#

# DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.

#

# This code is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it

# under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as

# published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this

# particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided

# by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.

#

# This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT

# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or

# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License

# version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that

# accompanied this code).

#

# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version

# 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,

# Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.

#

# Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA

# or visit www.oracle.com if you need additional information or have any

# questions.

#

# <pre>

# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of

# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.

# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,

# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to

# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):

# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is

# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),

# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).

#

# Gwillim Law writes that a good source

# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport

# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),

# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries

# of the IATA's data after 1990.

#

# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for

# entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.

#

# Other sources occasionally used include:

#

# Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,

# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),

# which I found in the UCLA library.

#

# <a href="http://www.pettswoodvillage.co.uk/Daylight_Savings_William_Willett.pdf">

# William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition

# </a> (1914-03)

#

# Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),

# <a href="http://pcdsh01.on.br/HISTHV.htm">

# History of Summer Time

# </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)

#

# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;

# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.

# Corrections are welcome!

# std dst 2dst

# LMT Local Mean Time

# -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic

# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*

# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*

# 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer

# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer

# 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe

# 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*

# 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*

# 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe

# 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*

# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe

# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow

#

# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,

# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).

# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),

# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,

# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.

# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.

# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.

# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.

# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for

# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%

# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous

# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.

# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)

# ...

# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.

# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.

# ...

# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].

# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact

# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the

# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed

# in the Directive.

###############################################################################

# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)

# From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):

#

# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about

# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo

# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph

# of the text said:

#

# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands

# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude

# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed

# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They

# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,

# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking

# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'

#

# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's

# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should

# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.

#

# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]

# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):

#

# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.

# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,

# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.

# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)

# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).

# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway

# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most

# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the

# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be

# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.

# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,

# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many

# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public

# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock

# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,

# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal

# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading

# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.

# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition

# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.

#

# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single

# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much

# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.

# From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):

# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),

# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society

# who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)

# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,

# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.

# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,

# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.

# Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and

# it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.

# See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).

# A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in

# a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular

# subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,

# designed by G. W. Miller, is the the William Willett Memorial Sundial,

# which is permanently set to Summer Time.

# From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):

# It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of

# summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country

# between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which

# plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the

# foundations of civilization throughout the world.

# -- <a href="http://www.winstonchurchill.org/fh114willett.htm">

# "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly

# </a>

# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):

# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''

# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this

# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the

# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.

# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):

#

# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's

# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.

# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)

# From: Jonathan Leffler

# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.

# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in

# politics making a fortune, not computing.

# From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):

# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the

# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published

# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and

# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times B.D.S.T."

# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):

# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the

# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)

# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).

# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):

# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir

# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any

# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't

# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British

# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.

# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/bbc-19410418.png

# http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/ho-19410421.png

# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):

# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time

# which is to be introduced in May....

# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"

# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.

# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):

# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common

# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,

# so we use `BDST'.

# Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length

# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.

# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating

# and extending this list, which can be found in

# <a href="http://student.cusu.cam.ac.uk/~jsm28/british-time/">

# History of legal time in Britain

# </a>

# From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):

#

# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;

# see Lord Tanlaw's speech

# <a href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199697/ldhansrd/pdvn/lds97/text/70611-20.htm#70611-20_head0">

# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)

# </a>.

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):

#

# For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.

#

# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger

# are incorrect:

# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until

# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.

# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.

# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.

# It actually just had one transition.

# * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.

# Actually, it conformed to Britain.

# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.

# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.

# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).

#

# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:

# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT

# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to

# conform with Great Britain.

# S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.

#

# The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;

# we'll ignore it for now.

# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.

#

#

# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than

# Shanks & Pottenger.

# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory

# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was

# to London. For example:

#

# "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."

# -- James Joyce, Ulysses

# From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):

# Irish laws are available online at www.irishstatutebook.ie. These include

# various relating to legal time, for example:

#

# ZZA13Y1923.html ZZA12Y1924.html ZZA8Y1925.html ZZSIV20PG1267.html

#

# ZZSI71Y1947.html ZZSI128Y1948.html ZZSI23Y1949.html ZZSI41Y1950.html

# ZZSI27Y1951.html ZZSI73Y1952.html

#

# ZZSI11Y1961.html ZZSI232Y1961.html ZZSI182Y1962.html

# ZZSI167Y1963.html ZZSI257Y1964.html ZZSI198Y1967.html

# ZZA23Y1968.html ZZA17Y1971.html

#

# ZZSI67Y1981.html ZZSI212Y1982.html ZZSI45Y1986.html

# ZZSI264Y1988.html ZZSI52Y1990.html ZZSI371Y1992.html

# ZZSI395Y1994.html ZZSI484Y1997.html ZZSI506Y2001.html

#

# [These are all relative to the root, e.g., the first is

# <http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZA13Y1923.html>.]

#

# (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these

# should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover

# the laws applicable in Ireland.)

#

# (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined

# in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it

# is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time

# being GMT+1.)

# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):

# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)

# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time

# (CT), equivalent to French civil time.

# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that

# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)

# and Frethun run in CT.

# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,

# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,

# and that the time depends on who you're talking to.

# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,

# I would expect the official police report to use GMT/BST and not CET/CEST.

# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to GMT/BST.

# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):

# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,

# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.

# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate

# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of

# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is

# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

# Summer Time Act, 1916

Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST

Rule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT

# S.R.&O. 1917, No. 358

Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST

Rule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT

# S.R.&O. 1918, No. 274

Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST

Rule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT

# S.R.&O. 1919, No. 297

Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST

Rule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT

# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 458

Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST

# S.R.&O. 1920, No. 1844

Rule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT

# S.R.&O. 1921, No. 363

Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST

Rule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT

# S.R.&O. 1922, No. 264

Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST

Rule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT

# The Summer Time Act, 1922

Rule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST

Rule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT

Rule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST

Rule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST

# The Summer Time Act, 1925

Rule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT

Rule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST

Rule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST

Rule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST

Rule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST

Rule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST

Rule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST

Rule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST

Rule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST

Rule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST

Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST

# S.R.&O. 1939, No. 1379

Rule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT

# S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883

Rule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST

# S.R.&O. 1941, No. 476

Rule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST

Rule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST

# S.R.&O. 1942, No. 506

Rule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST

# S.R.&O. 1944, No. 932

Rule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST

# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 312

Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST

Rule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST

# S.R.&O. 1945, No. 1208

Rule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT

Rule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST

# The Summer Time Act, 1947

Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST

Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST

Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST

Rule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT

# Summer Time Order, 1948 (S.I. 1948/495)

Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST

Rule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT

# Summer Time Order, 1949 (S.I. 1949/373)

Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST

Rule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT

# Summer Time Order, 1950 (S.I. 1950/518)

# Summer Time Order, 1951 (S.I. 1951/430)

# Summer Time Order, 1952 (S.I. 1952/451)

Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST

Rule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT

# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925

Rule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST

Rule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT

Rule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST

Rule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST

Rule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST

Rule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST

Rule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST

# Summer Time Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/71)

# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (S.I. 1961/2465)

# Summer Time Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/81)

Rule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST

Rule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT

# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (S.I. 1963/2101)

# Summer Time Order, 1964 (S.I. 1964/1201)

# Summer Time Order, 1967 (S.I. 1967/1148)

Rule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST

# Summer Time Order, 1968 (S.I. 1968/117)

Rule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST

# The British Standard Time Act, 1968

# (no summer time)

# The Summer Time Act, 1972

Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST

Rule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT

# Summer Time Order, 1980 (S.I. 1980/1089)

# Summer Time Order, 1982 (S.I. 1982/1673)

# Summer Time Order, 1986 (S.I. 1986/223)

# Summer Time Order, 1988 (S.I. 1988/931)

Rule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST

Rule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT

# Summer Time Order, 1989 (S.I. 1989/985)

# Summer Time Order, 1992 (S.I. 1992/1729)

# Summer Time Order 1994 (S.I. 1994/2798)

Rule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT

# Summer Time Order 1997 (S.I. 1997/2982)

# See EU for rules starting in 1996.

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

Zone Europe/London -0:01:15 - LMT 1847 Dec 1 0:00s

0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27

1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u

0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996

0:00 EU GMT/BST

Link Europe/London Europe/Jersey

Link Europe/London Europe/Guernsey

Link Europe/London Europe/Isle_of_Man

Zone Europe/Dublin -0:25:00 - LMT 1880 Aug 2

-0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00

-0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s

0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence

0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1940 Feb 25 2:00

0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00

0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00

0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00

0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00

0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1968 Oct 27

1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u

0:00 GB-Eire GMT/IST 1996

0:00 EU GMT/IST

###############################################################################

# Europe

# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,

# Common Market, etc.

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

Rule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S

Rule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -

Rule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -

Rule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -

Rule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S

Rule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -

# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:

# <a="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0084:EN:NOT">

# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council

# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.

# </a>

# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.

Rule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S

Rule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -

Rule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -

Rule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -

Rule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S

Rule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -

# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.

# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.

Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S

Rule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -

Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -

Rule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -

Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -

Rule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S

# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.

Rule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -

# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-07-13):

#

# I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s

# in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was

# corrected in version 2008d). The circumstancial evidence is simply the

# tz database itself, as seen below:

#

# Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01

# 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00

#

# Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15

# 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00

#

# Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884

# 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s

#

# Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -

# Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -

# Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -

#

# The rule line to be changed is:

#

# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -

#

# It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on

# 2:00 standard time, e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no

# countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items

# affected are apparently these ficticious zones that translates acronyms

# CET and MET:

#

# Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT

# Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT

#

# It this is right then the corrected version would look like:

#

# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -

#

# A small step for mankind though 8-)

Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -

Rule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -

Rule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -

Rule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -

Rule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -

# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.

Rule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S

Rule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -

Rule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -

Rule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -

Rule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S

Rule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

Rule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time

Rule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time

Rule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time

Rule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST

Rule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST

Rule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S

Rule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -

Rule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S

Rule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer

Rule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -

# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):

Rule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -

# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in

# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):

Rule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -

Rule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S

#

Rule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S

Rule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -

Rule Russia 1993 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -

Rule Russia 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -

# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

Zone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT

Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT

Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT

Zone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT

# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST

# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.

# From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):

# The official German names ... are

#

# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00

# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00

#

# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),

# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....

# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution

#

# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)

# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"

# Postfach 3345

# D-38023 Braunschweig

# phone: +49 531 592-0

#

# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB

# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the

# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as

#

# Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00

# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00

# Albania

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

Rule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -

Rule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S

Rule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -

Rule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -

Rule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -

Rule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -

Rule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -

Rule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -

Rule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -

Rule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -

Rule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -

Rule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -

Rule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -

Rule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

Zone Europe/Tirane 1:19:20 - LMT 1914

1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16

1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul

1:00 EU CE%sT

# Andorra

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

Zone Europe/Andorra 0:06:04 - LMT 1901

0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30

1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00

1:00 EU CE%sT

# Austria

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and

# 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and

# Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"

# date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition

# Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,

# and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

Rule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -

Rule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -

Rule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

Zone Europe/Vienna 1:05:20 - LMT 1893 Apr

1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920

1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s

1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s

1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s

1:00 - CET 1946

1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981

1:00 EU CE%sT

# Belarus

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

Zone Europe/Minsk 1:50:16 - LMT 1880

1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time

2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21

3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28

1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3

3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990

3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s

2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s

2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s

2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s

2:00 Russia EE%sT

# Belgium

#

# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):

# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:

# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,

# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991

# (Imprimerie HAYEZ, s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),

# pp 8-9.

# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:

# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.

# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.

# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.

# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.

#

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

Rule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S

Rule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -

Rule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -

Rule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -

Rule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -

Rule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S

# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd

# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),

# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15

# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.

Rule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -

Rule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -

Rule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -

Rule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -

Rule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

Zone Europe/Brussels 0:17:30 - LMT 1880

0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT

0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8

1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00

1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u

0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s

1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3

1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977

1:00 EU CE%sT

# Bosnia and Herzegovina

# see Serbia

# Bulgaria

#

# From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):

# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:

# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...

# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October

#

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

Rule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S

Rule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -

Rule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S

Rule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -

Rule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

Zone Europe/Sofia 1:33:16 - LMT 1880

1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?

2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00

1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945

1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00

2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00

2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00

2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991

2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997

2:00 EU EE%sT

# Croatia

# see Serbia

# Cyprus

# Please see the `asia' file for Asia/Nicosia.

# Czech Republic

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

Rule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -

Rule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -

Rule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

Zone Europe/Prague 0:57:44 - LMT 1850

0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time

1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s

1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979

1:00 EU CE%sT

# Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland

# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):

# http://www.hum.aau.dk/~poe/tid/tine/DanskTid.htm says that the law

# [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....

# The page http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A18930008330-REGL

# confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.

#

# The EU treaty with effect from 1973:

# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19722110030-REGL

#

# This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes

# in subsequenet decrees with the law

# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/A19740022330-REGL

#

# It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have

# not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST

# changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to

# 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from

# the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know

# when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only

# confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:

# The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning

# working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which

# was suspended on that night):

# http://www.retsinfo.dk/_GETDOCI_/ACCN/C19801120554-REGL

# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):

# The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between

# Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.

# From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):

# Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not

# wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

Rule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S

Rule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -

Rule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -

Rule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -

Rule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -

Rule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -

#

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

Zone Europe/Copenhagen 0:50:20 - LMT 1890

0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT

1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s

1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00

1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980

1:00 EU CE%sT

Zone Atlantic/Faroe -0:27:04 - LMT 1908 Jan 11 # Torshavn

0:00 - WET 1981

0:00 EU WE%sT

#

# From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):

# During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in

# East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.

# My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.

#

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):

# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,

# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU

# rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthab

# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU

# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.

# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing

# <http://www.statkart.no/efs/efshefter/2001/efs5-2001.pdf> (2001-03-15),

# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:

#

# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC

# is according to the following time line:

#

# The military zone near Thule UTC-4

# Standard Greenland time UTC-3

# Scoresbysund UTC-1

# Danmarkshavn UTC

#

# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be

# introduced.

# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):

#

# I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at

# the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have

# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have

# info from earlier correspondence.]

#

# According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule

# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight

# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....

#

# The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund

# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.

# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the

# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th

# email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in

# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the

# DPC research station at Zackenberg.

#

# Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use

# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).

#

# The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it

# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time

# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.

#

# It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and

# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators

# maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of

# this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be

# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.

# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):

# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place

# there at 2:00 AM.

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):

# From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;

# the 1995 map as like Godthab.

# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.

# startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,

# so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.

# For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.

#

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D

Rule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S

Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D

Rule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S

Rule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D

Rule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S

#

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

Zone America/Danmarkshavn -1:14:40 - LMT 1916 Jul 28

-3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00

-3:00 EU WG%sT 1996

0:00 - GMT

Zone America/Scoresbysund -1:27:52 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Ittoqqortoormiit

-2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00

-2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29

-1:00 EU EG%sT

Zone America/Godthab -3:26:56 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Nuuk

-3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00

-3:00 EU WG%sT

Zone America/Thule -4:35:08 - LMT 1916 Jul 28 # Pituffik air base

-4:00 Thule A%sT

# Estonia

# From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):

# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards

# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,

# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....

#

# From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):

# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,

# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]

# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different

# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules

# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....

# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on

# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to

# summer time next spring.''

# From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:

# <a href="http://trip.rk.ee/cgi-bin/thw?${BASE}=akt&${OOHTML}=rtd&TA=1998&TO=1&AN=1390">

# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law

# </a>

# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between

# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).

#

# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation

# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"

# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).

# From <a href="http://www.baltictimes.com/">The Baltic Times</a> (1999-09-09)

# via Steffen Thorsen:

# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,

# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....

# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European

# Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory

# for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do

# after that.

# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):

# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation

# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all

# the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.

# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):

# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.

# Now we are using again EU rules.

#

# From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):

# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

Zone Europe/Tallinn 1:39:00 - LMT 1880

1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time

1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul

1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May

2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6

3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15

1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22

3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar 26 2:00s

2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s

2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22

2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1

2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21

2:00 EU EE%sT

# Finland

#

# From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):

# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,

# and it's supposed to change at 4am...

#

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):

# Shanks & Pottenger say Finland has switched at 02:00 standard time

# since 1981. Go with Strang instead.

#

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

Rule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

Zone Europe/Helsinki 1:39:52 - LMT 1878 May 31

1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time

2:00 Finland EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00

2:00 EU EE%sT

# Aaland Is

Link Europe/Helsinki Europe/Mariehamn

# France

# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):

#

# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions

# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993

#

# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,

# Paris, 1991

#

# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,

# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987

#

# Shank & Pottenger seem to use `24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

Rule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -

Rule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -

Rule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -

Rule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S

# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st

# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions

# were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.

Rule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -

Rule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -

Rule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S

# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger

# write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.

# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,

# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La

# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Decartes,

# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,

# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,

# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collognes (Haute-Savioe).

Rule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer

# Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,

# but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),

# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes

# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.

Rule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S

Rule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M

Rule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S

Rule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M

Rule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S

Rule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M

Rule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S

Rule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M

Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -

# Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;

# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.

Rule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S

Rule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -

# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,

# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.

# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based

# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

Zone Europe/Paris 0:09:21 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01

0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT

# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.

0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00

# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;

# go with Shanks & Pottenger.

1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25

0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00

1:00 France CE%sT 1977

1:00 EU CE%sT

# Germany

# From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):

# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische

# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.

# [See tz-link.htm for the URL.]

# From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):

# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by

# <a href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/biografien/BersarinNikolai/">

# General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.

# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):

# <a href="http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf">

# http://www.parlament-berlin.de/pds-fraktion.nsf/727459127c8b66ee8525662300459099/defc77cb784f180ac1256c2b0030274b/$FILE/bersarint.pdf

# </a>

# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.

# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so

# this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

Rule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -

Rule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -

# http://www.ptb.de/de/org/4/44/441/salt.htm says the following transition

# occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.

# Go with the PTB.

Rule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S

Rule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M

Rule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S

Rule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer

Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S

Rule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

Zone Europe/Berlin 0:53:28 - LMT 1893 Apr

1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00

1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946

1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980

1:00 EU CE%sT

# Georgia

# Please see the "asia" file for Asia/Tbilisi.

# Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)

# is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.

# Gibraltar

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

Zone Europe/Gibraltar -0:21:24 - LMT 1880 Aug 2 0:00s

0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00

1:00 - CET 1982

1:00 EU CE%sT

# Greece

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.

Rule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -

# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.

Rule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S

# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.

Rule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -

Rule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -

# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.

Rule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -

Rule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S

Rule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -

Rule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -

Rule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -

Rule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -

Rule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S

Rule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -

Rule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

Zone Europe/Athens 1:34:52 - LMT 1895 Sep 14

1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT

2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30

1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4

2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981

# Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;

# go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.

2:00 EU EE%sT

# Hungary

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

Rule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S

Rule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -

Rule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S

Rule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -

Rule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S

Rule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -

Rule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S

Rule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -

Rule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -

Rule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -

Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -

Rule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -

Rule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S

Rule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -

Rule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

Zone Europe/Budapest 1:16:20 - LMT 1890 Oct

1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918

1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00

1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945

1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s

1:00 EU CE%sT

# Iceland

#

# From Adam David (1993-11-06):

# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.

#

# (1993-12-05):

# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of

# Iceland Almanak.

#

# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour

# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts

# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which

# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.

#

# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks

# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the

# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always

# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.

#

# (1993-12-10):

# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the

# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus

# to the julian/gregorian calendar) over the period in question.

# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day

# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.

# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"

# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it

# might mean something else (???).

#

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):

# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points.

# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely

# that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.

#

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

Rule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S

Rule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -

Rule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -

Rule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S

Rule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -

Rule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S

Rule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -

Rule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S

Rule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -

Rule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S

Rule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -

# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter

Rule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S

Rule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -

# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter

Rule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S

# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week

Rule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -

Rule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -

Rule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

Zone Atlantic/Reykjavik -1:27:24 - LMT 1837

-1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?

-1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s

0:00 - GMT

# Italy

#

# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):

# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,

# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).

# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.

# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,

# so record only the time in Rome.

#

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):

# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and

# F. Pollastri

# <a href="http://toi.iriti.cnr.it/uk/ienitlt.html">

# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)

# </a>

# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute

# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:

#

# year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with:

# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W

# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s

# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S

# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W

# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S

# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W

# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S

# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s

# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S

# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s

# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)

# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s

# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s

# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S

# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S

#

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

Rule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S

Rule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -

Rule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S

Rule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -

Rule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S

Rule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -

Rule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S

Rule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S

Rule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -

Rule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S

Rule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -

Rule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S

Rule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -

Rule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -

Rule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S

Rule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -

Rule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -

Rule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -

Rule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -

Rule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -

Rule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -

Rule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -

Rule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S

Rule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -

Rule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S

Rule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S

Rule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -

Rule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

Zone Europe/Rome 0:49:56 - LMT 1866 Sep 22

0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov 1 0:00s # Rome Mean

1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s

1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul

1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980

1:00 EU CE%sT

Link Europe/Rome Europe/Vatican

Link Europe/Rome Europe/San_Marino

# Latvia

# From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):

# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy

# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the

# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about

# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....

#

# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...

# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24

# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning

# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)

# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).

#

# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...

# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13

# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning

# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00

# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of

# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).

#

# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...

# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14

# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,

# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the

# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia

# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00

# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of

# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00

# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is

# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....

#

# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of

# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of

# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.

# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):

# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in

# <a href="http://www.lv-laiks.lv/wwwraksti/2000/071072/vd4.htm">

# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of

# 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).

# <a href="http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2001/01/3-CEE/cee-030101.html">

# From RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:

# </a>

# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will

# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.

# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their

# clocks one hour in the spring....

# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few

# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European

# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving

# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government

# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it

# appears that they will not do so....

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

Zone Europe/Riga 1:36:24 - LMT 1880

1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time

1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer

1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00

1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00

1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11

2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5

3:00 - MSK 1941 Jul

1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13

3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1989 Mar lastSun 2:00s

2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s

2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21

2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29

2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2

2:00 EU EE%sT

# Liechtenstein

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

Zone Europe/Vaduz 0:38:04 - LMT 1894 Jun

1:00 - CET 1981

1:00 EU CE%sT

# Lithuania

# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):

# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is

# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.

# From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):

# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone

# (Europe/Vilnius) was changed.

# From <a href="http://www.elta.lt/">ELTA</a> No. 972 (2582) (1999-09-29),

# via Steffen Thorsen:

# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)

# to be valid here starting from October 31,

# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....

# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a

# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was

# already done by Estonia.

# From the <a href="http://www.tourism.lt/informa/ff.htm">

# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism

# </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.

# From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):

# As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will

# observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid

# down in EU Directive 2000/84 of 19.I.01 (i.e. at the same times as its

# neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of

# 7.XI.02 to this effect can be found at

# http://www.lrvk.lt/nut/11/n1749.htm

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

Zone Europe/Vilnius 1:41:16 - LMT 1880

1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time

1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time

1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12

2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9

1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3

3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24

1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug

3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s

2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s

2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998

2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u

1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u

2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1

2:00 EU EE%sT

# Luxembourg

# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;

# go with Shanks & Pottenger.

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

Rule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S

Rule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -

Rule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S

Rule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -

Rule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -

Rule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S

Rule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -

Rule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S

Rule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -

Rule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S

Rule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -

Rule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S

Rule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -

Rule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S

Rule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -

Rule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S

Rule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -

Rule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S

Rule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S

Rule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S

Rule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S

Rule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

Zone Europe/Luxembourg 0:24:36 - LMT 1904 Jun

1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25

0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s

0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00

1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00

1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977

1:00 EU CE%sT

# Macedonia

# see Serbia

# Malta

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

Rule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S

Rule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -

Rule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S

Rule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -

Rule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S

Rule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -

Rule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

Zone Europe/Malta 0:58:04 - LMT 1893 Nov 2 0:00s # Valletta

1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s

1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s

1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31

1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981

1:00 EU CE%sT

# Moldova

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):

# A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write

# that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.

# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence

# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).

# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area

# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.

# But [two people] separately reported via

# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.

# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

Zone Europe/Chisinau 1:55:20 - LMT 1880

1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT

1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT

2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15

2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17

1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24

3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990

3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6

2:00 - EET 1991

2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992

2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997

# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.

2:00 EU EE%sT

# Monaco

# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's

# more precise 0:09:21.

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

Zone Europe/Monaco 0:29:32 - LMT 1891 Mar 15

0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time

0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00

1:00 France CE%sT 1977

1:00 EU CE%sT

# Montenegro

# see Serbia

# Netherlands

# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,

# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.

# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):

# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00

# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including

# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time

# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the

# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was

# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.

# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and

# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").

#

# (2001-04-08):

# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to

# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common

# practice of following Amsterdam mean time.

#

# (2001-04-09):

# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the

# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe

# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was

# actually followed.

#

# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to

# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of

# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most

# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically

# adopted Amsterdam mean time.

#

# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety

# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it

# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe

# Amsterdam mean time.

# The data before 1945 are taken from

# <http://www.phys.uu.nl/~vgent/wettijd/wettijd.htm>.

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

Rule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time

Rule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time

Rule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST

Rule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT

Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST

Rule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT

Rule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST

Rule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT

Rule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST

Rule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST

Rule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST

# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week

# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.

Rule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST

Rule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST

Rule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST

Rule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST

Rule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -

Rule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -

#

# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted

# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

Zone Europe/Amsterdam 0:19:32 - LMT 1835

0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1

0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time

1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00

1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977

1:00 EU CE%sT

# Norway

# http://met.no/met/met_lex/q_u/sommertid.html (2004-01) agrees with Shanks &

# Pottenger.

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

Rule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S

Rule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -

Rule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -

Rule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -

Rule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

Zone Europe/Oslo 0:43:00 - LMT 1895 Jan 1

1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00

1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00

1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980

1:00 EU CE%sT

# Svalbard & Jan Mayen

# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):

# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and

# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the

# time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared

# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan

# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From

# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19250717-011.html and

# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19300227-002.html). The law/regulation

# for normal/standard time in Norway is from 1894-06-29 no 1 (came

# into operation on 1895-01-01) and Svalbard/Jan Mayen seem to be a

# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From

# http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-18940629-001.html ) I have not been

# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (e.g. -0100)

# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by

# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever

# since 1921. Svalbard (Arctic/Longyearbyen) has been inhabited since

# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere

# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).

# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):

#

# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,

# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was

# keeping Berlin time.

#

# <http://home.no.net/janmayen/history.htm> says that the meteorologists

# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in

# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite

# frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a

# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly

# the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that

# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.

#

# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an

# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says

# <http://www.bartleby.com/65/sv/Svalbard.html>). The Svalbard FAQ

# <http://www.svalbard.com/SvalbardFAQ.html> says that the Germans were

# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,

# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)

# <http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/departments/UP/1-55238/1-55238-110-2.html>

# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named

# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.

#

# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can

# come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the

# war years it's probably best just do do the following for now:

Link Europe/Oslo Arctic/Longyearbyen

# Poland

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

Rule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -

Rule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S

# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.

Rule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -

# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.

Rule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -

# For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,

# Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,

# <http://www.astro.uni.torun.pl/~kb/Artykuly/U-PA/Czas2.htm#tth_tAb1>

# Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.

# He also gives these further references:

# Mon Pol nr 13, poz 162 (1995) <http://www.abc.com.pl/serwis/mp/1995/0162.htm>

# Druk nr 2180 (2003) <http://www.senat.gov.pl/k5/dok/sejm/053/2180.pdf>

Rule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S

Rule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -

Rule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -

Rule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S

Rule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -

Rule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S

Rule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S

Rule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -

Rule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S

Rule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S

Rule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

Zone Europe/Warsaw 1:24:00 - LMT 1880

1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time

1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00

2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun

1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00

1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct

1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977

1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988

1:00 EU CE%sT

# Portugal

#

# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):

# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone

# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.

#

# Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve

# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.

# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.

#

# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):

# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions

# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.

# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.

# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.

# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal

# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.

#

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not

# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.

# Go with Shanks & Pottenger.

Rule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S

# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.

Rule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -

Rule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -

Rule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -

Rule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -

Rule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S

# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.

Rule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -

Rule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S

# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.

Rule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -

# Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.

Rule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S

# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.

Rule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S

# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.

Rule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -

Rule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S

# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.

Rule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -

Rule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer

Rule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S

Rule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -

Rule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M

Rule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S

Rule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M

Rule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -

Rule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -

# Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.

# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.

Rule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -

Rule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S

Rule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -

Rule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S

Rule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -

Rule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -

Rule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S

Rule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S

Rule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;

# Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett.

Zone Europe/Lisbon -0:36:32 - LMT 1884

-0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time

0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00

1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00

0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s

0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s

1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u

0:00 EU WE%sT

Zone Atlantic/Azores -1:42:40 - LMT 1884 # Ponta Delgada

-1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time

-2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time

-1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s

-1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s

0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u

-1:00 EU AZO%sT

Zone Atlantic/Madeira -1:07:36 - LMT 1884 # Funchal

-1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time

-1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time

0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s

0:00 EU WE%sT

# Romania

#

# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):

# <a href="http://www.nineoclock.ro/POL/1778pol.html">

# Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at

# 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,

# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,

# the same year as Bulgaria.

#

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

Rule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S

Rule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -

Rule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S

Rule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -

Rule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S

Rule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -

Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S

Rule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

Zone Europe/Bucharest 1:44:24 - LMT 1891 Oct

1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT

2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s

2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991

2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994

2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997

2:00 EU EE%sT

# Russia

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):

# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.

# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,

# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,

# except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat

# 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.

#

# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):

# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!

# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;

# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching

# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.

#

# From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):

# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with

# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....

# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor

# (used mainly for mail), and MSK/MSD was actively used there.

#

# From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):

# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from

# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...

# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.

#

# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from

# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):

# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was

# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with

# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began

# enforcing curfew at the wrong time.

#

# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):

# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in

# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the

# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan

# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok

# since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are

# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have

# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.

#

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

#

# Kaliningradskaya oblast'.

Zone Europe/Kaliningrad 1:22:00 - LMT 1893 Apr

1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945

2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946

3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s

2:00 Russia EE%sT

#

# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]

# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast',

# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',

# Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',

# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,

# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,

# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,

# Respublika Kareliya, Respublika Komi,

# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',

# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,

# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',

# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,

# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',

# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',

# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg,

# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',

# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,

# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',

# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',

# Yaroslavskaya oblast'

Zone Europe/Moscow 2:30:20 - LMT 1880

2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time

2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00

3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1922 Oct

2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21

3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00s

2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s

3:00 Russia MSK/MSD

#

# Astrakhanskaya oblast', Kirovskaya oblast', Saratovskaya oblast',

# Volgogradskaya oblast'. Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400

# but Wikipedia (2006-05-09) says +0300. Perhaps it switched after the

# others? But we have no data.

Zone Europe/Volgograd 2:57:40 - LMT 1920 Jan 3

3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time

3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time

4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11

4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T

3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s

4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s

3:00 Russia VOL%sT

#

# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]

# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika

Zone Europe/Samara 3:20:36 - LMT 1919 Jul 1 2:00

3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21

4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27

4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev

3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s

2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s

3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00

4:00 Russia SAM%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s # Samara Time

3:00 Russia SAM%sT

#

# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]

# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,

# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',

# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',

# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',

# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.

Zone Asia/Yekaterinburg 4:02:24 - LMT 1919 Jul 15 4:00

4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time

5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s

4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s

5:00 Russia YEK%sT # Yekaterinburg Time

#

# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]

# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.

Zone Asia/Omsk 4:53:36 - LMT 1919 Nov 14

5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme

6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s

5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s

6:00 Russia OMS%sT

#

# From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's

# not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.

# Novosibirskaya oblast', Tomskaya oblast'.

Zone Asia/Novosibirsk 5:31:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 14 6:00

6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time

7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s

6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s

7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.

6:00 Russia NOV%sT

# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):

# Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on

# March 28, 2010:

# from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700

# to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600

#

# This is according to Government of Russia decree # 740, on September

# 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth

# time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)

#

# Russian Government web site (Russian language)

# <a href="http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archiv">

# http://www.government.ru/content/governmentactivity/rfgovernmentdecisions/archive/2009/09/14/991633.htm

# </a>

# or Russian-English translation by WorldTimeZone.com with reference

# map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010

# <a href="http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html">

# http://www.worldtimezone.com/dst_news/dst_news_russia03.html

# </a>

#

# Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010

# Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.

#

# As a result, Kemerovo oblast' will be in the same time zone as

# Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Altai Republic.

Zone Asia/Novokuznetsk 5:48:48 - NMT 1920 Jan 6

6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time

7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s

6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s

7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s

6:00 Russia NOV%sT # Novosibirsk/Novokuznetsk Time

#

# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]

# Krasnoyarskij kraj,

# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug,

# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.

Zone Asia/Krasnoyarsk 6:11:20 - LMT 1920 Jan 6

6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time

7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s

6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s

7:00 Russia KRA%sT

#

# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]

# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',

# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.

Zone Asia/Irkutsk 6:57:20 - LMT 1880

6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time

7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time

8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s

7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s

8:00 Russia IRK%sT

#

# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]

# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',

# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.

# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):

# ...some regions of RUssia were merged with others since 2005...

# Some names were changed, no big deal, except for one instance: a new name.

# YAK/YAKST: UTC+9 Zabajkal'skij kraj.

# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):

# The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,

# Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,

# Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,

# Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenyokskij, Olyokminskij,

# Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,

# Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij Natsional'nij.

Zone Asia/Yakutsk 8:38:40 - LMT 1919 Dec 15

8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time

9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s

8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s

9:00 Russia YAK%sT

#

# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]

# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,

# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).

# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):

# The Sakha districts are: Bulunskij, Verkhoyanskij, Tomponskij, Ust'-Majskij,

# Ust'-Yanskij.

Zone Asia/Vladivostok 8:47:44 - LMT 1922 Nov 15

9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time

10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s

9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s

10:00 Russia VLA%sT

#

# Sakhalinskaya oblast'.

# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.

Zone Asia/Sakhalin 9:30:48 - LMT 1905 Aug 23

9:00 - CJT 1938

9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25

11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.

10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s

11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s

10:00 Russia SAK%sT

#

# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]

# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).

# Probably also: Kuril Islands.

# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):

# The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Verkhhhnekolymskij, Momskij,

# Nizhnekolymskij, Ojmyakonskij, Srednekolymskij.

Zone Asia/Magadan 10:03:12 - LMT 1924 May 2

10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time

11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s

10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s

11:00 Russia MAG%sT

#

# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]

# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.

#

# The Zone name should be Asia/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski, but that's too long.

Zone Asia/Kamchatka 10:34:36 - LMT 1922 Nov 10

11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time

12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s

11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s

12:00 Russia PET%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s

11:00 Russia PET%sT

#

# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug

Zone Asia/Anadyr 11:49:56 - LMT 1924 May 2

12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time

13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s

12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s

11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s

12:00 Russia ANA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s

11:00 Russia ANA%sT

# Serbia

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

Zone Europe/Belgrade 1:22:00 - LMT 1884

1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00

1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945

1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s

1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s

# Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of

# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.

# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.

1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27

1:00 EU CE%sT

Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Ljubljana # Slovenia

Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Podgorica # Montenegro

Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Sarajevo # Bosnia and Herzegovina

Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Skopje # Macedonia

Link Europe/Belgrade Europe/Zagreb # Croatia

# Slovakia

Link Europe/Prague Europe/Bratislava

# Slovenia

# see Serbia

# Spain

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;

# go with Shanks & Pottenger.

Rule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -

Rule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S

# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.

Rule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S

# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.

Rule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -

Rule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S

# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.

Rule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -

Rule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S

# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;

# go with Shanks & Pottenger.

Rule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -

Rule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S

Rule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S

# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.

Rule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer

Rule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S

Rule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M

Rule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S

Rule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S

Rule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S

Rule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -

Rule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S

Rule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -

Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S

Rule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -

Rule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S

Rule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -

Rule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S

Rule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -

# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.

Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S

Rule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -

Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S

Rule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -

Rule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S

Rule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -

Rule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -

Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S

Rule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

Zone Europe/Madrid -0:14:44 - LMT 1901 Jan 1 0:00s

0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30

1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979

1:00 EU CE%sT

Zone Africa/Ceuta -0:21:16 - LMT 1901

0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00

0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00

0:00 - WET 1924

0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929

0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16

1:00 - CET 1986

1:00 EU CE%sT

Zone Atlantic/Canary -1:01:36 - LMT 1922 Mar # Las Palmas de Gran C.

-1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time

0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s

0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s

0:00 EU WE%sT

# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.

# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.

# Sweden

# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:

#

# The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:

# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all

# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at

# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the

# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.

#

# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"

# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the

# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....

#

# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk

# forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning

# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at

# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English

# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west

# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated

# 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time

# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.

#

# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states

# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is

# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....

# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".

#

# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish

# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are

# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available

# in Swedish): <http://www.riksdagen.se/english/work/sfst.asp> (type

# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click

# the Sok-button).

#

# (2001-05-13):

#

# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00

# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show

# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some

# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already

# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another

# hour before the event took place.

#

# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

Zone Europe/Stockholm 1:12:12 - LMT 1879 Jan 1

1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time

1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00

1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00

1:00 - CET 1980

1:00 EU CE%sT

# Switzerland

# From Howse:

# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace

# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep

# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):

# Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S

# Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -

# From Shanks & Pottenger:

# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S

# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -

# From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):

# I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.

#

# As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values

# to be wrong. This is now verified.

#

# I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal

# government, in 'Eidgen[o]ssische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss

# federal law collection)...

#

# DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am

# DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.

#

# DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am

# DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am

#

# There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.

# It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law

# collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any

# other years are made.

#

# Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported

# about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous

# night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such

# a thing had happened in Switzerland.

#

# I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traite de

# l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is

# false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled

# by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.

#

# The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:

# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S

# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -

#

# The 1940 rules must be deleted.

#

# One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for

# most users of tzdata:

# The zone file

# Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12

# 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun #Bern Mean Time

# 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981

# 1:00 EU CE%sT

# describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of

# the Cantone Geneve (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneve did not

# follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.

# To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S

Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

Zone Europe/Zurich 0:34:08 - LMT 1848 Sep 12

0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time

1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981

1:00 EU CE%sT

# Turkey

# From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):

# The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.

# ... The latest rules are available at -

# http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/timezone.html?n=107

# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):

# I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that

# DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure

# what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:

# http://newspot.byegm.gov.tr/arsiv/1996/21/N4.htm

# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING97/03/97X03X25.TXT

# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING98/03/98X03X02.HTM

# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING99/10/99X10X26.HTM#%2016

# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2000/03/00X03X06.HTM#%2021

# http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/CHR/ING2001/03/23x03x01.HTM#%2027

# From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):

# Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.

# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):

# Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC

# start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):

# http://www.ntvmsnbc.com/news/402029.asp

# The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:

# http://rega.basbakanlik.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/03/20070307-7.htm

# I was able to locate the following seemingly official document

# (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:

# http://www.alomaliye.com/bkk_2002_3769.htm

# From Sue Williams (2008-08-11):

# I spotted this news article about a potential change in Turkey.

#

# <a href="http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/domestic/9626174.asp?scr=1">

# http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/domestic/9626174.asp?scr=1

# </a>

# From Sue Williams (2008-08-20):

# This article says that around the end of March 2011, Turkey wants to

# adjust the clocks forward by 1/2 hour and stay that way permanently.

# The article indicates that this is a change in timezone offset in addition

# to stopping observance of DST.

# This proposal has not yet been approved.

#

# Read more here...

#

# Turkey to abandon daylight saving time in 2011

# <a href="http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=112989">

# http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=112989

# </a>

# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S

Rule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -

Rule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -

Rule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -

Rule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -

# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;

# go with Shanks & Pottenger.

Rule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -

Rule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -

Rule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -

Rule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S

# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;

# go with Shanks & Pottenger.

Rule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -

Rule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -

Rule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -

Rule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -

Rule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -

Rule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -

Rule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -

Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -

Rule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S

Rule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -

Rule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S

Rule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -

Rule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -

Rule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -

Rule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S

Rule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -

Rule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S

Rule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -

Rule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S

Rule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -

Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S

Rule Turkey 1986 1990 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -

Rule Turkey 1991 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S

Rule Turkey 1991 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -

Rule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

Zone Europe/Istanbul 1:55:52 - LMT 1880

1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?

2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15

3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time

2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007

2:00 EU EE%sT

Link Europe/Istanbul Asia/Istanbul # Istanbul is in both continents.

# Ukraine

#

# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukranian Ministry of Justice,

# via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):

# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's goverment

# regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:

# "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday

# of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of

# October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"

# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]

# Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.

# "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but

# "Kiev" is more common in English.

Zone Europe/Kiev 2:02:04 - LMT 1880

2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time

2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21

3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20

1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6

3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990

3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00

2:00 - EET 1992

2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995

2:00 EU EE%sT

# Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.

# "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but

# "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.

Zone Europe/Uzhgorod 1:29:12 - LMT 1890 Oct

1:00 - CET 1940

1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct

1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26

1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29

3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990

3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00

1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00

2:00 - EET 1992

2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995

2:00 EU EE%sT

# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.

# "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but

# "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English

# spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in

# portable Posix file names.

Zone Europe/Zaporozhye 2:20:40 - LMT 1880

2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T

2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21

3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25

1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25

3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1991 Mar 31 2:00

2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995

2:00 EU EE%sT

# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.

Zone Europe/Simferopol 2:16:24 - LMT 1880

2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T

2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21

3:00 - MSK 1941 Nov

1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13

3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1990

3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00

2:00 - EET 1992

# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):

# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched

# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.

# Shanks (1999) says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened

# sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say

# 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it

# changed in May.

2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May

# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.

3:00 E-Eur MSK/MSD 1996 Mar 31 3:00s

3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s

# IATA SSIM (1997-09) says Crimea switched to EET/EEST.

# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.

3:00 Russia MSK/MSD 1997

3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u

2:00 EU EE%sT

###############################################################################

# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from

# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.

# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.

#

# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but

# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.

# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at

# 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey

# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time

# and off at 00:00 standard time (i.e., 01:00 DST)

# ...

# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100

# From: Tom Hofmann

# ...

#

# ...the European time rules are...standardized since 1981, when

# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only

# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according

# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on

# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following

# years...

# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions

# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST

# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep

# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.

#

# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the

# Soviet Union (as far as I know).

#

# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,

# 4002 Basle, Switzerland

# ...

# ...

# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100

# From: Dik T. Winter

# ...

#

# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.

# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information

# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.

#

# ...standardization on DST in Europe started in about 1977 with switches on

# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...

# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that

# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982

# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in

# the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch

# dates...

#

# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants; e.g.

# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...

# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not

# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations

# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always

# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the

# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours

# in advance of normal time.

#

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# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland

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# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):

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# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).

# Since 1978. Change at midnight.

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# Monaco: has same DST as France.

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