4491N/A# DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
4491N/A# This code is free software; you can redistribute it
and/or modify it
4491N/A# under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
4491N/A# published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this
4491N/A# particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
4491N/A# by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
4491N/A# This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
4491N/A# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
4491N/A# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
4491N/A# version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
4491N/A# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
4491N/A# 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
4491N/A# Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
4491N/A# Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
1627N/A# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
1627N/A# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
0N/A# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
0N/A# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
5832N/A# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
0N/A# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
0N/A# A good source for time zone historical data outside the
U.S. is
0N/A# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
0N/A# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
0N/A# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
0N/A# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
0N/A# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
0N/A# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
0N/A# of the IATA's data after 1990.
0N/A# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
0N/A# entries through 1991, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
0N/A# Other sources occasionally used include:
0N/A# Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
0N/A# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated),
0N/A# which I found in the UCLA library.
0N/A# William Willett, The Waste of Daylight, 19th edition
5832N/A# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
5832N/A# "It is requested that corrections and additions to these tables
5832N/A# may be sent to Mr. John Milne, Royal Geographical Society,
5832N/A# Savile Row, London." Nowadays please email them to tz@iana.org.
0N/A# Brazil's Departamento Servico da Hora (DSH),
0N/A# History of Summer Time
0N/A# </a> (1998-09-21, in Portuguese)
0N/A# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
0N/A# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
0N/A# Corrections are welcome!
0N/A# LMT Local Mean Time
0N/A# -4:00 AST ADT Atlantic
0N/A# -3:00 WGT WGST Western Greenland*
0N/A# -1:00 EGT EGST Eastern Greenland*
0N/A# 0:00 GMT BST BDST Greenwich, British Summer
0N/A# 0:00 GMT IST Greenwich, Irish Summer
0N/A# 0:00 WET WEST WEMT Western Europe
0N/A# 0:19:32.13 AMT NST Amsterdam, Netherlands Summer (1835-1937)*
0N/A# 0:20 NET NEST Netherlands (1937-1940)*
0N/A# 1:00 CET CEST CEMT Central Europe
0N/A# 1:00:14 SET Swedish (1879-1899)*
0N/A# 2:00 EET EEST Eastern Europe
0N/A# 3:00 MSK MSD Moscow
0N/A# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones, especially in Britain,
0N/A# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
0N/A# From Peter Ilieve (1994-12-04),
0N/A# The original six [EU members]: Belgium, France, (West) Germany, Italy,
0N/A# Luxembourg, the Netherlands.
0N/A# Plus, from 1 Jan 73: Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom.
0N/A# Plus, from 1 Jan 81: Greece.
0N/A# Plus, from 1 Jan 86: Spain, Portugal.
0N/A# Plus, from 1 Jan 95: Austria, Finland, Sweden. (Norway negotiated terms for
0N/A# entry but in a referendum on 28 Nov 94 the people voted No by 52.2% to 47.8%
0N/A# on a turnout of 88.6%. This was almost the same result as Norway's previous
0N/A# referendum in 1972, they are the only country to have said No twice.
0N/A# Referendums in the other three countries voted Yes.)
0N/A# Estonia ... uses EU dates but not at 01:00 GMT, they use midnight GMT.
0N/A# I don't think they know yet what they will do from 1996 onwards.
0N/A# There shouldn't be any [current members who are not using EU rules].
0N/A# A Directive has the force of law, member states are obliged to enact
0N/A# national law to implement it. The only contentious issue was the
0N/A# different end date for the UK and Ireland, and this was always allowed
0N/A###############################################################################
0N/A# Britain (United Kingdom) and Ireland (Eire)
0N/A# From Peter Ilieve (1994-07-06):
0N/A# On 17 Jan 1994 the Independent, a UK quality newspaper, had a piece about
0N/A# historical vistas along the Thames in west London. There was a photo
0N/A# and a sketch map showing some of the sightlines involved. One paragraph
0N/A# `An old stone obelisk marking a forgotten terrestrial meridian stands
0N/A# beside the river at Kew. In the 18th century, before time and longitude
0N/A# was standardised by the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, scholars observed
0N/A# this stone and the movement of stars from Kew Observatory nearby. They
0N/A# made their calculations and set the time for the Horse Guards and Parliament,
0N/A# but now the stone is obscured by scrubwood and can only be seen by walking
0N/A# along the towpath within a few yards of it.'
0N/A# I have a one inch to one mile map of London and my estimate of the stone's
0N/A# position is 51 deg. 28' 30" N, 0 deg. 18' 45" W. The longitude should
0N/A# be within about +-2". The Ordnance Survey grid reference is TQ172761.
0N/A# [This yields GMTOFF = -0:01:15 for London LMT in the 18th century.]
0N/A# From Paul Eggert (1993-11-18):
0N/A# Howse writes that Britain was the first country to use standard time.
0N/A# The railways cared most about the inconsistencies of local mean time,
0N/A# and it was they who forced a uniform time on the country.
0N/A# The original idea was credited to Dr. William Hyde Wollaston (1766-1828)
0N/A# and was popularized by Abraham Follett Osler (1808-1903).
0N/A# The first railway to adopt London time was the Great Western Railway
0N/A# in November 1840; other railways followed suit, and by 1847 most
0N/A# (though not all) railways used London time. On 1847-09-22 the
0N/A# Railway Clearing House, an industry standards body, recommended that GMT be
0N/A# adopted at all stations as soon as the General Post Office permitted it.
0N/A# The transition occurred on 12-01 for the L&NW, the Caledonian,
0N/A# and presumably other railways; the January 1848 Bradshaw's lists many
0N/A# railways as using GMT. By 1855 the vast majority of public
0N/A# clocks in Britain were set to GMT (though some, like the great clock
0N/A# on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, were fitted with two minute hands,
0N/A# one for local time and one for GMT). The last major holdout was the legal
0N/A# system, which stubbornly stuck to local time for many years, leading
0N/A# to oddities like polls opening at 08:13 and closing at 16:13.
0N/A# The legal system finally switched to GMT when the Statutes (Definition
0N/A# of Time) Act took effect; it received the Royal Assent on 1880-08-02.
0N/A# In the tables below, we condense this complicated story into a single
0N/A# transition date for London, namely 1847-12-01. We don't know as much
0N/A# about Dublin, so we use 1880-08-02, the legal transition time.
0N/A# From Paul Eggert (2003-09-27):
0N/A# Summer Time was first seriously proposed by William Willett (1857-1915),
0N/A# a London builder and member of the Royal Astronomical Society
0N/A# who circulated a pamphlet ``The Waste of Daylight'' (1907)
0N/A# that proposed advancing clocks 20 minutes on each of four Sundays in April,
0N/A# and retarding them by the same amount on four Sundays in September.
0N/A# A bill was drafted in 1909 and introduced in Parliament several times,
0N/A# but it met with ridicule and opposition, especially from farming interests.
0N/A# Later editions of the pamphlet proposed one-hour summer time, and
0N/A# it was eventually adopted as a wartime measure in 1916.
0N/A# See: Summer Time Arrives Early, The Times (2000-05-18).
0N/A# A monument to Willett was unveiled on 1927-05-21, in an open space in
0N/A# a 45-acre wood near Chislehurst, Kent that was purchased by popular
0N/A# subscription and open to the public. On the south face of the monolith,
0N/A# which is permanently set to Summer Time.
0N/A# From Winston Churchill (1934-04-28):
0N/A# It is one of the paradoxes of history that we should owe the boon of
0N/A# summer time, which gives every year to the people of this country
0N/A# between 160 and 170 hours more daylight leisure, to a war which
0N/A# plunged Europe into darkness for four years, and shook the
0N/A# foundations of civilization throughout the world.
0N/A# "A Silent Toast to William Willett", Pictorial Weekly
0N/A# From Paul Eggert (1996-09-03):
0N/A# The OED Supplement says that the English originally said ``Daylight Saving''
0N/A# when they were debating the adoption of DST in 1908; but by 1916 this
0N/A# term appears only in quotes taken from DST's opponents, whereas the
0N/A# proponents (who eventually won the argument) are quoted as using ``Summer''.
0N/A# From Arthur David Olson (1989-01-19):
0N/A# A source at the British Information Office in New York avers that it's
0N/A# known as "British" Summer Time in all parts of the United Kingdom.
0N/A# Date: 4 Jan 89 08:57:25 GMT (Wed)
0N/A# From: Jonathan Leffler
0N/A# [British Summer Time] is fixed annually by Act of Parliament.
0N/A# If you can predict what Parliament will do, you should be in
0N/A# politics making a fortune, not computing.
0N/A# From Chris Carrier (1996-06-14):
0N/A# I remember reading in various wartime issues of the London Times the
0N/A# acronym BDST for British Double Summer Time. Look for the published
0N/A# time of sunrise and sunset in The Times, when BDST was in effect, and
0N/A# if you find a zone reference it will say, "All times
B.D.S.T."
0N/A# From Joseph S. Myers (1999-09-02):
0N/A# ... some military cables (WO 219/4100 - this is a copy from the
0N/A# main SHAEF archives held in the US National Archives, SHAEF/5252/8/516)
0N/A# agree that the usage is BDST (this appears in a message dated 17 Feb 1945).
0N/A# From Joseph S. Myers (2000-10-03):
0N/A# On 18th April 1941, Sir Stephen Tallents of the BBC wrote to Sir
0N/A# Alexander Maxwell of the Home Office asking whether there was any
0N/A# official designation; the reply of the 21st was that there wasn't
0N/A# but he couldn't think of anything better than the "Double British
0N/A# Summer Time" that the BBC had been using informally.
0N/A# From Sir Alexander Maxwell in the above-mentioned letter (1941-04-21):
0N/A# [N]o official designation has as far as I know been adopted for the time
0N/A# which is to be introduced in May....
0N/A# I cannot think of anything better than "Double British Summer Time"
0N/A# which could not be said to run counter to any official description.
0N/A# From Paul Eggert (2000-10-02):
0N/A# Howse writes (p 157) `DBST' too, but `BDST' seems to have been common
0N/A# and follows the more usual convention of putting the location name first,
0N/A# Peter Ilieve (1998-04-19) described at length
0N/A# the history of summer time legislation in the United Kingdom.
0N/A# Since 1998 Joseph S. Myers has been updating
0N/A# and extending this list, which can be found in
0N/A# History of legal time in Britain
4941N/A# Rob Crowther (2012-01-04) reports that that URL no longer
4941N/A# exists, and the article can now be found at:
0N/A# From Joseph S. Myers (1998-01-06):
0N/A# The legal time in the UK outside of summer time is definitely GMT, not UTC;
0N/A# see Lord Tanlaw's speech
0N/A# (Lords Hansard 11 June 1997 columns 964 to 976)
0N/A# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
0N/A# For lack of other data, follow Shanks & Pottenger for Eire in 1940-1948.
0N/A# Given Ilieve and Myers's data, the following claims by Shanks & Pottenger
0N/A# * Wales did not switch from GMT to daylight saving time until
0N/A# 1921 Apr 3, when they began to conform with the rest of Great Britain.
0N/A# Actually, Wales was identical after 1880.
0N/A# * Eire had two transitions on 1916 Oct 1.
0N/A# It actually just had one transition.
0N/A# * Northern Ireland used single daylight saving time throughout WW II.
0N/A# Actually, it conformed to Britain.
0N/A# * GB-Eire changed standard time to 1 hour ahead of GMT on 1968-02-18.
0N/A# Actually, that date saw the usual switch to summer time.
0N/A# Standard time was not changed until 1968-10-27 (the clocks didn't change).
0N/A# Here is another incorrect claim by Shanks & Pottenger:
0N/A# * Jersey, Guernsey, and the Isle of Man did not switch from GMT
0N/A# to daylight saving time until 1921 Apr 3, when they began to
0N/A# conform with Great Britain.
0N/A#
S.R.&O. 1916, No. 382 and HO 45/10811/312364 (quoted above) say otherwise.
0N/A# The following claim by Shanks & Pottenger is possible though doubtful;
0N/A# we'll ignore it for now.
0N/A# * Dublin's 1971-10-31 switch was at 02:00, even though London's was 03:00.
0N/A# Whitman says Dublin Mean Time was -0:25:21, which is more precise than
0N/A# Shanks & Pottenger.
0N/A# Perhaps this was Dunsink Observatory Time, as Dunsink Observatory
0N/A# (8 km NW of Dublin's center) seemingly was to Dublin as Greenwich was
0N/A# to London. For example:
0N/A# "Timeball on the ballast office is down. Dunsink time."
0N/A# -- James Joyce, Ulysses
0N/A# From Joseph S. Myers (2005-01-26):
0N/A# various relating to legal time, for example:
0N/A# [These are all relative to the root,
e.g., the first is
0N/A# (These are those I found, but there could be more. In any case these
0N/A# should allow various updates to the comments in the europe file to cover
0N/A# the laws applicable in Ireland.)
0N/A# (Note that the time in the Republic of Ireland since 1968 has been defined
0N/A# in terms of standard time being GMT+1 with a period of winter time when it
0N/A# is GMT, rather than standard time being GMT with a period of summer time
0N/A# From Paul Eggert (1999-03-28):
0N/A# Clive Feather (<news:859845706.26043.0@office.demon.net>, 1997-03-31)
0N/A# reports that Folkestone (Cheriton) Shuttle Terminal uses Concession Time
0N/A# (CT), equivalent to French civil time.
0N/A# Julian Hill (<news:36118128.5A14@virgin.net>, 1998-09-30) reports that
0N/A# trains between Dollands Moor (the freight facility next door)
0N/A# and Frethun run in CT.
0N/A# My admittedly uninformed guess is that the terminal has two authorities,
0N/A# the French concession operators and the British civil authorities,
0N/A# and that the time depends on who you're talking to.
0N/A# If, say, the British police were called to the station for some reason,
0N/A# This is a borderline case, but for now let's stick to
GMT/BST.
0N/A# From an anonymous contributor (1996-06-02):
0N/A# The law governing time in Ireland is under Statutory Instrument SI 395/94,
0N/A# which gives force to European Union 7th Council Directive # 94/21/EC.
0N/A# Under this directive, the Minister for Justice in Ireland makes appropriate
0N/A# regulations. I spoke this morning with the Secretary of the Department of
0N/A# Justice (tel +353 1 678 9711) who confirmed to me that the correct name is
0N/A# "Irish Summer Time", abbreviated to "IST".
0N/A# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
0N/A# Summer Time Act, 1916
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1916 only - May 21 2:00s 1:00 BST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1916 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 GMT
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1917 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 BST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 GMT
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1918 only - Mar 24 2:00s 1:00 BST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1918 only - Sep 30 2:00s 0 GMT
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1919 only - Mar 30 2:00s 1:00 BST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1919 only - Sep 29 2:00s 0 GMT
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1920 only - Mar 28 2:00s 1:00 BST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1920 only - Oct 25 2:00s 0 GMT
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1921 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1921 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 GMT
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1922 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 BST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1922 only - Oct 8 2:00s 0 GMT
0N/A# The Summer Time Act, 1922
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1923 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1923 1924 - Sep Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1924 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1925 1926 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
0N/A# The Summer Time Act, 1925
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1925 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1927 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1928 1929 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1930 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1931 1932 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1933 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1934 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1935 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1936 1937 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1938 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1939 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1939 only - Nov Sun>=16 2:00s 0 GMT
0N/A#
S.R.&O. 1940, No. 172 and No. 1883
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1940 only - Feb Sun>=23 2:00s 1:00 BST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1941 only - May Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1941 1943 - Aug Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1942 1944 - Apr Sun>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1944 only - Sep Sun>=16 1:00s 1:00 BST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1945 only - Apr Mon>=2 1:00s 2:00 BDST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1945 only - Jul Sun>=9 1:00s 1:00 BST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1945 1946 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1946 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
0N/A# The Summer Time Act, 1947
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1947 only - Mar 16 2:00s 1:00 BST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1947 only - Apr 13 1:00s 2:00 BDST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1947 only - Aug 10 1:00s 1:00 BST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1947 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 GMT
0N/A# Summer Time Order, 1948 (
S.I. 1948/495)
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1948 only - Mar 14 2:00s 1:00 BST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1948 only - Oct 31 2:00s 0 GMT
0N/A# Summer Time Order, 1949 (
S.I. 1949/373)
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1949 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 BST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1949 only - Oct 30 2:00s 0 GMT
0N/A# Summer Time Order, 1950 (
S.I. 1950/518)
0N/A# Summer Time Order, 1951 (
S.I. 1951/430)
0N/A# Summer Time Order, 1952 (
S.I. 1952/451)
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Apr Sun>=14 2:00s 1:00 BST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1950 1952 - Oct Sun>=21 2:00s 0 GMT
0N/A# revert to the rules of the Summer Time Act, 1925
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1953 only - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1953 1960 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 GMT
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1954 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1955 1956 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1957 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1958 1959 - Apr Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1960 only - Apr Sun>=9 2:00s 1:00 BST
0N/A# Summer Time Order, 1961 (
S.I. 1961/71)
0N/A# Summer Time (1962) Order, 1961 (
S.I. 1961/2465)
0N/A# Summer Time Order, 1963 (
S.I. 1963/81)
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1961 1963 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 BST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1961 1968 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
0N/A# Summer Time (1964) Order, 1963 (
S.I. 1963/2101)
0N/A# Summer Time Order, 1964 (
S.I. 1964/1201)
0N/A# Summer Time Order, 1967 (
S.I. 1967/1148)
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1964 1967 - Mar Sun>=19 2:00s 1:00 BST
0N/A# Summer Time Order, 1968 (
S.I. 1968/117)
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1968 only - Feb 18 2:00s 1:00 BST
0N/A# The British Standard Time Act, 1968
0N/A# The Summer Time Act, 1972
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Mar Sun>=16 2:00s 1:00 BST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1972 1980 - Oct Sun>=23 2:00s 0 GMT
0N/A# Summer Time Order, 1980 (
S.I. 1980/1089)
0N/A# Summer Time Order, 1982 (
S.I. 1982/1673)
0N/A# Summer Time Order, 1986 (
S.I. 1986/223)
0N/A# Summer Time Order, 1988 (
S.I. 1988/931)
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1981 1995 - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 BST
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1981 1989 - Oct Sun>=23 1:00u 0 GMT
0N/A# Summer Time Order, 1989 (
S.I. 1989/985)
0N/A# Summer Time Order, 1992 (
S.I. 1992/1729)
0N/A# Summer Time Order 1994 (
S.I. 1994/2798)
0N/ARule GB-Eire 1990 1995 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00u 0 GMT
0N/A# Summer Time Order 1997 (
S.I. 1997/2982)
0N/A# See EU for rules starting in 1996.
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1968 Oct 27
0N/A 1:00 - BST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
0N/A 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1996
0N/A -0:25:21 - DMT 1916 May 21 2:00
0N/A -0:25:21 1:00 IST 1916 Oct 1 2:00s
0N/A 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1921 Dec 6 # independence
0N/A 0:00 1:00 IST 1946 Oct 6 2:00
0N/A 0:00 - GMT 1947 Mar 16 2:00
0N/A 0:00 1:00 IST 1947 Nov 2 2:00
0N/A 0:00 - GMT 1948 Apr 18 2:00
0N/A 1:00 - IST 1971 Oct 31 2:00u
0N/A###############################################################################
0N/A# EU rules are for the European Union, previously known as the EC, EEC,
0N/A# Common Market, etc.
0N/A# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
0N/ARule EU 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00u 1:00 S
0N/ARule EU 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
0N/ARule EU 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00u 0 -
0N/ARule EU 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00u 0 -
0N/ARule EU 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00u 1:00 S
0N/ARule EU 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00u 0 -
0N/A# The most recent directive covers the years starting in 2002. See:
0N/A# Directive 2000/84/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
0N/A# of 19 January 2001 on summer-time arrangements.
0N/A# W-Eur differs from EU only in that W-Eur uses standard time.
0N/ARule W-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule W-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
0N/ARule W-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00s 0 -
0N/ARule W-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
0N/ARule W-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule W-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
0N/A# Older C-Eur rules are for convenience in the tables.
0N/A# From 1977 on, C-Eur differs from EU only in that C-Eur uses standard time.
0N/ARule C-Eur 1916 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule C-Eur 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
0N/ARule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule C-Eur 1917 1918 - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule C-Eur 1940 only - Apr 1 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule C-Eur 1942 only - Nov 2 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule C-Eur 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule C-Eur 1943 only - Oct 4 2:00s 0 -
640N/ARule C-Eur 1944 1945 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/A# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
0N/ARule C-Eur 1944 only - Oct 2 2:00s 0 -
640N/A# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2008-07-13):
640N/A# I found what is probably a typo of 2:00 which should perhaps be 2:00s
640N/A# in the C-Eur rule from tz database version 2008d (this part was
640N/A# corrected in version 2008d). The circumstancial evidence is simply the
640N/A# tz database itself, as seen below:
640N/A# 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
640N/A# 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
640N/A# 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
640N/A# Rule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
640N/A# Rule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
640N/A# Rule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
640N/A# The rule line to be changed is:
640N/A# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00 0 -
640N/A# It seems that Paris, Monaco, Rule France, Rule Belgium all agree on
640N/A# 2:00 standard time,
e.g. 3:00 local time. However there are no
640N/A# countries that use C-Eur rules in September 1945, so the only items
640N/A# affected are apparently these ficticious zones that translates acronyms
640N/A# Zone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
640N/A# Zone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
640N/A# It this is right then the corrected version would look like:
640N/A# Rule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
640N/A# A small step for mankind though 8-)
640N/ARule C-Eur 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule C-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule C-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule C-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule C-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule C-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule C-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
0N/A# E-Eur differs from EU only in that E-Eur switches at midnight local time.
0N/ARule E-Eur 1977 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule E-Eur 1977 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule E-Eur 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule E-Eur 1979 1995 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule E-Eur 1981 max - Mar lastSun 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule E-Eur 1996 max - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
0N/A# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
0N/ARule Russia 1917 only - Jul 1 23:00 1:00 MST # Moscow Summer Time
0N/ARule Russia 1917 only - Dec 28 0:00 0 MMT # Moscow Mean Time
0N/ARule Russia 1918 only - May 31 22:00 2:00 MDST # Moscow Double Summer Time
0N/ARule Russia 1918 only - Sep 16 1:00 1:00 MST
0N/ARule Russia 1919 only - May 31 23:00 2:00 MDST
0N/ARule Russia 1919 only - Jul 1 2:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Russia 1919 only - Aug 16 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Russia 1921 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Russia 1921 only - Mar 20 23:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
0N/ARule Russia 1921 only - Sep 1 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Russia 1921 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
0N/A# Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1980-10-24):
0N/ARule Russia 1981 1984 - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Russia 1981 1983 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
0N/A# Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1984-09-13), repeated in
0N/A# Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1989-03-14):
0N/ARule Russia 1984 1991 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Russia 1985 1991 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Russia 1992 only - Mar lastSat 23:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Russia 1992 only - Sep lastSat 23:00 0 -
4488N/ARule Russia 1993 2010 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Russia 1993 1995 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
4488N/ARule Russia 1996 2010 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 0 -
4395N/A# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-06-14):
4395N/A# According to Kremlin press service, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
4395N/A# signed a federal law "On calculation of time" on June 9, 2011.
4395N/A# According to the law Russia is abolishing daylight saving time.
5495N/A# Medvedev signed a law "On the Calculation of Time" (in russian):
4395N/A# Medvedev signed a law on the calculation of the time (in russian):
4395N/A# From Arthur David Olson (2011-06-15):
4395N/A# Take "abolishing daylight saving time" to mean that time is now considered
0N/A# These are for backward compatibility with older versions.
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/AZone WET 0:00 EU WE%sT
0N/AZone CET 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT
0N/AZone MET 1:00 C-Eur ME%sT
0N/AZone EET 2:00 EU EE%sT
0N/A# Previous editions of this database used abbreviations like MET DST
0N/A# for Central European Summer Time, but this didn't agree with common usage.
0N/A# From Markus Kuhn (1996-07-12):
0N/A# The official German names ... are
0N/A# Mitteleuropaeische Zeit (MEZ) = UTC+01:00
0N/A# Mitteleuropaeische Sommerzeit (MESZ) = UTC+02:00
0N/A# as defined in the German Time Act (Gesetz ueber die Zeitbestimmung (ZeitG),
0N/A# 1978-07-25, Bundesgesetzblatt, Jahrgang 1978, Teil I, S. 1110-1111)....
0N/A# I wrote ... to the German Federal Physical-Technical Institution
0N/A# Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB)
0N/A# Laboratorium 4.41 "Zeiteinheit"
0N/A# D-38023 Braunschweig
0N/A# phone: +49 531 592-0
0N/A# ... I received today an answer letter from Dr. Peter Hetzel, head of the PTB
0N/A# department for time and frequency transmission. He explained that the
0N/A# PTB translates MEZ and MESZ into English as
0N/A# Central European Time (CET) = UTC+01:00
0N/A# Central European Summer Time (CEST) = UTC+02:00
0N/A# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
0N/ARule Albania 1940 only - Jun 16 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Albania 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
0N/ARule Albania 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Albania 1943 only - Apr 10 3:00 0 -
0N/ARule Albania 1974 only - May 4 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Albania 1974 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Albania 1975 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Albania 1975 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Albania 1976 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Albania 1976 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Albania 1977 only - May 8 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Albania 1977 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Albania 1978 only - May 6 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Albania 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Albania 1979 only - May 5 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Albania 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Albania 1980 only - May 3 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Albania 1980 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Albania 1981 only - Apr 26 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Albania 1981 only - Sep 27 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Albania 1982 only - May 2 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Albania 1982 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Albania 1983 only - Apr 18 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Albania 1983 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Albania 1984 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A 1:00 - CET 1940 Jun 16
0N/A 1:00 Albania CE%sT 1984 Jul
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A 0:00 - WET 1946 Sep 30
0N/A 1:00 - CET 1985 Mar 31 2:00
5832N/A# Milne says Vienna time was 1:05:21.
0N/A# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22): Shanks & Pottenger give 1918-06-16 and
0N/A# 1945-11-18, but the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and
0N/A# Surveying (BEV) gives 1918-09-16 and for Vienna gives the "alleged"
0N/A# date of 1945-04-12 with no time. For the 1980-04-06 transition
0N/A# Shanks & Pottenger give 02:00, the BEV 00:00. Go with the BEV,
0N/A# and guess 02:00 for 1945-04-12.
0N/A# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
0N/ARule Austria 1920 only - Apr 5 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Austria 1920 only - Sep 13 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Austria 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Austria 1946 1948 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Austria 1947 only - Apr 6 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Austria 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Austria 1980 only - Apr 6 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Austria 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1920
0N/A 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1940 Apr 1 2:00s
0N/A 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
0N/A 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Apr 12 2:00s
0N/A 1:00 Austria CE%sT 1981
4488N/A# From Yauhen Kharuzhy (2011-09-16):
4488N/A# GMT+3 without DST (was GMT+2 with DST).
4488N/A# Sources (Russian language):
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A 1:50 - MMT 1924 May 2 # Minsk Mean Time
0N/A 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
0N/A 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 28
0N/A 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul 3
0N/A 3:00 - MSK 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
0N/A 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
0N/A 2:00 - EET 1992 Mar 29 0:00s
0N/A 2:00 1:00 EEST 1992 Sep 27 0:00s
4488N/A 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
4488N/A 3:00 - FET # Further-eastern European Time
0N/A# From Paul Eggert (1997-07-02):
0N/A# Entries from 1918 through 1991 are taken from:
0N/A# Annuaire de L'Observatoire Royal de Belgique,
0N/A# Avenue Circulaire, 3, B-1180 BRUXELLES, CLVIIe annee, 1991
0N/A# (Imprimerie HAYEZ,
s.p.r.l., Rue Fin, 4, 1080 BRUXELLES, MCMXC),
0N/A# LMT before 1892 was 0:17:30, according to the official journal of Belgium:
0N/A# Moniteur Belge, Samedi 30 Avril 1892, N.121.
0N/A# Thanks to Pascal Delmoitie for these references.
0N/A# The 1918 rules are listed for completeness; they apply to unoccupied Belgium.
0N/A# Assume Brussels switched to WET in 1918 when the armistice took effect.
0N/A# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
0N/ARule Belgium 1918 only - Mar 9 0:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Belgium 1918 1919 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Belgium 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Belgium 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Belgium 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Belgium 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Belgium 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Belgium 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Belgium 1922 1927 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Belgium 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Belgium 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Belgium 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/A# DSH writes that a royal decree of 1926-02-22 specified the Sun following 3rd
0N/A# Sat in Apr (except if it's Easter, in which case it's one Sunday earlier),
0N/A# to Sun following 1st Sat in Oct, and that a royal decree of 1928-09-15
0N/A# changed the transition times to 02:00 GMT.
0N/ARule Belgium 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Belgium 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Belgium 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Belgium 1928 1938 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Belgium 1929 only - Apr 21 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Belgium 1930 only - Apr 13 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Belgium 1931 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Belgium 1932 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Belgium 1933 only - Mar 26 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Belgium 1934 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Belgium 1935 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Belgium 1936 only - Apr 19 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Belgium 1937 only - Apr 4 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Belgium 1938 only - Mar 27 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Belgium 1939 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Belgium 1939 only - Nov 19 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Belgium 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Belgium 1944 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Belgium 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Belgium 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Belgium 1946 only - May 19 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Belgium 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A 0:17:30 - BMT 1892 May 1 12:00 # Brussels MT
0N/A 0:00 - WET 1914 Nov 8
0N/A 1:00 - CET 1916 May 1 0:00
0N/A 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Nov 11 11:00u
0N/A 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 20 2:00s
0N/A 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 3
0N/A 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
0N/A# Bosnia and Herzegovina
0N/A# From Plamen Simenov via Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
0N/A# A document of Government of Bulgaria (No.94/1997) says:
0N/A# EET --> EETDST is in 03:00 Local time in last Sunday of March ...
0N/A# EETDST --> EET is in 04:00 Local time in last Sunday of October
0N/A# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
0N/ARule Bulg 1979 only - Mar 31 23:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Bulg 1979 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
0N/ARule Bulg 1980 1982 - Apr Sat>=1 23:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Bulg 1980 only - Sep 29 1:00 0 -
0N/ARule Bulg 1981 only - Sep 27 2:00 0 -
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A 1:56:56 - IMT 1894 Nov 30 # Istanbul MT?
0N/A 2:00 - EET 1942 Nov 2 3:00
640N/A 1:00 - CET 1945 Apr 2 3:00
0N/A 2:00 - EET 1979 Mar 31 23:00
0N/A 2:00 Bulg EE%sT 1982 Sep 26 2:00
0N/A 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
0N/A 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
0N/A# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
0N/ARule Czech 1945 only - Apr 8 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Czech 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Czech 1946 only - May 6 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Czech 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Czech 1947 only - Apr 20 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Czech 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Czech 1949 only - Apr 9 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A 0:57:44 - PMT 1891 Oct # Prague Mean Time
0N/A 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 17 2:00s
0N/A 1:00 Czech CE%sT 1979
0N/A# Denmark, Faroe Islands, and Greenland
0N/A# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-04-26):
0N/A# [introducing standard time] was in effect from 1894-01-01....
0N/A# confirms this, and states that the law was put forth 1893-03-29.
0N/A# The EU treaty with effect from 1973:
0N/A# This provoked a new law from 1974 to make possible summer time changes
0N/A# in subsequenet decrees with the law
0N/A# It seems however that no decree was set forward until 1980. I have
0N/A# not found any decree, but in another related law, the effecting DST
0N/A# changes are stated explicitly to be from 1980-04-06 at 02:00 to
0N/A# 1980-09-28 at 02:00. If this is true, this differs slightly from
0N/A# the EU rule in that DST runs to 02:00, not 03:00. We don't know
0N/A# when Denmark began using the EU rule correctly, but we have only
0N/A# confirmation of the 1980-time, so I presume it was correct in 1981:
0N/A# The law is about the management of the extra hour, concerning
0N/A# working hours reported and effect on obligatory-rest rules (which
0N/A# was suspended on that night):
0N/A# From Jesper Norgaard Welen (2005-06-11):
0N/A# The Herning Folkeblad (1980-09-26) reported that the night between
0N/A# Saturday and Sunday the clock is set back from three to two.
0N/A# From Paul Eggert (2005-06-11):
0N/A# Hence the "02:00" of the 1980 law refers to standard time, not
0N/A# wall-clock time, and so the EU rules were in effect in 1980.
0N/A# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
0N/ARule Denmark 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Denmark 1916 only - Sep 30 23:00 0 -
0N/ARule Denmark 1940 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Denmark 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Denmark 1945 only - Aug 15 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Denmark 1946 only - May 1 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Denmark 1946 only - Sep 1 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Denmark 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Denmark 1947 only - Aug 10 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Denmark 1948 only - May 9 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Denmark 1948 only - Aug 8 2:00s 0 -
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A 0:50:20 - CMT 1894 Jan 1 # Copenhagen MT
0N/A 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
0N/A 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
0N/A 1:00 Denmark CE%sT 1980
0N/A# From Paul Eggert (2004-10-31):
0N/A# During World War II, Germany maintained secret manned weather stations in
0N/A# East Greenland and Franz Josef Land, but we don't know their time zones.
0N/A# My source for this is Wilhelm Dege's book mentioned under Svalbard.
0N/A# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
0N/A# Greenland joined the EU as part of Denmark, obtained home rule on 1979-05-01,
0N/A# and left the EU on 1985-02-01. It therefore should have been using EU
0N/A# rules at least through 1984. Shanks & Pottenger say Scoresbysund and Godthab
0N/A# used C-Eur rules after 1980, but IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says they use EU
0N/A# rules since at least 1991. Assume EU rules since 1980.
0N/A# From Gwillin Law (2001-06-06), citing
0N/A# and with translations corrected by Steffen Thorsen:
0N/A# Greenland has four local times, and the relation to UTC
0N/A# is according to the following time line:
0N/A# The military zone near Thule UTC-4
0N/A# Standard Greenland time UTC-3
0N/A# In the military area near Thule and in Danmarkshavn DST will not be
0N/A# From Rives McDow (2001-11-01):
0N/A# I correspond regularly with the Dansk Polarcenter, and wrote them at
0N/A# the time to clarify the situation in Thule. Unfortunately, I have
0N/A# not heard back from them regarding my recent letter. [But I have
0N/A# info from earlier correspondence.]
0N/A# According to the center, a very small local time zone around Thule
0N/A# Air Base keeps the time according to UTC-4, implementing daylight
0N/A# savings using North America rules, changing the time at 02:00 local time....
0N/A# The east coast of Greenland north of the community of Scoresbysund
0N/A# uses UTC in the same way as in Iceland, year round, with no dst.
0N/A# There are just a few stations on this coast, including the
0N/A# Danmarkshavn ICAO weather station mentioned in your September 29th
0N/A# email. The other stations are two sledge patrol stations in
0N/A# Mestersvig and Daneborg, the air force base at Station Nord, and the
0N/A# DPC research station at Zackenberg.
0N/A# Scoresbysund and two small villages nearby keep time UTC-1 and use
0N/A# the same daylight savings time period as in West Greenland (Godthab).
0N/A# The rest of Greenland, including Godthab (this area, although it
0N/A# includes central Greenland, is known as west Greenland), keeps time
0N/A# UTC-3, with daylight savings methods according to European rules.
0N/A# It is common procedure to use UTC 0 in the wilderness of East and
0N/A# North Greenland, because it is mainly Icelandic aircraft operators
0N/A# maintaining traffic in these areas. However, the official status of
0N/A# this area is that it sticks with Godthab time. This area might be
0N/A# considered a dual time zone in some respects because of this.
0N/A# From Rives McDow (2001-11-19):
0N/A# I heard back from someone stationed at Thule; the time change took place
0N/A# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
0N/A# From 1997 on the CIA map shows Danmarkshavn on GMT;
0N/A# the 1995 map as like Godthab.
0N/A# For lack of better info, assume they were like Godthab before 1996.
0N/A#
startkart.no says Thule does not observe DST, but this is clearly an error,
0N/A# so go with Shanks & Pottenger for Thule transitions until this year.
0N/A# For 2007 on assume Thule will stay in sync with US DST rules.
0N/A# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
0N/ARule Thule 1991 1992 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
0N/ARule Thule 1991 1992 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0 S
0N/ARule Thule 1993 2006 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
0N/ARule Thule 1993 2006 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0 S
0N/ARule Thule 2007 max - Mar Sun>=8 2:00 1:00 D
0N/ARule Thule 2007 max - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 0 S
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
0N/A -2:00 - CGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
0N/A -2:00 C-Eur CG%sT 1981 Mar 29
0N/A -3:00 - WGT 1980 Apr 6 2:00
0N/A# From Peter Ilieve (1994-10-15):
0N/A# A relative in Tallinn confirms the accuracy of the data for 1989 onwards
0N/A# [through 1994] and gives the legal authority for it,
0N/A# a regulation of the Government of Estonia, No. 111 of 1989....
0N/A# From Peter Ilieve (1996-10-28):
0N/A# [IATA SSIM (1992/1996) claims that the Baltic republics switch at 01:00s,
0N/A# but a relative confirms that Estonia still switches at 02:00s, writing:]
0N/A# ``I do not [know] exactly but there are some little different
0N/A# (confusing) rules for International Air and Railway Transport Schedules
0N/A# conversion in Sunday connected with end of summer time in Estonia....
0N/A# A discussion is running about the summer time efficiency and effect on
0N/A# human physiology. It seems that Estonia maybe will not change to
0N/A# summer time next spring.''
0N/A# From Peter Ilieve (1998-11-04), heavily edited:
0N/A# The 1998-09-22 Estonian time law
0N/A# refers to the Eighth Directive and cites the association agreement between
0N/A# the EU and Estonia, ratified by the Estonian law (RT II 1995, 22--27, 120).
0N/A# I also asked [my relative] whether they use any standard abbreviation
0N/A# for their standard and summer times. He says no, they use "suveaeg"
0N/A# (summer time) and "talveaeg" (winter time).
0N/A# via Steffen Thorsen:
0N/A# This year will mark the last time Estonia shifts to summer time,
0N/A# a council of the ruling coalition announced Sept. 6....
0N/A# But what this could mean for Estonia's chances of joining the European
0N/A# Union are still unclear. In 1994, the EU declared summer time compulsory
0N/A# for all member states until 2001. Brussels has yet to decide what to do
0N/A# From Mart Oruaas (2000-01-29):
0N/A# Regulation no. 301 (1999-10-12) obsoletes previous regulation
0N/A# no. 206 (1998-09-22) and thus sticks Estonia to +02:00 GMT for all
0N/A# the year round. The regulation is effective 1999-11-01.
0N/A# From Toomas Soome (2002-02-21):
0N/A# The Estonian government has changed once again timezone politics.
0N/A# Now we are using again EU rules.
0N/A# From Urmet Jaanes (2002-03-28):
0N/A# The legislative reference is Government decree No. 84 on 2002-02-21.
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A 1:39:00 - TMT 1918 Feb # Tallinn Mean Time
0N/A 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1919 Jul
0N/A 1:39:00 - TMT 1921 May
0N/A 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 6
0N/A 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 15
0N/A 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Sep 22
0N/A 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep 24 2:00s
0N/A 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998 Sep 22
0N/A 2:00 EU EE%sT 1999 Nov 1
0N/A 2:00 - EET 2002 Feb 21
0N/A# From Hannu Strang (1994-09-25 06:03:37 UTC):
0N/A# Well, here in Helsinki we're just changing from summer time to regular one,
0N/A# and it's supposed to change at 4am...
2644N/A# From Janne Snabb (2010-0715):
2644N/A# I noticed that the Finland data is not accurate for years 1981 and 1982.
2644N/A# During these two first trial years the DST adjustment was made one hour
2644N/A# earlier than in forthcoming years. Starting 1983 the adjustment was made
2644N/A# according to the central European standards.
2644N/A# This is documented in Heikki Oja: Aikakirja 2007, published by The Almanac
2644N/A# Office of University of Helsinki, ISBN 952-10-3221-9, available online (in
2644N/A# Page 105 (56 in PDF version) has a handy table of all past daylight savings
2644N/A# transitions. It is easy enough to interpret without Finnish skills.
2644N/A# This is also confirmed by Finnish Broadcasting Company's archive at:
2644N/A# The news clip from 1981 says that "the time between 2 and 3 o'clock does not
0N/A# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
0N/ARule Finland 1942 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Finland 1942 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
2644N/ARule Finland 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 2:00 1:00 S
2644N/ARule Finland 1981 1982 - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A 1:39:52 - HMT 1921 May # Helsinki Mean Time
0N/A# From Ciro Discepolo (2000-12-20):
0N/A# Henri Le Corre, Regimes Horaires pour le monde entier, Editions
0N/A# Traditionnelles - Paris 2 books, 1993
0N/A# Gabriel, Traite de l'heure dans le monde, Guy Tredaniel editeur,
0N/A# Francoise Gauquelin, Problemes de l'heure resolus en astrologie,
0N/A# Guy tredaniel, Paris 1987
0N/A# Shank & Pottenger seem to use `24:00' ambiguously; resolve it with Whitman.
0N/A# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
0N/ARule France 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule France 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
0N/ARule France 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule France 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule France 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule France 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule France 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
0N/ARule France 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule France 1921 only - Oct 25 23:00s 0 -
0N/ARule France 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/A# DSH writes that a law of 1923-05-24 specified 3rd Sat in Apr at 23:00 to 1st
0N/A# Sat in Oct at 24:00; and that in 1930, because of Easter, the transitions
0N/A# were Apr 12 and Oct 5. Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
0N/ARule France 1922 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
0N/ARule France 1923 only - May 26 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule France 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule France 1925 only - Apr 4 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule France 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule France 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule France 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule France 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule France 1930 only - Apr 12 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule France 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule France 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule France 1933 only - Mar 25 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule France 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule France 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule France 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule France 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule France 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule France 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule France 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
0N/ARule France 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
0N/A# The French rules for 1941-1944 were not used in Paris, but Shanks & Pottenger
0N/A# write that they were used in Monaco and in many French locations.
0N/A# Le Corre writes that the upper limit of the free zone was Arneguy, Orthez,
0N/A# Mont-de-Marsan, Bazas, Langon, Lamotte-Montravel, Marouil, La
4941N/A# Rochefoucault, Champagne-Mouton, La Roche-Posay, La Haye-Descartes,
0N/A# Loches, Montrichard, Vierzon, Bourges, Moulins, Digoin,
0N/A# Paray-le-Monial, Montceau-les-Mines, Chalons-sur-Saone, Arbois,
4941N/A# Dole, Morez, St-Claude, and Collonges (Haute-Savoie).
0N/ARule France 1941 only - May 5 0:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
0N/A# Shanks & Pottenger say this transition occurred at Oct 6 1:00,
0N/A# but go with Denis Excoffier (1997-12-12),
0N/A# who quotes the Ephemerides Astronomiques for 1998 from Bureau des Longitudes
0N/A# as saying 5/10/41 22hUT.
0N/ARule France 1941 only - Oct 6 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule France 1942 only - Mar 9 0:00 2:00 M
0N/ARule France 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule France 1943 only - Mar 29 2:00 2:00 M
0N/ARule France 1943 only - Oct 4 3:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule France 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00 2:00 M
0N/ARule France 1944 only - Oct 8 1:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule France 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 2:00 M
0N/ARule France 1945 only - Sep 16 3:00 0 -
0N/A# Shanks & Pottenger give Mar 28 2:00 and Sep 26 3:00;
0N/A# go with Excoffier's 28/3/76 0hUT and 25/9/76 23hUT.
0N/ARule France 1976 only - Mar 28 1:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule France 1976 only - Sep 26 1:00 0 -
0N/A# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time, and Whitman 0:09:05,
0N/A# but Howse quotes the actual French legislation as saying 0:09:21.
0N/A# Go with Howse. Howse writes that the time in France was officially based
0N/A# on PMT-0:09:21 until 1978-08-09, when the time base finally switched to UTC.
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 0:01 # Paris MT
0N/A# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Jun 14 0:00; go with Excoffier and Le Corre.
0N/A 0:00 France WE%sT 1940 Jun 14 23:00
0N/A# Le Corre says Paris stuck with occupied-France time after the liberation;
0N/A# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
0N/A 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 25
0N/A 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
0N/A 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
0N/A# From Markus Kuhn (1998-09-29):
0N/A# The German time zone web site by the Physikalisch-Technische
0N/A# Bundesanstalt contains DST information back to 1916.
0N/A# From Joerg Schilling (2002-10-23):
640N/A# In 1945, Berlin was switched to Moscow Summer time (GMT+4) by
0N/A# General [Nikolai] Bersarin</a>.
0N/A# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-08):
0N/A# says that Bersarin issued an order to use Moscow time on May 20.
0N/A# However, Moscow did not observe daylight saving in 1945, so
0N/A# this was equivalent to CEMT (GMT+3), not GMT+4.
0N/A# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
0N/ARule Germany 1946 only - Apr 14 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Germany 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Germany 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
640N/A# occurred at 3:00 MEZ, not the 2:00 MEZ given in Shanks & Pottenger.
640N/ARule Germany 1947 only - Apr 6 3:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Germany 1947 only - May 11 2:00s 2:00 M
0N/ARule Germany 1947 only - Jun 29 3:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Germany 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Germany 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
640N/ARule SovietZone 1945 only - May 24 2:00 2:00 M # Midsummer
640N/ARule SovietZone 1945 only - Sep 24 3:00 1:00 S
640N/ARule SovietZone 1945 only - Nov 18 2:00s 0 -
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
640N/A 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 May 24 2:00
640N/A 1:00 SovietZone CE%sT 1946
0N/A 1:00 Germany CE%sT 1980
5832N/A# From Tobias Conradi (2011-09-12):
5832N/A# Schaffhausen, did not start observing DST in 1980 as the rest of DE
5832N/A# (West Germany at that time) and DD (East Germany at that time) did.
5832N/A# DD merged into DE, the area is currently covered by code DE in ISO 3166-1,
5832N/A# Source for the time in Busingen 1980:
5832N/A# From Arthur David Olson (2012-03-03):
5832N/A# Busingen and Zurich have shared clocks since 1970.
0N/A# Herodotus (Histories, IV.45) says Georgia north of the Phasis (now Rioni)
0N/A# is in Europe. Our reference location Tbilisi is in the Asian part.
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A 0:00 GB-Eire %s 1957 Apr 14 2:00
0N/A# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
0N/A# Whitman gives 1932 Jul 5 - Nov 1; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
0N/ARule Greece 1932 only - Jul 7 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Greece 1932 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
0N/A# Whitman gives 1941 Apr 25 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
0N/ARule Greece 1941 only - Apr 7 0:00 1:00 S
0N/A# Whitman gives 1942 Feb 2 - ?; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
0N/ARule Greece 1942 only - Nov 2 3:00 0 -
0N/ARule Greece 1943 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Greece 1943 only - Oct 4 0:00 0 -
0N/A# Whitman gives 1944 Oct 3 - Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
0N/ARule Greece 1952 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Greece 1952 only - Nov 2 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Greece 1975 only - Apr 12 0:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Greece 1975 only - Nov 26 0:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Greece 1976 only - Apr 11 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Greece 1976 only - Oct 10 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Greece 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Greece 1977 only - Sep 26 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Greece 1978 only - Sep 24 4:00 0 -
0N/ARule Greece 1979 only - Apr 1 9:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Greece 1979 only - Sep 29 2:00 0 -
0N/ARule Greece 1980 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Greece 1980 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A 1:34:52 - AMT 1916 Jul 28 0:01 # Athens MT
0N/A 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1941 Apr 30
0N/A 1:00 Greece CE%sT 1944 Apr 4
0N/A 2:00 Greece EE%sT 1981
0N/A # Shanks & Pottenger say it switched to C-Eur in 1981;
0N/A # go with EU instead, since Greece joined it on Jan 1.
0N/A# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
0N/ARule Hungary 1918 only - Apr 1 3:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Hungary 1918 only - Sep 29 3:00 0 -
0N/ARule Hungary 1919 only - Apr 15 3:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Hungary 1919 only - Sep 15 3:00 0 -
0N/ARule Hungary 1920 only - Apr 5 3:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Hungary 1920 only - Sep 30 3:00 0 -
0N/ARule Hungary 1945 only - May 1 23:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Hungary 1945 only - Nov 3 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Hungary 1946 only - Mar 31 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Hungary 1946 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Hungary 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=4 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Hungary 1950 only - Apr 17 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Hungary 1950 only - Oct 23 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Hungary 1954 1955 - May 23 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Hungary 1954 1955 - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Hungary 1956 only - Jun Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Hungary 1956 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Hungary 1957 only - Jun Sun>=1 1:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Hungary 1957 only - Sep lastSun 3:00 0 -
0N/ARule Hungary 1980 only - Apr 6 1:00 1:00 S
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918
0N/A 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1941 Apr 6 2:00
0N/A 1:00 Hungary CE%sT 1980 Sep 28 2:00s
0N/A# From Adam David (1993-11-06):
0N/A# The name of the timezone in Iceland for system / mail / news purposes is GMT.
0N/A# This material is paraphrased from the 1988 edition of the University of
0N/A# From January 1st, 1908 the whole of Iceland was standardised at 1 hour
0N/A# behind GMT. Previously, local mean solar time was used in different parts
0N/A# of Iceland, the almanak had been based on Reykjavik mean solar time which
0N/A# was 1 hour and 28 minutes behind GMT.
0N/A# "first day of winter" referred to [below] means the first day of the 26 weeks
0N/A# of winter, according to the old icelandic calendar that dates back to the
0N/A# time the norsemen first settled Iceland. The first day of winter is always
0N/A# Saturday, but is not dependent on the Julian or Gregorian calendars.
0N/A# I have a reference from the Oxford Icelandic-English dictionary for the
0N/A# beginning of winter, which ties it to the ecclesiastical calendar (and thus
0N/A# the winter begins on the Saturday next before St. Luke's day
0N/A# (old style), or on St. Luke's day, if a Saturday.
0N/A# St. Luke's day ought to be traceable from ecclesiastical sources. "old style"
0N/A# might be a reference to the Julian calendar as opposed to Gregorian, or it
0N/A# might mean something else (???).
0N/A# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
0N/A# The Iceland Almanak, Shanks & Pottenger, and Whitman disagree on many points.
0N/A# We go with the Almanak, except for one claim from Shanks & Pottenger, namely
0N/A# that Reykavik was 21W57 from 1837 to 1908, local mean time before that.
0N/A# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
0N/ARule Iceland 1917 1918 - Feb 19 23:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Iceland 1917 only - Oct 21 1:00 0 -
0N/ARule Iceland 1918 only - Nov 16 1:00 0 -
0N/ARule Iceland 1939 only - Apr 29 23:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Iceland 1939 only - Nov 29 2:00 0 -
0N/ARule Iceland 1940 only - Feb 25 2:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Iceland 1940 only - Nov 3 2:00 0 -
0N/ARule Iceland 1941 only - Mar 2 1:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Iceland 1941 only - Nov 2 1:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Iceland 1942 only - Mar 8 1:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Iceland 1942 only - Oct 25 1:00s 0 -
0N/A# 1943-1946 - first Sunday in March until first Sunday in winter
0N/ARule Iceland 1943 1946 - Mar Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Iceland 1943 1948 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
0N/A# 1947-1967 - first Sunday in April until first Sunday in winter
0N/ARule Iceland 1947 1967 - Apr Sun>=1 1:00s 1:00 S
0N/A# 1949 Oct transition delayed by 1 week
0N/ARule Iceland 1949 only - Oct 30 1:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Iceland 1950 1966 - Oct Sun>=22 1:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Iceland 1967 only - Oct 29 1:00s 0 -
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A -1:27:48 - RMT 1908 # Reykjavik Mean Time?
0N/A -1:00 Iceland IS%sT 1968 Apr 7 1:00s
0N/A# From Paul Eggert (2001-03-06):
0N/A# Sicily and Sardinia each had their own time zones from 1866 to 1893,
0N/A# called Palermo Time (+00:53:28) and Cagliari Time (+00:36:32).
0N/A# During World War II, German-controlled Italy used German time.
0N/A# But these events all occurred before the 1970 cutoff,
0N/A# so record only the time in Rome.
0N/A# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
0N/A# For Italian DST we have three sources: Shanks & Pottenger, Whitman, and
0N/A# Day-light Saving Time in Italy (2006-02-03)
0N/A# (`FP' below), taken from an Italian National Electrotechnical Institute
0N/A# publication. When the three sources disagree, guess who's right, as follows:
0N/A# year FP Shanks&P. (S) Whitman (W) Go with:
0N/A# 1916 06-03 06-03 24:00 06-03 00:00 FP & W
0N/A# 09-30 09-30 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
0N/A# 1917 04-01 03-31 24:00 03-31 00:00 FP & S
0N/A# 09-30 09-29 24:00 09-30 01:00 FP & W
0N/A# 1918 03-09 03-09 24:00 03-09 00:00 FP & S
0N/A# 10-06 10-05 24:00 10-06 01:00 FP & W
0N/A# 1919 03-01 03-01 24:00 03-01 00:00 FP & S
0N/A# 10-04 10-04 24:00 10-04 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
0N/A# 1920 03-20 03-20 24:00 03-20 00:00 FP & S
0N/A# 09-18 09-18 24:00 10-01 01:00 FP; guess 24:00s
0N/A# 1944 04-02 04-03 02:00 S (see C-Eur)
0N/A# 09-16 10-02 03:00 FP; guess 24:00s
0N/A# 1945 09-14 09-16 24:00 FP; guess 24:00s
0N/A# 1970 05-21 05-31 00:00 S
0N/A# 09-20 09-27 00:00 S
0N/A# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
0N/ARule Italy 1916 only - Jun 3 0:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Italy 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Italy 1917 only - Apr 1 0:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Italy 1917 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Italy 1918 only - Mar 10 0:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Italy 1918 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Italy 1919 only - Mar 2 0:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Italy 1920 only - Mar 21 0:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Italy 1920 only - Sep 19 0:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Italy 1940 only - Jun 15 0:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Italy 1944 only - Sep 17 0:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Italy 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Italy 1945 only - Sep 15 0:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Italy 1946 only - Mar 17 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Italy 1946 only - Oct 6 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Italy 1947 only - Mar 16 0:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Italy 1947 only - Oct 5 0:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Italy 1948 only - Feb 29 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Italy 1948 only - Oct 3 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Italy 1966 1968 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Italy 1966 1969 - Sep Sun>=22 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Italy 1969 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Italy 1970 only - May 31 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Italy 1970 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Italy 1971 1972 - May Sun>=22 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Italy 1971 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
0N/ARule Italy 1972 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Italy 1973 only - Jun 3 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Italy 1973 1974 - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Italy 1974 only - May 26 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Italy 1975 only - Jun 1 0:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Italy 1975 1977 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Italy 1976 only - May 30 0:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Italy 1977 1979 - May Sun>=22 0:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Italy 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Italy 1979 only - Sep 30 0:00s 0 -
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A 0:49:56 - RMT 1893 Nov 1 0:00s # Rome Mean
0N/A 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
0N/A 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Jul
0N/A 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1980
0N/A# From Liene Kanepe (1998-09-17):
0N/A# I asked about this matter Scientific Secretary of the Institute of Astronomy
0N/A# of The University of Latvia Dr. paed Mr. Ilgonis Vilks. I also searched the
0N/A# correct data in juridical acts and I found some juridical documents about
0N/A# changes in the counting of time in Latvia from 1981....
0N/A# Act No.35 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1981-01-22 ...
0N/A# according to the Act No.925 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1980-10-24
0N/A# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
0N/A# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on 1 April at 00:00 (GMT 31 March 21:00)
0N/A# and 1 hour backward on the 1 October at 00:00 (GMT 30 September 20:00).
0N/A# Act No.592 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1984-09-24 ...
0N/A# according to the Act No.967 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1984-09-13
0N/A# ...: all year round the time of 2nd time zone + 1 hour, in addition turning
0N/A# the hands of the clock 1 hour forward on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
0N/A# (GMT 23:00 on the previous day) and 1 hour backward on the last Sunday of
0N/A# September at 03:00 (GMT 23:00 on the previous day).
0N/A# Act No.81 of the Council of Ministers of Latvian SSR of 1989-03-22 ...
0N/A# according to the Act No.227 of the Council of Ministers of USSR of 1989-03-14
0N/A# ...: since the last Sunday of March 1989 in Lithuanian SSR, Latvian SSR,
0N/A# Estonian SSR and Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation all year round the
0N/A# time of 2nd time zone (Moscow time minus one hour). On the territory of Latvia
0N/A# transition to summer time is performed on the last Sunday of March at 02:00
0N/A# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour forward. The end of
0N/A# daylight saving time is performed on the last Sunday of September at 03:00
0N/A# (GMT 00:00), turning the hands of the clock 1 hour backward. Exception is
0N/A# 1989-03-26, when we must not turn the hands of the clock....
0N/A# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia of
0N/A# 1997-01-21 on transition to Summer time ... established the same order of
0N/A# daylight savings time settings as in the States of the European Union.
0N/A# From Andrei Ivanov (2000-03-06):
0N/A# This year Latvia will not switch to Daylight Savings Time (as specified in
0N/A# The Regulations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Rep. of Latvia of
0N/A# 29-Feb-2000 (#79)</a>, in Latvian for subscribers only).
0N/A# From
RFE/RL Newsline (2001-01-03), noted after a heads-up by Rives McDow:
0N/A# The Latvian government on 2 January decided that the country will
0N/A# institute daylight-saving time this spring, LETA reported.
0N/A# Last February the three Baltic states decided not to turn back their
0N/A# clocks one hour in the spring....
0N/A# Minister of Economy Aigars Kalvitis noted that Latvia had too few
0N/A# daylight hours and thus decided to comply with a draft European
0N/A# Commission directive that provides for instituting daylight-saving
0N/A# time in EU countries between 2002 and 2006. The Latvian government
0N/A# urged Lithuania and Estonia to adopt a similar time policy, but it
0N/A# appears that they will not do so....
0N/A# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
0N/ARule Latvia 1989 1996 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Latvia 1989 1996 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A 1:36:24 - RMT 1918 Apr 15 2:00 #Riga Mean Time
0N/A 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1918 Sep 16 3:00 #Latvian Summer
0N/A 1:36:24 - RMT 1919 Apr 1 2:00
0N/A 1:36:24 1:00 LST 1919 May 22 3:00
0N/A 1:36:24 - RMT 1926 May 11
0N/A 2:00 - EET 1940 Aug 5
0N/A 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct 13
0N/A 2:00 1:00 EEST 1989 Sep lastSun 2:00s
0N/A 2:00 Latvia EE%sT 1997 Jan 21
0N/A 2:00 EU EE%sT 2000 Feb 29
0N/A 2:00 - EET 2001 Jan 2
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
0N/A# IATA SSIM (1992/1996) says Lithuania uses W-Eur rules, but since it is
0N/A# known to be wrong about Estonia and Latvia, assume it's wrong here too.
0N/A# From Marius Gedminas (1998-08-07):
0N/A# I would like to inform that in this year Lithuanian time zone
0N/A# via Steffen Thorsen:
0N/A# Lithuania has shifted back to the second time zone (GMT plus two hours)
0N/A# to be valid here starting from October 31,
0N/A# as decided by the national government on Wednesday....
0N/A# The Lithuanian government also announced plans to consider a
0N/A# motion to give up shifting to summer time in spring, as it was
0N/A# already done by Estonia.
0N/A# Fact File, Lithuanian State Department of Tourism
0N/A# </a> (2000-03-27): Local time is GMT+2 hours ..., no daylight saving.
0N/A# From a user via Klaus Marten (2003-02-07):
0N/A# As a candidate for membership of the European Union, Lithuania will
0N/A# observe Summer Time in 2003, changing its clocks at the times laid
0N/A# down in EU Directive 2000/84 of
19.I.01 (
i.e. at the same times as its
0N/A# neighbour Latvia). The text of the Lithuanian government Order of
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A 1:24:00 - WMT 1917 # Warsaw Mean Time
0N/A 1:35:36 - KMT 1919 Oct 10 # Kaunas Mean Time
0N/A 1:00 - CET 1920 Jul 12
0N/A 2:00 - EET 1920 Oct 9
0N/A 1:00 - CET 1940 Aug 3
0N/A 3:00 - MSK 1941 Jun 24
0N/A 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug
0N/A 2:00 1:00 EEST 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
0N/A 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1998
0N/A 2:00 - EET 1998 Mar 29 1:00u
0N/A 1:00 EU CE%sT 1999 Oct 31 1:00u
0N/A 2:00 - EET 2003 Jan 1
0N/A# Whitman disagrees with most of these dates in minor ways;
0N/A# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
0N/A# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
0N/ARule Lux 1916 only - May 14 23:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Lux 1916 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
0N/ARule Lux 1917 only - Apr 28 23:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Lux 1917 only - Sep 17 1:00 0 -
0N/ARule Lux 1918 only - Apr Mon>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Lux 1918 only - Sep Mon>=15 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Lux 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Lux 1919 only - Oct 5 3:00 0 -
0N/ARule Lux 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Lux 1920 only - Oct 24 2:00 0 -
0N/ARule Lux 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Lux 1921 only - Oct 26 2:00 0 -
0N/ARule Lux 1922 only - Mar 25 23:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Lux 1922 only - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
0N/ARule Lux 1923 only - Apr 21 23:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Lux 1923 only - Oct Sun>=2 2:00 0 -
0N/ARule Lux 1924 only - Mar 29 23:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Lux 1924 1928 - Oct Sun>=2 1:00 0 -
0N/ARule Lux 1925 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Lux 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Lux 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Lux 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Lux 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00 1:00 S
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A 1:00 Lux CE%sT 1918 Nov 25
0N/A 0:00 Lux WE%sT 1929 Oct 6 2:00s
0N/A 0:00 Belgium WE%sT 1940 May 14 3:00
0N/A 1:00 C-Eur WE%sT 1944 Sep 18 3:00
0N/A 1:00 Belgium CE%sT 1977
0N/A# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
0N/ARule Malta 1973 only - Mar 31 0:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Malta 1973 only - Sep 29 0:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Malta 1974 only - Apr 21 0:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Malta 1974 only - Sep 16 0:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Malta 1975 1979 - Apr Sun>=15 2:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Malta 1975 1980 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
0N/ARule Malta 1980 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1942 Nov 2 2:00s
0N/A 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00s
0N/A 1:00 Italy CE%sT 1973 Mar 31
0N/A 1:00 Malta CE%sT 1981
0N/A# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
0N/A# A previous version of this database followed Shanks & Pottenger, who write
0N/A# that Tiraspol switched to Moscow time on 1992-01-19 at 02:00.
0N/A# However, this is most likely an error, as Moldova declared independence
0N/A# on 1991-08-27 (the 1992-01-19 date is that of a Russian decree).
0N/A# In early 1992 there was large-scale interethnic violence in the area
0N/A# and it's possible that some Russophones continued to observe Moscow time.
0N/A# But [two people] separately reported via
0N/A# Jesper Norgaard that as of 2001-01-24 Tiraspol was like Chisinau.
0N/A# The Tiraspol entry has therefore been removed for now.
4941N/A# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-17):
4941N/A# Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as
4941N/A# "Pridnestrovie") has abolished seasonal clock change (no transition
4941N/A# The substance of this change (reinstatement of the Tiraspol entry)
4941N/A# is from a patch from Petr Machata (2011-10-17)
4941N/A# From Tim Parenti (2011-10-19)
4941N/A# In addition, being situated at +4651+2938 would give Tiraspol
4941N/A# a pre-1880 LMT offset of 1:58:32.
4941N/A# (which agrees with the earlier entry that had been removed)
4941N/A# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-10-26)
4941N/A# NO need to divide Moldova into two timezones at this point.
4941N/A# As of today, Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)- Tiraspol reversed its own
5495N/A# decision to abolish DST this winter.
4941N/A# Following Moldova and neighboring Ukraine- Transnistria (Pridnestrovie)-
4941N/A# Tiraspol will go back to winter time on October 30, 2011.
4941N/A# News from Moldova (in russian):
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A 1:55 - CMT 1918 Feb 15 # Chisinau MT
0N/A 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
0N/A 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1940 Aug 15
0N/A 2:00 1:00 EEST 1941 Jul 17
0N/A 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Aug 24
0N/A 3:00 - MSK 1990 May 6
0N/A 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992
0N/A 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
0N/A# See Romania commentary for the guessed 1997 transition to EU rules.
0N/A# Shanks & Pottenger give 0:09:20 for Paris Mean Time; go with Howse's
0N/A# more precise 0:09:21.
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A 0:09:21 - PMT 1911 Mar 11 # Paris Mean Time
0N/A 0:00 France WE%sT 1945 Sep 16 3:00
0N/A 1:00 France CE%sT 1977
0N/A# Howse writes that the Netherlands' railways used GMT between 1892 and 1940,
0N/A# but for other purposes the Netherlands used Amsterdam mean time.
0N/A# However, Robert H. van Gent writes (2001-04-01):
0N/A# Howse's statement is only correct up to 1909. From 1909-05-01 (00:00:00
0N/A# Amsterdam mean time) onwards, the whole of the Netherlands (including
0N/A# the Dutch railways) was required by law to observe Amsterdam mean time
0N/A# (19 minutes 32.13 seconds ahead of GMT). This had already been the
0N/A# common practice (except for the railways) for many decades but it was
0N/A# not until 1909 when the Dutch government finally defined this by law.
0N/A# On 1937-07-01 this was changed to 20 minutes (exactly) ahead of GMT and
0N/A# was generally known as Dutch Time ("Nederlandse Tijd").
0N/A# 1892-05-01 was the date when the Dutch railways were by law required to
0N/A# observe GMT while the remainder of the Netherlands adhered to the common
0N/A# practice of following Amsterdam mean time.
0N/A# In 1835 the authorities of the province of North Holland requested the
0N/A# municipal authorities of the towns and cities in the province to observe
0N/A# Amsterdam mean time but I do not know in how many cases this request was
0N/A# From 1852 onwards the Dutch telegraph offices were by law required to
0N/A# observe Amsterdam mean time. As the time signals from the observatory of
0N/A# Leiden were also distributed by the telegraph system, I assume that most
0N/A# places linked up with the telegraph (and railway) system automatically
0N/A# adopted Amsterdam mean time.
0N/A# Although the early Dutch railway companies initially observed a variety
0N/A# of times, most of them had adopted Amsterdam mean time by 1858 but it
0N/A# was not until 1866 when they were all required by law to observe
0N/A# Amsterdam mean time.
0N/A# The data before 1945 are taken from
0N/A# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
0N/ARule Neth 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 NST # Netherlands Summer Time
0N/ARule Neth 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 AMT # Amsterdam Mean Time
0N/ARule Neth 1917 only - Apr 16 2:00s 1:00 NST
0N/ARule Neth 1917 only - Sep 17 2:00s 0 AMT
0N/ARule Neth 1918 1921 - Apr Mon>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
0N/ARule Neth 1918 1921 - Sep lastMon 2:00s 0 AMT
0N/ARule Neth 1922 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
0N/ARule Neth 1922 1936 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 AMT
0N/ARule Neth 1923 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
0N/ARule Neth 1924 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 NST
0N/ARule Neth 1925 only - Jun Fri>=1 2:00s 1:00 NST
0N/A# From 1926 through 1939 DST began 05-15, except that it was delayed by a week
0N/A# in years when 05-15 fell in the Pentecost weekend.
0N/ARule Neth 1926 1931 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
0N/ARule Neth 1932 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
0N/ARule Neth 1933 1936 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 NST
0N/ARule Neth 1937 only - May 22 2:00s 1:00 NST
0N/ARule Neth 1937 only - Jul 1 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Neth 1937 1939 - Oct Sun>=2 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Neth 1938 1939 - May 15 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Neth 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Neth 1945 only - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
0N/A# Amsterdam Mean Time was +00:19:32.13 exactly, but the .13 is omitted
0N/A# below because the current format requires GMTOFF to be an integer.
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A 0:19:32 Neth %s 1937 Jul 1
0N/A 0:20 Neth NE%sT 1940 May 16 0:00 # Dutch Time
0N/A 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
0N/A 1:00 Neth CE%sT 1977
0N/A# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
0N/ARule Norway 1916 only - May 22 1:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Norway 1916 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Norway 1945 only - Apr 2 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Norway 1945 only - Oct 1 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Norway 1959 1964 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Norway 1959 1965 - Sep Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Norway 1965 only - Apr 25 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1940 Aug 10 23:00
0N/A 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945 Apr 2 2:00
0N/A 1:00 Norway CE%sT 1980
0N/A# Svalbard & Jan Mayen
0N/A# From Steffen Thorsen (2001-05-01):
0N/A# Although I could not find it explicitly, it seems that Jan Mayen and
0N/A# Svalbard have been using the same time as Norway at least since the
0N/A# time they were declared as parts of Norway. Svalbard was declared
0N/A# as a part of Norway by law of 1925-07-17 no 11, section 4 and Jan
0N/A# Mayen by law of 1930-02-27 no 2, section 2. (From
0N/A# part of this law since 1925/1930. (From
0N/A# able to find if Jan Mayen used a different time zone (
e.g. -0100)
0N/A# before 1930. Jan Mayen has only been "inhabitated" since 1921 by
0N/A# Norwegian meteorologists and maybe used the same time as Norway ever
0N/A# before 1895, and therefore probably changed the local time somewhere
0N/A# between 1895 and 1925 (inclusive).
0N/A# From Paul Eggert (2001-05-01):
0N/A# Actually, Jan Mayen was never occupied by Germany during World War II,
0N/A# so it must have diverged from Oslo time during the war, as Oslo was
0N/A# keeping Berlin time.
0N/A# burned down their station in 1940 and left the island, but returned in
0N/A# 1941 with a small Norwegian garrison and continued operations despite
0N/A# frequent air ttacks from Germans. In 1943 the Americans established a
0N/A# radiolocating station on the island, called "Atlantic City". Possibly
0N/A# the UTC offset changed during the war, but I think it unlikely that
0N/A# Jan Mayen used German daylight-saving rules.
0N/A# Svalbard is more complicated, as it was raided in August 1941 by an
0N/A# Allied party that evacuated the civilian population to England (says
0N/A# expelled on 1942-05-14. However, small parties of Germans did return,
0N/A# and according to Wilhelm Dege's book "War North of 80" (1954)
0N/A# the German armed forces at the Svalbard weather station code-named
0N/A# Haudegen did not surrender to the Allies until September 1945.
0N/A# All these events predate our cutoff date of 1970. Unless we can
0N/A# come up with more definitive info about the timekeeping during the
0N/A# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
0N/ARule Poland 1918 1919 - Sep 16 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Poland 1919 only - Apr 15 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Poland 1944 only - Apr 3 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/A# Whitman gives 1944 Nov 30; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
0N/ARule Poland 1944 only - Oct 4 2:00 0 -
0N/A# For 1944-1948 Whitman gives the previous day; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
0N/ARule Poland 1945 only - Apr 29 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Poland 1945 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
0N/A# For 1946 on the source is Kazimierz Borkowski,
0N/A# Torun Center for Astronomy, Dept. of Radio Astronomy, Nicolaus Copernicus U.,
0N/A# Thanks to Przemyslaw Augustyniak (2005-05-28) for this reference.
0N/A# He also gives these further references:
0N/ARule Poland 1946 only - Apr 14 0:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Poland 1946 only - Oct 7 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Poland 1947 only - May 4 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Poland 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Poland 1948 only - Apr 18 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Poland 1949 only - Apr 10 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Poland 1957 only - Jun 2 1:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Poland 1957 1958 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Poland 1958 only - Mar 30 1:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Poland 1959 only - May 31 1:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Poland 1959 1961 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Poland 1960 only - Apr 3 1:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Poland 1961 1964 - May lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Poland 1962 1964 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A 1:24:00 - WMT 1915 Aug 5 # Warsaw Mean Time
0N/A 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1918 Sep 16 3:00
0N/A 2:00 Poland EE%sT 1922 Jun
0N/A 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1940 Jun 23 2:00
0N/A 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
0N/A 1:00 Poland CE%sT 1977
0N/A 1:00 W-Eur CE%sT 1988
0N/A# From Rui Pedro Salgueiro (1992-11-12):
0N/A# Portugal has recently (September, 27) changed timezone
0N/A# (from WET to MET or CET) to harmonize with EEC.
0N/A# Martin Bruckmann (1996-02-29) reports via Peter Ilieve
0N/A# that Portugal is reverting to 0:00 by not moving its clocks this spring.
0N/A# The new Prime Minister was fed up with getting up in the dark in the winter.
0N/A# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-12):
0N/A# IATA SSIM (1991-09) reports several 1991-09 and 1992-09 transitions
0N/A# at 02:00u, not 01:00u. Assume that these are typos.
0N/A# IATA SSIM (1991/1992) reports that the Azores were at -1:00.
0N/A# IATA SSIM (1993-02) says +0:00; later issues (through 1996-09) say -1:00.
0N/A# Guess that the Azores changed to EU rules in 1992 (since that's when Portugal
0N/A# harmonized with the EU), and that they stayed +0:00 that winter.
0N/A# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
0N/A# DSH writes that despite Decree 1,469 (1915), the change to the clocks was not
0N/A# done every year, depending on what Spain did, because of railroad schedules.
0N/A# Go with Shanks & Pottenger.
0N/ARule Port 1916 only - Jun 17 23:00 1:00 S
0N/A# Whitman gives 1916 Oct 31; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
0N/ARule Port 1916 only - Nov 1 1:00 0 -
0N/ARule Port 1917 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Port 1917 1921 - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Port 1918 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Port 1919 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Port 1920 only - Feb 29 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Port 1921 only - Feb 28 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Port 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Port 1924 only - Oct 14 23:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Port 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Port 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Port 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Port 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Port 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Port 1931 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/A# Whitman gives 1931 Oct 8; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
0N/ARule Port 1931 1932 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Port 1932 only - Apr 2 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Port 1934 only - Apr 7 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/A# Whitman gives 1934 Oct 5; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
0N/ARule Port 1934 1938 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
0N/A# Shanks & Pottenger give 1935 Apr 30; go with Whitman.
0N/ARule Port 1935 only - Mar 30 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Port 1936 only - Apr 18 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/A# Whitman gives 1937 Apr 2; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
0N/ARule Port 1937 only - Apr 3 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Port 1938 only - Mar 26 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Port 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/A# Whitman gives 1939 Oct 7; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
0N/ARule Port 1939 only - Nov 18 23:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Port 1940 only - Feb 24 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/A# Shanks & Pottenger give 1940 Oct 7; go with Whitman.
0N/ARule Port 1940 1941 - Oct 5 23:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Port 1941 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Port 1942 1945 - Mar Sat>=8 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Port 1942 only - Apr 25 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
0N/ARule Port 1942 only - Aug 15 22:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Port 1942 1945 - Oct Sat>=24 23:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Port 1943 only - Apr 17 22:00s 2:00 M
0N/ARule Port 1943 1945 - Aug Sat>=25 22:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Port 1944 1945 - Apr Sat>=21 22:00s 2:00 M
0N/ARule Port 1946 only - Apr Sat>=1 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Port 1946 only - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Port 1947 1949 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Port 1947 1949 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
0N/A# Shanks & Pottenger say DST was observed in 1950; go with Whitman.
0N/A# Whitman gives Oct lastSun for 1952 on; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
0N/ARule Port 1951 1965 - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Port 1951 1965 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Port 1977 only - Mar 27 0:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Port 1977 only - Sep 25 0:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Port 1978 1979 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Port 1978 only - Oct 1 0:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Port 1979 1982 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Port 1980 only - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Port 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Port 1983 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition from LMT to WET occurred 1911-05-24;
0N/A# Willett says 1912-01-01. Go with Willett.
0N/A -0:36:32 - LMT 1912 Jan 1 # Lisbon Mean Time
0N/A 0:00 Port WE%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00
0N/A 1:00 - CET 1976 Sep 26 1:00
0N/A 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
0N/A 0:00 W-Eur WE%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
0N/A 1:00 EU CE%sT 1996 Mar 31 1:00u
0N/A -1:54:32 - HMT 1911 May 24 # Horta Mean Time
0N/A -2:00 Port AZO%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Azores Time
0N/A -1:00 Port AZO%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
0N/A -1:00 W-Eur AZO%sT 1992 Sep 27 1:00s
0N/A 0:00 EU WE%sT 1993 Mar 28 1:00u
0N/A -1:07:36 - FMT 1911 May 24 # Funchal Mean Time
0N/A -1:00 Port MAD%sT 1966 Apr 3 2:00 # Madeira Time
0N/A 0:00 Port WE%sT 1983 Sep 25 1:00s
0N/A# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-07):
0N/A# Nine O'clock</a> (1998-10-23) reports that the switch occurred at
0N/A# 04:00 local time in fall 1998. For lack of better info,
0N/A# assume that Romania and Moldova switched to EU rules in 1997,
0N/A# the same year as Bulgaria.
0N/A# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
0N/ARule Romania 1932 only - May 21 0:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Romania 1932 1939 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Romania 1933 1939 - Apr Sun>=2 0:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Romania 1979 only - May 27 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Romania 1979 only - Sep lastSun 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Romania 1980 only - Apr 5 23:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Romania 1980 only - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
0N/ARule Romania 1991 1993 - Mar lastSun 0:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Romania 1991 1993 - Sep lastSun 0:00s 0 -
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A 1:44:24 - BMT 1931 Jul 24 # Bucharest MT
0N/A 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1981 Mar 29 2:00s
0N/A 2:00 C-Eur EE%sT 1991
0N/A 2:00 Romania EE%sT 1994
0N/A 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1997
5832N/A# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-15):
5832N/A# Based on last Russian Government Decree # 725 on August 31, 2011
5832N/A# there are few corrections have to be made for some Russian time zones...
5832N/A# All updated Russian Time Zones were placed in table and translated to English
5832N/A# From Sanjeev Gupta (2011-09-27):
5832N/A# Scans of [Decree #23 of January 8, 1992] are available at:
5832N/A# They are in Cyrillic letters (presumably Russian).
5832N/A# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
5832N/A# Regarding the instant when clocks in time-zone-shifting parts of Russia
5832N/A# changed in September 2011:
5832N/A# 2011 No 725" and contains no other dates or "effective date" information.
5832N/A# Government of the Russian Federation on August 31, 2011 N 725" and also
5832N/A# contains "Date first official publication: September 6, 2011 Posted on:
5832N/A# in the 'RG' - Federal Issue number 5573 September 6, 2011" but which
5832N/A# does not contain any "effective date" information.
5832N/A# which, in note 8, contains "Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011...
5832N/A# Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
5832N/A# but which does not contain any reference to September 6, 2011.
5832N/A# The Wikipedia article refers to
5832N/A# Tobias Conradi combines Wikipedia's
5832N/A# "as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication"
5832N/A# with
www.rg.ru's "Date of first official publication: September 6, 2011" to get
5832N/A# September 13, 2011 as the cutover date (unusually, a Tuesday, as Tobias Conradi notes).
5832N/A# None of the sources indicates a time of day for changing clocks.
0N/A# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
0N/A# Except for Moscow after 1919-07-01, I invented the time zone abbreviations.
0N/A# Moscow time zone abbreviations after 1919-07-01, and Moscow rules after 1991,
0N/A# are from Andrey A. Chernov. The rest is from Shanks & Pottenger,
0N/A# except we follow Chernov's report that 1992 DST transitions were Sat
0N/A# 23:00, not Sun 02:00s.
0N/A# From Stanislaw A. Kuzikowski (1994-06-29):
0N/A# But now it is some months since Novosibirsk is 3 hours ahead of Moscow!
0N/A# I do not know why they have decided to make this change;
0N/A# as far as I remember it was done exactly during winter->summer switching
0N/A# so we (Novosibirsk) simply did not switch.
0N/A# From Andrey A. Chernov (1996-10-04):
0N/A# `MSK' and `MSD' were born and used initially on Moscow computers with
0N/A# UNIX-like OSes by several developer groups (
e.g. Demos group, Kiae group)....
0N/A# The next step was the UUCP network, the Relcom predecessor
0N/A# (used mainly for mail), and
MSK/MSD was actively used there.
0N/A# From Chris Carrier (1996-10-30):
0N/A# According to a friend of mine who rode the Trans-Siberian Railroad from
0N/A# Moscow to Irkutsk in 1995, public air and rail transport in Russia ...
0N/A# still follows Moscow time, no matter where in Russia it is located.
0N/A# For Grozny, Chechnya, we have the following story from
0N/A# John Daniszewski, "Scavengers in the Rubble", Los Angeles Times (2001-02-07):
0N/A# News--often false--is spread by word of mouth. A rumor that it was
0N/A# time to move the clocks back put this whole city out of sync with
0N/A# the rest of Russia for two weeks--even soldiers stationed here began
0N/A# enforcing curfew at the wrong time.
0N/A# From Gwillim Law (2001-06-05):
0N/A# There's considerable evidence that Sakhalin Island used to be in
0N/A# UTC+11, and has changed to UTC+10, in this decade. I start with the
0N/A# SSIM, which listed Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk in zone RU10 along with Magadan
0N/A# until February 1997, and then in RU9 with Khabarovsk and Vladivostok
0N/A# since September 1997.... Although the Kuril Islands are
0N/A# administratively part of Sakhalin oblast', they appear to have
0N/A# remained on UTC+11 along with Magadan.
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A# Kaliningradskaya oblast'.
0N/A 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1945
0N/A 2:00 Poland CE%sT 1946
4395N/A 2:00 Russia EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
4488N/A 3:00 - FET # Further-eastern European Time
0N/A# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
0N/A# Respublika Adygeya, Arkhangel'skaya oblast',
0N/A# Belgorodskaya oblast', Bryanskaya oblast', Vladimirskaya oblast',
0N/A# Vologodskaya oblast', Voronezhskaya oblast',
0N/A# Respublika Dagestan, Ivanovskaya oblast', Respublika Ingushetiya,
0N/A# Kabarbino-Balkarskaya Respublika, Respublika Kalmykiya,
0N/A# Kalyzhskaya oblast', Respublika Karachaevo-Cherkessiya,
0N/A# Respublika Kareliya, Respublika Komi,
0N/A# Kostromskaya oblast', Krasnodarskij kraj, Kurskaya oblast',
0N/A# Leningradskaya oblast', Lipetskaya oblast', Respublika Marij El,
0N/A# Respublika Mordoviya, Moskva, Moskovskaya oblast',
0N/A# Murmanskaya oblast', Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug,
0N/A# Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Novgorodskaya oblast', Orlovskaya oblast',
0N/A# Penzenskaya oblast', Pskovskaya oblast', Rostovskaya oblast',
0N/A# Ryazanskaya oblast', Sankt-Peterburg,
0N/A# Respublika Severnaya Osetiya, Smolenskaya oblast',
0N/A# Stavropol'skij kraj, Tambovskaya oblast', Respublika Tatarstan,
0N/A# Tverskaya oblast', Tyl'skaya oblast', Ul'yanovskaya oblast',
0N/A# Chechenskaya Respublika, Chuvashskaya oblast',
0N/A# Yaroslavskaya oblast'
0N/A 2:30 - MMT 1916 Jul 3 # Moscow Mean Time
0N/A 2:30:48 Russia %s 1919 Jul 1 2:00
0N/A 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
0N/A 2:00 Russia EE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
0N/A# Astrakhanskaya oblast', Kirovskaya oblast', Saratovskaya oblast',
0N/A# Volgogradskaya oblast'. Shanks & Pottenger say Kirov is still at +0400
0N/A# but Wikipedia (2006-05-09) says +0300. Perhaps it switched after the
0N/A# others? But we have no data.
0N/A 3:00 - TSAT 1925 Apr 6 # Tsaritsyn Time
0N/A 3:00 - STAT 1930 Jun 21 # Stalingrad Time
0N/A 4:00 - STAT 1961 Nov 11
0N/A 4:00 Russia VOL%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Volgograd T
0N/A 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
0N/A 4:00 - VOLT 1992 Mar 29 2:00s
4395N/A 3:00 Russia VOL%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
0N/A# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
0N/A# Samarskaya oblast', Udmyrtskaya respublika
0N/A 3:00 - SAMT 1930 Jun 21
0N/A 4:00 - SAMT 1935 Jan 27
0N/A 4:00 Russia KUY%sT 1989 Mar 26 2:00s # Kuybyshev
0N/A 3:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
0N/A 2:00 Russia KUY%sT 1991 Sep 29 2:00s
0N/A 3:00 - KUYT 1991 Oct 20 3:00
2216N/A 4:00 Russia SAM%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s # Samara Time
4395N/A 3:00 Russia SAM%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
0N/A# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
0N/A# Respublika Bashkortostan, Komi-Permyatskij avtonomnyj okrug,
0N/A# Kurganskaya oblast', Orenburgskaya oblast', Permskaya oblast',
0N/A# Sverdlovskaya oblast', Tyumenskaya oblast',
0N/A# Khanty-Manskijskij avtonomnyj okrug, Chelyabinskaya oblast',
0N/A# Yamalo-Nenetskij avtonomnyj okrug.
0N/A 4:00 - SVET 1930 Jun 21 # Sverdlovsk Time
0N/A 5:00 Russia SVE%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
0N/A 4:00 Russia SVE%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
4395N/A 5:00 Russia YEK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
4395N/A 6:00 - YEKT # Yekaterinburg Time
0N/A# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
0N/A# Respublika Altaj, Altajskij kraj, Omskaya oblast'.
0N/A 5:00 - OMST 1930 Jun 21 # Omsk TIme
0N/A 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
0N/A 5:00 Russia OMS%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
4395N/A 6:00 Russia OMS%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
0N/A# From Paul Eggert (2006-08-19): I'm guessing about Tomsk here; it's
0N/A# not clear when it switched from +7 to +6.
0N/A# Novosibirskaya oblast', Tomskaya oblast'.
0N/A 6:00 - NOVT 1930 Jun 21 # Novosibirsk Time
0N/A 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
0N/A 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
0N/A 7:00 Russia NOV%sT 1993 May 23 # say Shanks & P.
4395N/A 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
1913N/A# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-10-13):
1913N/A# Kemerovo oblast' (Kemerovo region) in Russia will change current time zone on
1913N/A# from current Russia Zone 6 - Krasnoyarsk Time Zone (KRA) UTC +0700
1913N/A# to Russia Zone 5 - Novosibirsk Time Zone (NOV) UTC +0600
1913N/A# This is according to Government of Russia decree # 740, on September
1913N/A# 14, 2009 "Application in the territory of the Kemerovo region the Fifth
1913N/A# time zone." ("Russia Zone 5" or old "USSR Zone 5" is GMT +0600)
1913N/A# Russian Government web site (Russian language)
1913N/A# map to local region and new Russia Time Zone map after March 28, 2010
1913N/A# Thus, when Russia will switch to DST on the night of March 28, 2010
1913N/A# Kemerovo region (Kemerovo oblast') will not change the clock.
1913N/A# As a result, Kemerovo oblast' will be in the same time zone as
1913N/A# Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk, Barnaul and Altai Republic.
1913N/A 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
1913N/A 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
1913N/A 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
1913N/A 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
4395N/A 6:00 Russia NOV%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
0N/A# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
0N/A# Tajmyrskij (Dolgano-Nenetskij) avtonomnyj okrug,
0N/A# Respublika Tuva, Respublika Khakasiya, Evenkijskij avtonomnyj okrug.
0N/A 6:00 - KRAT 1930 Jun 21 # Krasnoyarsk Time
0N/A 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
0N/A 6:00 Russia KRA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
4395N/A 7:00 Russia KRA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
0N/A# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
0N/A# Respublika Buryatiya, Irkutskaya oblast',
0N/A# Ust'-Ordynskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug.
0N/A 6:57:20 - IMT 1920 Jan 25 # Irkutsk Mean Time
0N/A 7:00 - IRKT 1930 Jun 21 # Irkutsk Time
0N/A 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
0N/A 7:00 Russia IRK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
4395N/A 8:00 Russia IRK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
0N/A# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
0N/A# Aginskij Buryatskij avtonomnyj okrug, Amurskaya oblast',
0N/A# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya), Chitinskaya oblast'.
2171N/A# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
4488N/A#
...some regions of [Russia] were merged with others since 2005...
2171N/A# Some names were changed, no big deal, except for one instance: a new name.
2171N/A# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
0N/A# The Sakha districts are: Aldanskij, Amginskij, Anabarskij,
2171N/A# Verkhnevilyujskij, Vilyujskij, Gornyj,
0N/A# Zhiganskij, Kobyajskij, Lenskij, Megino-Kangalasskij, Mirninskij,
2171N/A# Namskij, Nyurbinskij, Olenyokskij, Olyokminskij,
0N/A# Suntarskij, Tattinskij, Ust'-Aldanskij, Khangalasskij,
2171N/A# Churapchinskij, Eveno-Bytantajskij Natsional'nij.
0N/A 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
0N/A 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
0N/A 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
4395N/A 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
0N/A# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
0N/A# Evrejskaya avtonomnaya oblast', Khabarovskij kraj, Primorskij kraj,
0N/A# [parts of] Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
2171N/A# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
5832N/A# The Sakha districts are: Bulunskij, Verkhoyanskij, ... Ust'-Yanskij.
0N/A 9:00 - VLAT 1930 Jun 21 # Vladivostok Time
0N/A 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
0N/A 9:00 Russia VLA%sST 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
4395N/A 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
5832N/A# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
5832N/A# Tomponskij and Ust'-Majskij switched from Vladivostok time to Yakutsk time
5832N/A# From Paul Eggert (2012-11-25):
5832N/A# Shanks and Pottenger (2003) has Khandyga on Yakutsk time.
5832N/A# Make a wild guess that it switched to Vladivostok time in 2004.
5832N/A# This transition is no doubt wrong, but we have no better info.
5832N/A 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
5832N/A 9:00 Russia YAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
5832N/A 8:00 Russia YAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
5832N/A 10:00 Russia VLA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
5832N/A 11:00 - VLAT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
0N/A# Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
0N/A# The Zone name should be Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, but that's too long.
0N/A 9:00 - JST 1945 Aug 25
0N/A 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s # Sakhalin T.
0N/A 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
0N/A 11:00 Russia SAK%sT 1997 Mar lastSun 2:00s
4395N/A 10:00 Russia SAK%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
0N/A# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2003-10-18): [This region consists of]
0N/A# Magadanskaya oblast', Respublika Sakha (Yakutiya).
0N/A# Probably also: Kuril Islands.
2171N/A# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2009-11-29):
2171N/A# The Sakha districts are: Abyjskij, Allaikhovskij, Verkhhhnekolymskij, Momskij,
5832N/A# Nizhnekolymskij, ... Srednekolymskij.
0N/A 10:00 - MAGT 1930 Jun 21 # Magadan Time
0N/A 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
0N/A 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
4395N/A 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
5832N/A# From Arthur David Olson (2012-05-09):
5832N/A# Ojmyakonskij and the Kuril Islands switched from
5832N/A# Magadan time to Vladivostok time in 2011.
5832N/A 8:00 - YAKT 1930 Jun 21 # Yakutsk Time
5832N/A 9:00 Russia YAKT 1981 Apr 1
5832N/A 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
5832N/A 10:00 Russia MAG%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
5832N/A 11:00 Russia MAG%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
5832N/A 12:00 - MAGT 2011 Sep 13 0:00s # Decree 725?
0N/A# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2001-08-25): [This region consists of]
0N/A# Kamchatskaya oblast', Koryakskij avtonomnyj okrug.
0N/A 11:00 - PETT 1930 Jun 21 # P-K Time
0N/A 12:00 Russia PET%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
0N/A 11:00 Russia PET%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2216N/A 12:00 Russia PET%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
4395N/A 11:00 Russia PET%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
0N/A# Chukotskij avtonomnyj okrug
0N/A 12:00 - ANAT 1930 Jun 21 # Anadyr Time
0N/A 13:00 Russia ANA%sT 1982 Apr 1 0:00s
0N/A 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 1991 Mar 31 2:00s
0N/A 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 1992 Jan 19 2:00s
2216N/A 12:00 Russia ANA%sT 2010 Mar 28 2:00s
4395N/A 11:00 Russia ANA%sT 2011 Mar 27 2:00s
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A 1:00 - CET 1941 Apr 18 23:00
640N/A 1:00 - CET 1945 May 8 2:00s
0N/A 1:00 1:00 CEST 1945 Sep 16 2:00s
0N/A# Metod Kozelj reports that the legal date of
0N/A# transition to EU rules was 1982-11-27, for all of Yugoslavia at the time.
0N/A# Shanks & Pottenger don't give as much detail, so go with Kozelj.
0N/A 1:00 - CET 1982 Nov 27
0N/A# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
0N/A# For 1917-1919 Whitman gives Apr Sat>=1 - Oct Sat>=1;
0N/A# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
0N/ARule Spain 1917 only - May 5 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Spain 1917 1919 - Oct 6 23:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Spain 1918 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Spain 1919 only - Apr 5 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/A# Whitman gives 1921 Feb 28 - Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
0N/ARule Spain 1924 only - Apr 16 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/A# Whitman gives 1924 Oct 14; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
0N/ARule Spain 1924 only - Oct 4 23:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Spain 1926 only - Apr 17 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/A# Whitman says no DST in 1929; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
0N/ARule Spain 1926 1929 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Spain 1927 only - Apr 9 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Spain 1928 only - Apr 14 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Spain 1929 only - Apr 20 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/A# Whitman gives 1937 Jun 16, 1938 Apr 16, 1940 Apr 13;
0N/A# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
0N/ARule Spain 1937 only - May 22 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Spain 1937 1939 - Oct Sat>=1 23:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Spain 1938 only - Mar 22 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Spain 1939 only - Apr 15 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Spain 1940 only - Mar 16 23:00s 1:00 S
0N/A# Whitman says no DST 1942-1945; go with Shanks & Pottenger.
0N/ARule Spain 1942 only - May 2 22:00s 2:00 M # Midsummer
0N/ARule Spain 1942 only - Sep 1 22:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Spain 1943 1946 - Apr Sat>=13 22:00s 2:00 M
0N/ARule Spain 1943 only - Oct 3 22:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Spain 1944 only - Oct 10 22:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Spain 1945 only - Sep 30 1:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Spain 1946 only - Sep 30 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Spain 1949 only - Apr 30 23:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Spain 1949 only - Sep 30 1:00 0 -
0N/ARule Spain 1974 1975 - Apr Sat>=13 23:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Spain 1974 1975 - Oct Sun>=1 1:00 0 -
0N/ARule Spain 1976 only - Mar 27 23:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Spain 1976 1977 - Sep lastSun 1:00 0 -
0N/ARule Spain 1977 1978 - Apr 2 23:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Spain 1978 only - Oct 1 1:00 0 -
0N/A# The following rules are copied from Morocco from 1967 through 1978.
0N/ARule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Jun 3 12:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule SpainAfrica 1967 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Jun 24 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule SpainAfrica 1974 only - Sep 1 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule SpainAfrica 1976 1977 - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule SpainAfrica 1976 only - Aug 1 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule SpainAfrica 1977 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule SpainAfrica 1978 only - Aug 4 0:00 0 -
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1946 Sep 30
0N/A 1:00 Spain CE%sT 1979
0N/A 0:00 - WET 1918 May 6 23:00
0N/A 0:00 1:00 WEST 1918 Oct 7 23:00
0N/A 0:00 Spain WE%sT 1929
0N/A 0:00 SpainAfrica WE%sT 1984 Mar 16
0N/A -1:00 - CANT 1946 Sep 30 1:00 # Canaries Time
0N/A 0:00 - WET 1980 Apr 6 0:00s
0N/A 0:00 1:00 WEST 1980 Sep 28 0:00s
0N/A# IATA SSIM (1996-09) says the Canaries switch at 2:00u, not 1:00u.
0N/A# Ignore this for now, as the Canaries are part of the EU.
0N/A# From Ivan Nilsson (2001-04-13), superseding Shanks & Pottenger:
0N/A# The law "Svensk forfattningssamling 1878, no 14" about standard time in 1879:
0N/A# From the beginning of 1879 (that is 01-01 00:00) the time for all
0N/A# places in the country is "the mean solar time for the meridian at
0N/A# three degrees, or twelve minutes of time, to the west of the
0N/A# meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated 1878-05-31.
0N/A# The observatory at that time had the meridian 18 degrees 03' 30"
0N/A# eastern longitude = 01:12:14 in time. Less 12 minutes gives the
0N/A# national standard time as 01:00:14 ahead of GMT....
0N/A# About the beginning of CET in Sweden. The lawtext ("Svensk
0N/A# forfattningssamling 1899, no 44") states, that "from the beginning
0N/A# of 1900... ... the same as the mean solar time for the meridian at
0N/A# the distance of one hour of time from the meridian of the English
0N/A# observatory at Greenwich, or at 12 minutes 14 seconds to the west
0N/A# from the meridian of the Observatory of Stockholm". The law is dated
0N/A# 1899-06-16. In short: At 1900-01-01 00:00:00 the new standard time
0N/A# in Sweden is 01:00:00 ahead of GMT.
0N/A# 1916: The lawtext ("Svensk forfattningssamling 1916, no 124") states
0N/A# that "1916-05-15 is considered to begin one hour earlier". It is
0N/A# pretty obvious that at 05-14 23:00 the clocks are set to 05-15 00:00....
0N/A# Further the law says, that "1916-09-30 is considered to end one hour later".
0N/A# The laws regulating [DST] are available on the site of the Swedish
0N/A# Parliament beginning with 1985 - the laws regulating 1980/1984 are
0N/A# not available on the site (to my knowledge they are only available
0N/A# "sommartid" without the quotes in the field "Fritext" and then click
0N/A# I have now found a newspaper stating that at 1916-10-01 01:00
0N/A# summertime the church-clocks etc were set back one hour to show
0N/A# 1916-10-01 00:00 standard time. The article also reports that some
0N/A# people thought the switch to standard time would take place already
0N/A# at 1916-10-01 00:00 summer time, but they had to wait for another
0N/A# hour before the event took place.
0N/A# Source: The newspaper "Dagens Nyheter", 1916-10-01, page 7 upper left.
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A 1:00:14 - SET 1900 Jan 1 # Swedish Time
0N/A 1:00 - CET 1916 May 14 23:00
0N/A 1:00 1:00 CEST 1916 Oct 1 01:00
0N/A# By the end of the 18th century clocks and watches became commonplace
0N/A# and their performance improved enormously. Communities began to keep
0N/A# mean time in preference to apparent time -- Geneva from 1780 ....
0N/A# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
0N/A# From Whitman (who writes ``Midnight?''):
833N/A# Rule Swiss 1940 only - Nov 2 0:00 1:00 S
833N/A# Rule Swiss 1940 only - Dec 31 0:00 0 -
0N/A# From Shanks & Pottenger:
833N/A# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
833N/A# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
833N/A# From Alois Treindl (2008-12-17):
833N/A# I have researched the DST usage in Switzerland during the 1940ies.
833N/A# As I wrote in an earlier message, I suspected the current tzdata values
833N/A# to be wrong. This is now verified.
833N/A# I have found copies of the original ruling by the Swiss Federal
833N/A# government, in 'Eidgen[o]ssische Gesetzessammlung 1941 and 1942' (Swiss
833N/A# federal law collection)...
833N/A# DST began on Monday 5 May 1941, 1:00 am by shifting the clocks to 2:00 am
833N/A# DST ended on Monday 6 Oct 1941, 2:00 am by shifting the clocks to 1:00 am.
833N/A# DST began on Monday, 4 May 1942 at 01:00 am
833N/A# DST ended on Monday, 5 Oct 1942 at 02:00 am
833N/A# There was no DST in 1940, I have checked the law collection carefully.
833N/A# It is also indicated by the fact that the 1942 entry in the law
833N/A# collection points back to 1941 as a reference, but no reference to any
833N/A# Newspaper articles I have read in the archives on 6 May 1941 reported
833N/A# about the introduction of DST (Sommerzeit in German) during the previous
833N/A# night as an absolute novelty, because this was the first time that such
833N/A# a thing had happened in Switzerland.
833N/A# I have also checked 1916, because one book source (Gabriel, Traite de
833N/A# l'heure dans le monde) claims that Switzerland had DST in 1916. This is
833N/A# false, no official document could be found. Probably Gabriel got misled
833N/A# by references to Germany, which introduced DST in 1916 for the first time.
833N/A# The tzdata rules for Switzerland must be changed to:
833N/A# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
833N/A# Rule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
833N/A# The 1940 rules must be deleted.
833N/A# One further detail for Switzerland, which is probably out of scope for
833N/A# 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun #Bern Mean Time
833N/A# describes all of Switzerland correctly, with the exception of
833N/A# the Cantone Geneve (Geneva, Genf). Between 1848 and 1894 Geneve did not
833N/A# follow Bern Mean Time but kept its own local mean time.
833N/A# To represent this, an extra zone would be needed.
833N/A# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
833N/ARule Swiss 1941 1942 - May Mon>=1 1:00 1:00 S
833N/ARule Swiss 1941 1942 - Oct Mon>=1 2:00 0 -
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A 0:29:44 - BMT 1894 Jun # Bern Mean Time
0N/A 1:00 Swiss CE%sT 1981
0N/A# From Amar Devegowda (2007-01-03):
0N/A# The time zone rules for Istanbul, Turkey have not been changed for years now.
0N/A# ... The latest rules are available at -
0N/A# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-01-03):
0N/A# I have been able to find press records back to 1996 which all say that
0N/A# DST started 01:00 local time and end at 02:00 local time. I am not sure
0N/A# what happened before that. One example for each year from 1996 to 2001:
0N/A# From Paul Eggert (2007-01-03):
0N/A# Prefer the above source to Shanks & Pottenger for time stamps after 1990.
0N/A# From Steffen Thorsen (2007-03-09):
0N/A# Starting 2007 though, it seems that they are adopting EU's 1:00 UTC
0N/A#
start/end time, according to the following page (2007-03-07):
0N/A# The official document is located here - it is in Turkish...:
0N/A# I was able to locate the following seemingly official document
0N/A# (on a non-government server though) describing dates between 2002 and 2006:
3732N/A# From Gökdeniz Karadağ (2011-03-10):
3732N/A# According to the articles linked below, Turkey will change into summer
3732N/A# time zone (GMT+3) on March 28, 2011 at 3:00
a.m. instead of March 27.
3732N/A# This change is due to a nationwide exam on 27th.
0N/A# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
0N/ARule Turkey 1916 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Turkey 1916 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Turkey 1920 only - Mar 28 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Turkey 1920 only - Oct 25 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Turkey 1921 only - Apr 3 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Turkey 1921 only - Oct 3 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Turkey 1922 only - Mar 26 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Turkey 1922 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
0N/A# Whitman gives 1923 Apr 28 - Sep 16 and no DST in 1924-1925;
0N/A# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
0N/ARule Turkey 1924 only - May 13 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Turkey 1924 1925 - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Turkey 1925 only - May 1 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Turkey 1940 only - Jun 30 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Turkey 1940 only - Oct 5 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Turkey 1940 only - Dec 1 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Turkey 1941 only - Sep 21 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Turkey 1942 only - Apr 1 0:00 1:00 S
0N/A# Whitman omits the next two transition and gives 1945 Oct 1;
0N/A# go with Shanks & Pottenger.
0N/ARule Turkey 1942 only - Nov 1 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Turkey 1945 only - Apr 2 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Turkey 1945 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Turkey 1946 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Turkey 1946 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Turkey 1947 1948 - Apr Sun>=16 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Turkey 1947 1950 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Turkey 1949 only - Apr 10 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Turkey 1950 only - Apr 19 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Turkey 1951 only - Apr 22 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Turkey 1951 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Turkey 1962 only - Jul 15 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Turkey 1962 only - Oct 8 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Turkey 1964 only - May 15 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Turkey 1964 only - Oct 1 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Turkey 1970 1972 - May Sun>=2 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Turkey 1970 1972 - Oct Sun>=2 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Turkey 1973 only - Jun 3 1:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Turkey 1973 only - Nov 4 3:00 0 -
0N/ARule Turkey 1974 only - Mar 31 2:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Turkey 1974 only - Nov 3 5:00 0 -
0N/ARule Turkey 1975 only - Mar 30 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Turkey 1975 1976 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Turkey 1976 only - Jun 1 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Turkey 1977 1978 - Apr Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Turkey 1977 only - Oct 16 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Turkey 1979 1980 - Apr Sun>=1 3:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Turkey 1979 1982 - Oct Mon>=11 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Turkey 1981 1982 - Mar lastSun 3:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Turkey 1983 only - Jul 31 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Turkey 1983 only - Oct 2 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Turkey 1985 only - Apr 20 0:00 1:00 S
0N/ARule Turkey 1985 only - Sep 28 0:00 0 -
0N/ARule Turkey 1986 1990 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Turkey 1986 1990 - Sep lastSun 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Turkey 1991 2006 - Mar lastSun 1:00s 1:00 S
0N/ARule Turkey 1991 1995 - Sep lastSun 1:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Turkey 1996 2006 - Oct lastSun 1:00s 0 -
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A 1:56:56 - IMT 1910 Oct # Istanbul Mean Time?
0N/A 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 1978 Oct 15
0N/A 3:00 Turkey TR%sT 1985 Apr 20 # Turkey Time
0N/A 2:00 Turkey EE%sT 2007
3732N/A 2:00 EU EE%sT 2011 Mar 27 1:00u
3732N/A 2:00 - EET 2011 Mar 28 1:00u
0N/A# From Igor Karpov, who works for the Ukranian Ministry of Justice,
0N/A# via Garrett Wollman (2003-01-27):
0N/A# BTW, I've found the official document on this matter. It's goverment
0N/A# regulations number 509, May 13, 1996. In my poor translation it says:
0N/A# "Time in Ukraine is set to second timezone (Kiev time). Each last Sunday
0N/A# of March at 3am the time is changing to 4am and each last Sunday of
0N/A# October the time at 4am is changing to 3am"
4488N/A# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2011-09-20):
4488N/A# On September 20, 2011 the deputies of the Verkhovna Rada agreed to
4488N/A# abolish the transfer clock to winter time.
4488N/A# Bill number 8330 of MP from the Party of Regions Oleg Nadoshi got
4488N/A# approval from 266 deputies.
4488N/A# Ukraine abolishes transter back to the winter time (in Russian)
4488N/A# The Ukrainians will no longer change the clock (in Russian)
4488N/A# Deputies cancelled the winter time (in Russian)
4941N/A# From Philip Pizzey (2011-10-18):
4941N/A# Today my Ukrainian colleagues have informed me that the
4941N/A# Ukrainian parliament have decided that they will go to winter
4941N/A# From Udo Schwedt (2011-10-18):
5495N/A# As far as I understand, the recent change to the Ukranian time zone
4941N/A# to Russia) was reverted today:
4941N/A# Also reported by Alexander Bokovoy (2011-10-18) who also noted:
4941N/A# The law documents themselves are at
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A# Most of Ukraine since 1970 has been like Kiev.
0N/A# "Kyiv" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
0N/A# "Kiev" is more common in English.
0N/A 2:02:04 - KMT 1924 May 2 # Kiev Mean Time
0N/A 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
0N/A 3:00 - MSK 1941 Sep 20
0N/A 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Nov 6
0N/A 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
0N/A 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
0N/A# Ruthenia used CET 1990/1991.
0N/A# "Uzhhorod" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
0N/A# "Uzhgorod" is more common in English.
0N/A 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Oct
0N/A 1:00 1:00 CEST 1944 Oct 26
0N/A 1:00 - CET 1945 Jun 29
0N/A 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
0N/A 1:00 - CET 1991 Mar 31 3:00
0N/A 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
0N/A# Zaporozh'ye and eastern Lugansk oblasts observed DST 1990/1991.
0N/A# "Zaporizhia" is the transliteration of the Ukrainian name, but
0N/A# "Zaporozh'ye" is more common in English. Use the common English
0N/A# spelling, except omit the apostrophe as it is not allowed in
0N/A# portable Posix file names.
0N/A 2:20 - CUT 1924 May 2 # Central Ukraine T
0N/A 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
0N/A 3:00 - MSK 1941 Aug 25
0N/A 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1943 Oct 25
0N/A 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1995
0N/A# Central Crimea used Moscow time 1994/1997.
0N/A 2:16 - SMT 1924 May 2 # Simferopol Mean T
0N/A 2:00 - EET 1930 Jun 21
0N/A 1:00 C-Eur CE%sT 1944 Apr 13
0N/A 3:00 - MSK 1990 Jul 1 2:00
0N/A# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
0N/A# The _Economist_ (1994-05-28, p 45) reports that central Crimea switched
0N/A# from Kiev to Moscow time sometime after the January 1994 elections.
0N/A# Shanks (1999) says ``date of change uncertain'', but implies that it happened
0N/A# sometime between the 1994 DST switches. Shanks & Pottenger simply say
0N/A# 1994-09-25 03:00, but that can't be right. For now, guess it
0N/A 2:00 E-Eur EE%sT 1994 May
0N/A# From IATA SSIM (1994/1997), which also says that Kerch is still like Kiev.
0N/A 3:00 1:00 MSD 1996 Oct 27 3:00s
0N/A# Assume it happened in March by not changing the clocks.
0N/A 3:00 - MSK 1997 Mar lastSun 1:00u
0N/A###############################################################################
0N/A# One source shows that Bulgaria, Cyprus, Finland, and Greece observe DST from
0N/A# the last Sunday in March to the last Sunday in September in 1986.
0N/A# The source shows Romania changing a day later than everybody else.
0N/A# According to Bernard Sieloff's source, Poland is in the MET time zone but
0N/A# uses the WE DST rules. The Western USSR uses EET+1 and ME DST rules.
0N/A# Bernard Sieloff's source claims Romania switches on the same day, but at
0N/A# 00:00 standard time (
i.e., 01:00 DST). It also claims that Turkey
0N/A# switches on the same day, but switches on at 01:00 standard time
0N/A# and off at 00:00 standard time (
i.e., 01:00 DST)
0N/A# Date: Wed, 28 Jan 87 16:56:27 -0100
0N/A# most European coun[tr]ies started DST. Before that year, only
0N/A# a few countries (UK, France, Italy) had DST, each according
0N/A# to own national rules. In 1981, however, DST started on
0N/A# 'Apr firstSun', and not on 'Mar lastSun' as in the following
0N/A# But also since 1981 there are some more national exceptions
0N/A# than listed in 'europe': Switzerland, for example, joined DST
0N/A# one year later, Denmark ended DST on 'Oct 1' instead of 'Sep
0N/A# lastSun' in 1981---I don't know how they handle now.
0N/A# Finally, DST ist always from 'Apr 1' to 'Oct 1' in the
0N/A# Soviet Union (as far as I know).
0N/A# Tom Hofmann, Scientific Computer Center, CIBA-GEIGY AG,
0N/A# 4002 Basle, Switzerland
0N/A# Date: Wed, 4 Feb 87 22:35:22 +0100
0N/A# From: Dik T. Winter
0N/A# The information from Tom Hofmann is (as far as I know) not entirely correct.
0N/A# After a request from chongo at amdahl I tried to retrieve all information
0N/A# about DST in Europe. I was able to find all from about 1969.
0N/A# first Sunday in April and last Sunday in September...
0N/A# In 1981 UK joined Europe insofar that
0N/A# the starting day for both shifted to last Sunday in March. And from 1982
0N/A# the whole of Europe used DST, with switch dates April 1 and October 1 in
0N/A# the Sov[i]et Union. In 1985 the SU reverted to standard Europe[a]n switch
0N/A# It should also be remembered that time-zones are not constants;
e.g. 0N/A# Portugal switched in 1976 from MET (or CET) to WET with DST...
0N/A# Note also that though there were rules for switch dates not
0N/A# all countries abided to these dates, and many individual deviations
0N/A# occurred, though not since 1982 I believe. Another note: it is always
0N/A# assumed that DST is 1 hour ahead of normal time, this need not be the
0N/A# case; at least in the Netherlands there have been times when DST was 2 hours
0N/A# in advance of normal time.
0N/A# dik t. winter, cwi, amsterdam, nederland
0N/A# From Bob Devine (1988-01-28):
0N/A# Greece: Last Sunday in April to last Sunday in September (iffy on dates).
0N/A# Since 1978. Change at midnight.
0N/A# Monaco: has same DST as France.
