontains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
2N/Adistributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice grants a
2N/Aworld-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
2N/Awork under the conditions stated herein. The ``Document'', below,
2N/Arefers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a
2N/Alicensee, and is addressed as ``you''. You accept the license if you
2N/Acopy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
2N/AA ``Modified Version'' of the Document means any work containing the
2N/ADocument or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
2N/Amodifications
and/or translated into another language.
2N/AA ``Secondary Section'' is a named appendix or a front-matter section
2N/Aof the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
2N/Apublishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
2N/Asubject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall
2N/Adirectly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in
2N/Apart a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain
2N/Aany mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical
2N/Aconnection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
2N/Acommercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
2N/AThe ``Invariant Sections'' are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
2N/Aare designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
2N/Athat says that the Document is released under this License. If a
2N/Asection does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not
2N/Aallowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero
2N/AInvariant Sections. If the Document does not identify any Invariant
2N/ASections then there are none.
2N/AThe ``Cover Texts'' are certain short passages of text that are listed,
2N/Aas Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
2N/Athe Document is released under this License. A Front-Cover Text may
2N/Abe at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.
2N/AA ``Transparent'' copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
2N/Arepresented in a format whose specification is available to the
2N/Ageneral public, that is suitable for revising the document
2N/Astraightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
2N/Apixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
2N/Adrawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
2N/Afor automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
2N/Ato text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
2N/Aformat whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
2N/Aor discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.
2N/AAn image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount
2N/Aof text. A copy that is not ``Transparent'' is called ``Opaque''.
2N/AExamples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
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2N/Aformat, @acronym{SGML} or @acronym{XML} using a publicly available
2N/A@acronym{DTD}, and standard-conforming simple @acronym{HTML},
2N/APostScript or @acronym{PDF} designed for human modification. Examples
2N/Aof transparent image formats include @acronym{PNG}, @acronym{XCF} and
2N/A@acronym{JPG}. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be
2N/Aread and edited only by proprietary word processors, @acronym{SGML} or
2N/A@acronym{XML} for which the @acronym{DTD}
and/or processing tools are
2N/Anot generally available, and the machine-generated @acronym{HTML},
2N/APostScript or @acronym{PDF} produced by some word processors for
2N/Aoutput purposes only.
2N/AThe ``Title Page'' means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
2N/Aplus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
2N/Athis License requires to appear in the title page. For works in
2N/Aformats which do not have any title page as such, ``Title Page'' means
2N/Athe text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
2N/Apreceding the beginning of the body of the text.
2N/AA section ``Entitled XYZ'' means a named subunit of the Document whose
2N/Atitle either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
2N/Atext that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ stands for a
2N/Aspecific section name mentioned below, such as ``Acknowledgements'',
2N/A``Dedications'', ``Endorsements'', or ``History''.) To ``Preserve the Title''
2N/Aof such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
2N/Asection ``Entitled XYZ'' according to this definition.
2N/AThe Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
2N/Astates that this License applies to the Document. These Warranty
2N/ADisclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
2N/ALicense, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
2N/Aimplication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
2N/Ano effect on the meaning of this License.
2N/AYou may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
2N/Acommercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
2N/Acopyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
2N/Ato the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
2N/Aconditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use
2N/Atechnical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
2N/Acopying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept
2N/Acompensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough
2N/Anumber of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
2N/AYou may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
2N/Ayou may publicly display copies.
2N/AIf you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
2N/Aprinted covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
2N/ADocument's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
2N/Acopies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
2N/ATexts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
2N/Athe back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
2N/Ayou as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present
2N/Athe full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
2N/Avisible. You may add other material on the covers in addition.
2N/ACopying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
2N/Athe title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
2N/Aas verbatim copying in other respects.
2N/AIf the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
2N/Alegibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
2N/Areasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
2N/AIf you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
2N/Amore than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
2N/Acopy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
2N/Aa computer-network location from which the general network-using
2N/Apublic has access to download using public-standard network protocols
2N/Aa complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
2N/AIf you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
2N/Awhen you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
2N/Athat this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
2N/Alocation until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
2N/AOpaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
2N/Aedition to the public.
2N/AIt is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
2N/ADocument well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
2N/Athem a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
2N/AYou may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
2N/Athe conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
2N/Athe Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
2N/AVersion filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
2N/Aand modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
2N/Aof it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
2N/AUse in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
2N/Afrom that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
2N/A(which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
2N/Aof the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version
2N/Aif the original publisher of that version gives permission.
2N/AList on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
2N/Aresponsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
2N/AVersion, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
2N/ADocument (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
2N/Aunless they release you from this requirement.
2N/AState on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
2N/AModified Version, as the publisher.
2N/APreserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
2N/AAdd an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
2N/Aadjacent to the other copyright notices.
2N/AInclude, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
2N/Agiving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
2N/Aterms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
2N/APreserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
2N/Aand required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
2N/AInclude an unaltered copy of this License.
2N/APreserve the section Entitled ``History'', Preserve its Title, and add
2N/Ato it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
2N/Apublisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If
2N/Athere is no section Entitled ``History'' in the Document, create one
2N/Astating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
2N/Agiven on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
2N/AVersion as stated in the previous sentence.
2N/APreserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
2N/Apublic access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
2N/Athe network locations given in the Document for previous versions
2N/Ait was based on. These may be placed in the ``History'' section.
2N/AYou may omit a network location for a work that was published at
2N/Aleast four years before the Document itself, or if the original
2N/Apublisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
2N/AFor any section Entitled ``Acknowledgements'' or ``Dedications'', Preserve
2N/Athe Title of the section, and preserve in the section all the
2N/Asubstance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
and/or 2N/Adedications given therein.
2N/APreserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
2N/Aunaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
2N/Aor the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
2N/ADelete any section Entitled ``Endorsements''. Such a section
2N/Amay not be included in the Modified Version.
2N/ADo not retitle any existing section to be Entitled ``Endorsements'' or
2N/Ato conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
2N/APreserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
2N/AIf the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
2N/Aappendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
2N/Acopied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
2N/Aof these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the
2N/Alist of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
2N/AThese titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
2N/AYou may add a section Entitled ``Endorsements'', provided it contains
2N/Anothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
2N/Aparties---for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
2N/Abeen approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
2N/AYou may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
2N/Apassage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
2N/Aof Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of
2N/AFront-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
2N/Athrough arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already
2N/Aincludes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
2N/Aby arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
2N/Ayou may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
2N/Apermission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
2N/AThe author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
2N/Agive permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
2N/Aimply endorsement of any Modified Version.
2N/AYou may combine the Document with other documents released under this
2N/ALicense, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
2N/Aversions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
2N/AInvariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
2N/Alist them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
2N/Alicense notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
2N/AThe combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
2N/Amultiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
2N/Acopy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
2N/Adifferent contents, make the title of each such section unique by
2N/Aadding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
2N/Aauthor or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
2N/AMake the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
2N/AInvariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
2N/AIn the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled ``History''
2N/Ain the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
2N/A``History''; likewise combine any sections Entitled ``Acknowledgements'',
2N/Aand any sections Entitled ``Dedications''. You must delete all
2N/Asections Entitled ``Endorsements.''
2N/ACOLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
2N/AYou may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
2N/Areleased under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
2N/ALicense in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
2N/Athe collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
2N/Averbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
2N/AYou may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
2N/Ait individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
2N/ALicense into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
2N/Aother respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
2N/AAGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
2N/AA compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
2N/Aand independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
2N/Adistribution medium, is called an ``aggregate'' if the copyright
2N/Aresulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
2N/Aof the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
2N/AWhen the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
2N/Aapply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
2N/Aderivative works of the Document.
2N/AIf the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
2N/Acopies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
2N/Athe entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
2N/Acovers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
2N/Aelectronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
2N/AOtherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
2N/ATranslation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
2N/Adistribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
2N/AReplacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
2N/Apermission from their copyright holders, but you may include
2N/Atranslations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
2N/Aoriginal versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
2N/Atranslation of this License, and all the license notices in the
2N/ADocument, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
2N/Athe original English version of this License and the original versions
2N/Aof those notices and disclaimers. In case of a disagreement between
2N/Athe translation and the original version of this License or a notice
2N/Aor disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
2N/AIf a section in the Document is Entitled ``Acknowledgements'',
2N/A``Dedications'', or ``History'', the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
2N/Aits Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
2N/AYou may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
2N/Aas expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to
2N/Acopy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
2N/Aautomatically terminate your rights under this License. However,
2N/Aparties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
2N/ALicense will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
2N/Aparties remain in full compliance.
2N/AFUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
2N/AThe Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
2N/Aof the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
2N/Aversions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
2N/Adiffer in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
2N/AEach version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
2N/AIf the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
2N/ALicense ``or any later version'' applies to it, you have the option of
2N/Afollowing the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
2N/Aof any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
2N/AFree Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version
2N/Anumber of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
2N/Aas a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.
2N/A@appendixsubsec ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
2N/ATo use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
2N/Athe License in the document and put the following copyright and
2N/Alicense notices just after the title page:
2N/A Copyright (C) @var{year} @var{your name}.
2N/A Permission is granted to copy, distribute
and/or modify this document
2N/A under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
2N/A or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
2N/A with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
2N/A Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
2N/A Free Documentation License''.
2N/AIf you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
2N/A with the Invariant Sections being @var{list their titles}, with
2N/A the Front-Cover Texts being @var{list}, and with the Back-Cover Texts
2N/AIf you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
2N/Acombination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
2N/AIf your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
2N/Arecommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
2N/Afree software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
2N/Ato permit their use in free software.
2N/A@c ispell-local-pdict: "ispell-dict"