2362N/A# DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS FILE HEADER.
0N/A# This code is free software; you can redistribute it
and/or modify it
0N/A# under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 only, as
0N/A# published by the Free Software Foundation. Oracle designates this
2362N/A# particular file as subject to the "Classpath" exception as provided
0N/A# by Oracle in the LICENSE file that accompanied this code.
0N/A# This code is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
0N/A# ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
0N/A# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License
0N/A# version 2 for more details (a copy is included in the LICENSE file that
0N/A# accompanied this code).
0N/A# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License version
0N/A# 2 along with this work; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation,
0N/A# Inc., 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA.
0N/A# Please contact Oracle, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, CA 94065 USA
0N/A# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
0N/A# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
0N/A# This file also includes Pacific islands.
0N/A# Notes are at the end of this file
0N/A###############################################################################
0N/A# Please see the notes below for the controversy about "EST" versus "AEST" etc.
0N/A# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
0N/ARule Aus 1917 only - Jan 1 0:01 1:00 -
0N/ARule Aus 1917 only - Mar 25 2:00 0 -
0N/ARule Aus 1942 only - Jan 1 2:00 1:00 -
0N/ARule Aus 1942 only - Mar 29 2:00 0 -
0N/ARule Aus 1942 only - Sep 27 2:00 1:00 -
0N/ARule Aus 1943 1944 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
0N/ARule Aus 1943 only - Oct 3 2:00 1:00 -
0N/A# Go with Whitman and the Australian National Standards Commission, which
0N/A# says W Australia didn't use DST in 1943/1944. Ignore Whitman's claim that
0N/A# 1944/1945 was just like 1943/1944.
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
0N/ARule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
0N/ARule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
0N/ARule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule AW 1991 only - Nov 17 2:00s 1:00 -
0N/ARule AW 1992 only - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule AW 2006 only - Dec 3 2:00s 1:00 -
0N/ARule AW 2007 2009 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule AW 2007 2008 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
0N/A 8:00 Aus WST 1943 Jul
0N/A 8:45 Aus CWST 1943 Jul
0N/A# From Alex Livingston (1996-11-01):
0N/A# I have heard or read more than once that some resort islands off the coast
0N/A# of Queensland chose to keep observing daylight-saving time even after
0N/A# Queensland ceased to.
0N/A# From Paul Eggert (1996-11-22):
0N/A# IATA SSIM (1993-02/1994-09) say that the Holiday Islands (Hayman, Lindeman,
0N/A# Hamilton) observed DST for two years after the rest of Queensland stopped.
0N/A# Hamilton is the largest, but there is also a Hamilton in Victoria,
0N/A# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
0N/ARule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
0N/ARule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule AQ 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
0N/ARule AQ 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule Holiday 1992 1993 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
0N/ARule Holiday 1993 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
0N/A 10:00 AQ EST 1992 Jul
0N/A# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
0N/ARule AS 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
0N/ARule AS 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
0N/ARule AS 1987 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
0N/ARule AS 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule AS 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule AS 1991 only - Mar 3 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule AS 1992 only - Mar 22 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule AS 1993 only - Mar 7 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule AS 1994 only - Mar 20 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule AS 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule AS 2006 only - Apr 2 2:00s 0 -
2056N/ARule AS 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule AS 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule AS 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
0N/A# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
0N/A# From Paul Eggert (2005-08-16):
0N/A# says King Island didn't observe DST from WWII until late 1971.
0N/A# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
0N/ARule AT 1967 only - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
0N/ARule AT 1968 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule AT 1968 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
0N/ARule AT 1969 1971 - Mar Sun>=8 2:00s 0 -
2056N/ARule AT 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule AT 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule AT 1982 1983 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule AT 1984 1986 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule AT 1986 only - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -
0N/ARule AT 1987 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
0N/ARule AT 1987 only - Oct Sun>=22 2:00s 1:00 -
0N/ARule AT 1988 1990 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
0N/ARule AT 1991 1999 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
Rule AT 1991 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
Rule AT 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
Rule AT 2001 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
Rule AT 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
Rule AT 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
Rule AT 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
10:00 - EST 1916 Oct 1 2:00
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule AV 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
Rule AV 1972 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 -
Rule AV 1973 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
Rule AV 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
Rule AV 1986 1987 - Oct Sun>=15 2:00s 1:00 -
Rule AV 1988 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
Rule AV 1991 1994 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
Rule AV 1995 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
Rule AV 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
Rule AV 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
Rule AV 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
Rule AV 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
Rule AV 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
Rule AV 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule AN 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
Rule AN 1972 only - Feb 27 2:00s 0 -
Rule AN 1973 1981 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
Rule AN 1982 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
Rule AN 1983 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
Rule AN 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 -
Rule AN 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00s 1:00 -
Rule AN 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
Rule AN 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
Rule AN 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
Rule AN 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
Rule AN 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 -
Rule AN 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
Rule AN 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00s 0 -
Rule AN 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 -
Rule AN 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule LH 1981 1984 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 -
Rule LH 1982 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
Rule LH 1985 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
Rule LH 1986 1989 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 -
Rule LH 1986 only - Oct 19 2:00 0:30 -
Rule LH 1987 1999 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
Rule LH 1990 1995 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
Rule LH 1996 2005 - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
Rule LH 2000 only - Aug lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
Rule LH 2001 2007 - Oct lastSun 2:00 0:30 -
Rule LH 2006 only - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
Rule LH 2007 only - Mar lastSun 2:00 0 -
Rule LH 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00 0 -
Rule LH 2008 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 0:30 -
# no indigenous inhabitants; only seasonal caretakers
# no indigenous inhabitants; only meteorologists
# permanent occupation (scientific station) since 1948;
# sealing and penguin oil station operated 1888/1917
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
7:00 - CXT # Christmas Island Time
# From Shanks & Pottenger:
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Cook 1978 only - Nov 12 0:00 0:30 HS
Rule Cook 1979 1991 - Mar Sun>=1 0:00 0 -
Rule Cook 1979 1990 - Oct lastSun 0:00 0:30 HS
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-10:30 - CKT 1978 Nov 12 # Cook Is Time
# These islands were ruled by the Ross family from about 1830 to 1978.
# We don't know when standard time was introduced; for now, we guess 1900.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
6:30 - CCT # Cocos Islands Time
# Milne gives 11:55:44 for Suva.
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2009-11-10):
# According to Fiji Broadcasting Corporation, Fiji plans to re-introduce DST
# from November 29th 2009 to April 25th 2010.
# "Daylight savings to commence this month"
# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-11-10):
# The Fiji Government has posted some more details about the approved
# From Steffen Thorsen (2010-03-03):
# The Cabinet in Fiji has decided to end DST about a month early, on
# The plan is to observe DST again, from 2010-10-24 to sometime in March
# 2011 (last Sunday a good guess?).
# A bit more background info here:
# From Alexander Krivenyshev (2010-10-24):
# According to Radio Fiji and Fiji Times online, Fiji will end DST 3
# weeks earlier than expected - on March 6, 2011, not March 27, 2011...
# Here is confirmation from Government of the Republic of the Fiji Islands,
# From Steffen Thorsen (2011-10-03):
# Now the dates have been confirmed, and at least our start date
# assumption was correct (end date was one week wrong).
#
www.fiji.gov.fj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4966:daylight-saving-starts-in-fiji&catid=71:press-releases&Itemid=155
# Members of the public are reminded to change their time to one hour in
# advance at 2am to 3am on October 23, 2011 and one hour back at 3am to
# 2am on February 26 next year.
# From Ken Rylander (2011-10-24)
# Another change to the Fiji DST end date. In the TZ database the end date for
# Fiji DST 2012, is currently Feb 26. This has been changed to Jan 22.
# The end of daylight saving scheduled initially for the 26th of February 2012
# has been brought forward to the 22nd of January 2012.
# The commencement of daylight saving will remain unchanged and start
# on the 23rd of October, 2011.
# From the Fiji Government Online Portal (2012-08-21) via Steffen Thorsen:
# The Minister for Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment Mr Jone Usamate
# today confirmed that Fiji will start daylight savings at 2 am on Sunday 21st
# October 2012 and end at 3 am on Sunday 20th January 2013.
# From Paul Eggert (2012-08-31):
# For now, guess a pattern of the penultimate Sundays in October and January.
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Fiji 1998 1999 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
Rule Fiji 1999 2000 - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 -
Rule Fiji 2009 only - Nov 29 2:00 1:00 S
Rule Fiji 2010 only - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 -
Rule Fiji 2010 max - Oct Sun>=18 2:00 1:00 S
Rule Fiji 2011 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 -
Rule Fiji 2012 max - Jan Sun>=18 3:00 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
12:00 Fiji FJ%sT # Fiji Time
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-9:00 - GAMT # Gambier Time
-9:30 - MART # Marquesas Time
-10:00 - TAHT # Tahiti Time
# Clipperton (near North America) is administered from French Polynesia;
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
9:39:00 - LMT 1901 # Agana
10:00 - GST 2000 Dec 23 # Guam
10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
12:00 - GILT # Gilbert Is Time
-12:00 - PHOT 1979 Oct # Phoenix Is Time
-10:40 - LINT 1979 Oct # Line Is Time
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
9:00 - MPT 1969 Oct # N Mariana Is Time
10:00 - ChST # Chamorro Standard Time
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
11:00 - MHT 1969 Oct # Marshall Islands Time
-12:00 - KWAT 1993 Aug 20 # Kwajalein Time
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
10:00 - CHUT # Chuuk Time
11:00 - PONT # Pohnpei Time
11:00 - KOST 1969 Oct # Kosrae Time
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
11:30 - NRT 1942 Mar 15 # Nauru Time
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule NC 1977 1978 - Dec Sun>=1 0:00 1:00 S
Rule NC 1978 1979 - Feb 27 0:00 0 -
Rule NC 1996 only - Dec 1 2:00s 1:00 S
# Shanks & Pottenger say the following was at 2:00; go with IATA.
Rule NC 1997 only - Mar 2 2:00s 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
###############################################################################
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule NZ 1927 only - Nov 6 2:00 1:00 S
Rule NZ 1928 only - Mar 4 2:00 0 M
Rule NZ 1928 1933 - Oct Sun>=8 2:00 0:30 S
Rule NZ 1929 1933 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00 0 M
Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Apr lastSun 2:00 0 M
Rule NZ 1934 1940 - Sep lastSun 2:00 0:30 S
Rule NZ 1946 only - Jan 1 0:00 0 S
# Since 1957 Chatham has been 45 minutes ahead of NZ, but there's no
# convenient notation for this so we must duplicate the Rule lines.
Rule NZ 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
Rule Chatham 1974 only - Nov Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
Rule NZ 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:00s 0 S
Rule Chatham 1975 only - Feb lastSun 2:45s 0 S
Rule NZ 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
Rule Chatham 1975 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D
Rule NZ 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
Rule Chatham 1976 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S
Rule NZ 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:00s 1:00 D
Rule Chatham 1989 only - Oct Sun>=8 2:45s 1:00 D
Rule NZ 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:00s 1:00 D
Rule Chatham 1990 2006 - Oct Sun>=1 2:45s 1:00 D
Rule NZ 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:00s 0 S
Rule Chatham 1990 2007 - Mar Sun>=15 2:45s 0 S
Rule NZ 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:00s 1:00 D
Rule Chatham 2007 max - Sep lastSun 2:45s 1:00 D
Rule NZ 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:00s 0 S
Rule Chatham 2008 max - Apr Sun>=1 2:45s 0 S
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
11:30 NZ NZ%sT 1946 Jan 1
# uninhabited; Maori and Moriori, colonial settlers, pastoralists, sealers,
# and scientific personnel have wintered
# minor whaling stations operated 1909/1914
# scientific station operated 1941/1995;
# previously whalers, sealers, pastoralists, and scientific personnel wintered
###############################################################################
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-11:20 - NUT 1951 # Niue Time
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
11:12 - NMT 1951 # Norfolk Mean Time
11:30 - NFT # Norfolk Time
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
9:48:32 - PMMT 1895 # Port Moresby Mean Time
10:00 - PGT # Papua New Guinea Time
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-8:30 - PNT 1998 Apr 27 00:00
-8:00 - PST # Pitcairn Standard Time
-11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time
-11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
-11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-10-16):
# We have been in contact with the government of Samoa again, and received
# "Cabinet has now approved Daylight Saving to be effected next year
# commencing from the last Sunday of September 2010 and conclude first
# Samoa's Daylight Saving Time Act 2009 is available here, but does not
# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2010-10-07):
# the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labour (sideframe) "Last Sunday
# September 2010 (26/09/10) - adjust clocks forward from 12:00 midnight
# to 01:00am and First Sunday April 2011 (03/04/11) - adjust clocks
# backwards from 1:00am to 12:00am"
# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-03-07):
# I believe this will be posted shortly on the website
# PUBLIC NOTICE ON DAYLIGHT SAVING TIME
# Pursuant to the Daylight Saving Act 2009 and Cabinets decision,
# businesses and the general public are hereby advised that daylight
# saving time is on the first Saturday of April 2011 (02/04/11).
# The public is therefore advised that when the standard time strikes
# the hour of four oclock (4.00am or 0400 Hours) on the 2nd April 2011,
# then all instruments used to measure standard time are to be
# Margaret Fruean ACTING CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER MINISTRY OF COMMERCE,
# INDUSTRY AND LABOUR 28th February 2011
# From David Zuelke (2011-05-09):
# Subject: Samoa to move timezone from east to west of international date line
# From Mark Sim-Smith (2011-08-17):
# I have been in contact with Leilani Tuala Warren from the Samoa Law
# Reform Commission, and she has sent me a copy of the Bill that she
# confirmed has been
passed...Most of the sections are about maps rather
# than the time zone change, but I'll paste the relevant bits below. But
# the essence is that at midnight 29 Dec (UTC-11 I suppose), Samoa
# changes from UTC-11 to UTC+13:
# International Date Line Bill 2011
# AN ACT to provide for the change to standard time in Samoa and to make
# consequential amendments to the position of the International Date
# Line, and for related purposes.
# BE IT ENACTED by the Legislative Assembly of Samoa in Parliament
# 1. Short title and commencement-(1) This Act may be cited as the
# International Date Line Act 2011. (2) Except for section 5(3) this Act
# commences at 12 o'clock midnight, on Thursday 29th December 2011. (3)
# Section 5(3) commences on the date of assent by the Head of State.
# 3. Interpretation - [snip] "Samoa standard time" in this Act and any
# other statute of Samoa which refers to 'Samoa standard time' means the
# time 13 hours in advance of Co-ordinated Universal Time.
# 4. Samoa standard time - (1) Upon the commencement of this Act, Samoa
# standard time shall be set at 13 hours in advance of Co-ordinated
# Universal Time for the whole of Samoa. (2) All references to Samoa's
# time zone and to Samoa standard time in Samoa in all legislation and
# instruments after the commencement of this Act shall be references to
# Samoa standard time as provided for in this Act. (3) Nothing in this
# Act affects the provisions of the Daylight Saving Act 2009, except that
# it defines Samoa standard time....
# From Laupue Raymond Hughes (2011-09-02):
# here is the official website publication for Samoa DST and dateline change
# Year End Time Start Time
# 2011 - - - - - - 24 September 3:00am to 4:00am
# 2012 01 April 4:00am to 3:00am - - - - - -
# Dateline Change skip Friday 30th Dec 2011
# Thursday 29th December 2011 23:59:59 Hours
# Saturday 31st December 2011 00:00:00 Hours
# Clarification by Tim Parenti (2012-01-03):
# Although Samoa has used Daylight Saving Time in the 2010-2011 and 2011-2012
# seasons, there is not yet any indication that this trend will continue on
# a regular basis. For now, we have explicitly listed the transitions below.
# From Nicky (2012-09-10):
# Daylight Saving Time commences on Sunday 30th September 2012 and
# ends on Sunday 7th of April 2013.
# Please find link below for more information.
# That publication also includes dates for Summer of 2013/4 as well
# which give the impression of a pattern in selecting dates for the
# future, so for now, we will guess this will continue.
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule WS 2012 max - Sep lastSun 3:00 1 D
Rule WS 2012 max - Apr Sun>=1 4:00 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-11:30 - SAMT 1950 # Samoa Time
-11:00 1:00 WSDT 2011 Apr 2 4:00
-11:00 - WST 2011 Sep 24 3:00
-11:00 1:00 WSDT 2011 Dec 30
13:00 1:00 WSDT 2012 Apr Sun>=1 4:00
# excludes Bougainville, for which see Papua New Guinea
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
11:00 - SBT # Solomon Is Time
# From Gwillim Law (2011-12-29)
# A correspondent informed me that Tokelau, like Samoa, will be skipping
# December 31 this year ...
# From Steffen Thorsen (2012-07-25)
# ... we double checked by calling hotels and offices based in Tokelau asking
# about the time there, and they all told a time that agrees with UTC+13....
# Shanks says UTC-10 from 1901 [but] ... there is a good chance the change
# actually was to UTC-11 back then.
# From Paul Eggert (2012-07-25)
# A Google Books snippet of Appendix to the Journals of the House of
# Representatives of New Zealand, Session 1948,
# was "11 hours slow on
G.M.T." Go with Thorsen and assume Shanks & Pottenger
# are off by an hour starting in 1901.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
-11:00 - TKT 2011 Dec 30 # Tokelau Time
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Tonga 1999 only - Oct 7 2:00s 1:00 S
Rule Tonga 2000 only - Mar 19 2:00s 0 -
Rule Tonga 2000 2001 - Nov Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 S
Rule Tonga 2001 2002 - Jan lastSun 2:00 0 -
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
12:20 - TOT 1941 # Tonga Time
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
12:00 - TVT # Tuvalu Time
# US minor outlying islands
# Howland was mined for guano by American companies 1857-1878 and British
# 1886-1891; Baker was similar but exact dates are not known.
# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942;
U.S. military bases 1943-1944;
# uninhabited thereafter.
# Howland observed Hawaii Standard Time (UTC-10:30) in 1937;
# see page 206 of Elgen M. Long and Marie K. Long,
# Amelia Earhart: the Mystery Solved, Simon & Schuster (2000).
# So most likely Howland and Baker observed Hawaii Time from 1935
# until they were abandoned after the war.
# Mined for guano by American companies 1857-1879 and British 1883?-1891?.
# Inhabited by civilians 1935-1942; IGY scientific base 1957-1958;
# uninhabited thereafter.
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
# From Mark Brader (2005-01-23):
# [Fallacies and Fantasies of Air Transport History, by
R.E.G. Davies,
# published 1994 by Paladwr Press, McLean, VA, USA; ISBN 0-9626483-5-3]
# reproduced a Pan American Airways timeables from 1936, for their weekly
# "Orient Express" flights between San Francisco and Manila, and connecting
# flights to Chicago and the US East Coast. As it uses some time zone
# designations that I've never seen before:....
# Fri. 6:30A Lv. HONOLOLU (Pearl Harbor),
H.I. H.L.T. Ar. 5:30P Sun.
# " 3:00P Ar. MIDWAY ISLAND . . . . . . . . .
M.L.T. Lv. 6:00A "
-11:00 1:00 NDT 1956 Sep 2
-11:00 - NST 1967 Apr # N=Nome
-11:00 - BST 1983 Nov 30 # B=Bering
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
Rule Vanuatu 1983 only - Sep 25 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Vanuatu 1984 1991 - Mar Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
Rule Vanuatu 1984 only - Oct 23 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Vanuatu 1985 1991 - Sep Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
Rule Vanuatu 1992 1993 - Jan Sun>=23 0:00 0 -
Rule Vanuatu 1992 only - Oct Sun>=23 0:00 1:00 S
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
11:00 Vanuatu VU%sT # Vanuatu Time
# Zone NAME GMTOFF RULES FORMAT [UNTIL]
12:00 - WFT # Wallis & Futuna Time
###############################################################################
# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
# tz@iana.org for general use in the future).
# From Paul Eggert (2013-02-21):
# A good source for time zone historical data outside the
U.S. is
# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
# of the IATA's data after 1990.
# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
# entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
# I found in the UCLA library.
# For data circa 1899, a common source is:
# Milne J. Civil time. Geogr J. 1899 Feb;13(2):173-94
# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
# I invented the abbreviations marked `*' in the following table;
# the rest are from earlier versions of this file, or from other sources.
# Corrections are welcome!
# 8:00 WST WST Western Australia
# 8:45 CWST CWST Central Western Australia*
# 9:30 CST CST Central Australia
# 10:00 EST EST Eastern Australia
# 10:30 LHST LHST Lord Howe*
# 11:30 NZMT NZST New Zealand through 1945
# 12:00 NZST NZDT New Zealand 1946-present
# 12:45 CHAST CHADT Chatham*
# See the `northamerica' file for Hawaii.
# See the `southamerica' file for Easter I and the Galapagos Is.
###############################################################################
# From Paul Eggert (2005-12-08):
# Implementation Dates of Daylight Saving Time within Australia
# </a> summarizes daylight saving issues in Australia.
# From Arthur David Olson (2005-12-12):
# Lawlink NSW:Daylight Saving in New South Wales
# </a> covers New South Wales in particular.
# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
# We in Australia have _never_ referred to DST as `daylight' time.
# It is called `summer' time. Now by a happy coincidence, `summer'
# and `standard' happen to start with the same letter; hence, the
# abbreviation does _not_ change...
# The legislation does not actually define abbreviations, at least
# in this State, but the abbreviation is just commonly taken to be the
# initials of the phrase, and the legislation here uniformly uses
# the phrase `summer time' and does not use the phrase `daylight
# Announcers on the Commonwealth radio network, the ABC (for Australian
# Broadcasting Commission), use the phrases `Eastern Standard Time'
# or `Eastern Summer Time'. (Note, though, that as I say in the
# current australasia file, there is really no such thing.) Announcers
# on its overseas service, Radio Australia, use the same phrases
# prefixed by the word `Australian' when referring to local times;
# time announcements on that service, naturally enough, are made in UTC.
# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
# Given the above, what's chosen for year-round use is:
# CST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 9:30
# WST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 8:00
# EST for any place operating at a GMTOFF of 10:00
# From Chuck Soper (2006-06-01):
# I recently found this Australian government web page on time zones:
# And this government web page lists time zone names and abbreviations:
# From Paul Eggert (2001-04-05), summarizing a long discussion about "EST"
# I see the following points of dispute:
# * How important are unique time zone abbreviations?
# Here I tend to agree with the point (most recently made by Chris
# Newman) that unique abbreviations should not be essential for proper
# operation of software. We have other instances of ambiguity
# (
e.g. "IST" denoting both "Israel Standard Time" and "Indian
# Standard Time"), and they are not likely to go away any time soon.
# In the old days, some software mistakenly relied on unique
# abbreviations, but this is becoming less true with time, and I don't
# think it's that important to cater to such software these days.
# On the other hand, there is another motivation for unambiguous
# abbreviations: it cuts down on human confusion. This is
# particularly true for Australia, where "EST" can mean one thing for
# time T and a different thing for time T plus 1 second.
# * Does the relevant legislation indicate which abbreviations should be used?
# Here I tend to think that things are a mess, just as they are in
# many other countries. We Americans are currently disagreeing about
# which abbreviation to use for the newly legislated Chamorro Standard
# Personally, I would prefer to use common practice; I would like to
# refer to legislation only for examples of common practice, or as a
# * Do Australians more often use "Eastern Daylight Time" or "Eastern
# Summer Time"? Do they typically prefix the time zone names with
# My own impression is that both "Daylight Time" and "Summer Time" are
# common and are widely understood, but that "Summer Time" is more
# popular; and that the leading "A" is also common but is omitted more
# often than not. I just used AltaVista advanced search and got the
# following count of page hits:
# 1,103 "Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
# 971 "Australian Eastern Summer Time" AND domain:au
# 613 "Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
# 127 "Australian Eastern Daylight Time" AND domain:au
# Here "Summer" seems quite a bit more popular than "Daylight",
# particularly when we know the time zone is Australian and not US,
# say. The "Australian" prefix seems to be popular for Eastern Summer
# Time, but unpopular for Eastern Daylight Time.
# For abbreviations, tools like AltaVista are less useful because of
# ambiguity. Many hits are not really time zones, unfortunately, and
# many hits denote US time zones and not Australian ones. But here
# are the hit counts anyway:
# 161,304 "EST" and domain:au
# 25,156 "EDT" and domain:au
# 18,263 "AEST" and domain:au
# 10,416 "AEDT" and domain:au
# 14,538 "CST" and domain:au
# 5,728 "CDT" and domain:au
# 176 "ACST" and domain:au
# 29 "ACDT" and domain:au
# 7,539 "WST" and domain:au
# 68 "AWST" and domain:au
# This data suggest that Australians tend to omit the "A" prefix in
# practice. The situation for "ST" versus "DT" is less clear, given
# the ambiguities involved.
# * How do Australians feel about the abbreviations in the tz database?
# If you just count Australians on this list, I count 2 in favor and 3
# against. One of the "against" votes (David Keegel) counseled delay,
# understood in Australia.
# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19):
# Shanks & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
# Mark Prior writes that his newspaper
# reports that NSW's fall 1995 change will occur at 2:00,
# but Robert Elz says it's been 3:00 in Victoria since 1970
# and perhaps the newspaper's `2:00' is referring to standard time.
# For now we'll continue to assume 2:00s for changes since 1960.
# From Eric Ulevik (1998-01-05):
# Here are some URLs to Australian time legislation. These URLs are stable,
# and should probably be included in the data file. There are probably more
# relevant entries in this database.
# NSW (including LHI and Broken Hill):
# Standard Time Act 1987 (updated 1995-04-04)
# Standard Time and Summer Time Act 1972
# Standard Time Act, 1898
# From David Grosz (2005-06-13):
# It was announced last week that Daylight Saving would be extended by
# one week next year to allow for the 2006 Commonwealth Games.
# Daylight Saving is now to end for next year only on the first Sunday
# in April instead of the last Sunday in March.
# From Gwillim Law (2005-06-14):
# I did some Googling and found that all of those states (and territory) plan
# to extend DST together in 2006.
# Victoria: I wasn't able to find anything separate, but the other articles
# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# # The NORTHERN TERRITORY.. [ Courtesy
N.T. Dept of the Chief Minister ]
# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
# the Northern Territory do[es] not have daylight saving.
# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# # The state of WESTERN AUSTRALIA.. [ Courtesy
W.A. dept Premier+Cabinet ]
# #
W.A. suffers from a great deal of public and political opposition to
# # DST in principle. A bill is brought before parliament in most years, but
# # usually defeated either in the upper house, or in party caucus
# # before reaching parliament.
# Rule AW 1974 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
# Rule AW 1975 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
# Rule AW 1983 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
# Rule AW 1984 only - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 W
# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
# From John D. Newman via Bradley White (1991-11-02):
# Western Australia is still on "winter time". Some DH in Sydney
# rang me at home a few days ago at 6.00am. (He had just arrived at
#
W.A. is switching to Summer Time on Nov 17th just to confuse
# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
# The 1992 ending date used in the rules is a best guess;
# it matches what was used in the past.
# The Australian Bureau of Meteorology FAQ
# </a> (1999-09-27) writes that Giles Meteorological Station uses
# South Australian time even though it's located in Western Australia.
# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# # The state of QUEENSLAND.. [ Courtesy Qld. Dept Premier Econ&Trade Devel ]
# Rule AQ 1971 only - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
# Rule AQ 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 E
# Rule AQ 1989 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
# Rule AQ 1990 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 E
# From Bradley White (1989-12-24):
# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
# From John Mackin (1991-03-06):
# I can certainly confirm for my part that Daylight Saving in NSW did in fact
# end on Sunday, 3 March. I don't know at what hour, though. (It surprised
# From Bradley White (1992-03-08):
#
...there was recently a referendum in Queensland which resulted
# in the experimental daylight saving system being abandoned. So, ...
# Rule QLD 1989 1991 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
# Rule QLD 1990 1992 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
# The chosen rules the union of the 1971/1972 change and the 1989-1992 changes.
# From Christopher Hunt (2006-11-21), after an advance warning
# from Jesper Norgaard Welen (2006-11-01):
# WA are trialing DST for three years.
# From Rives McDow (2002-04-09):
# The most interesting region I have found consists of three towns on the
# southern coast.... South Australia observes daylight saving time; Western
# Australia does not. The two states are one and a half hours apart. The
# residents decided to forget about this nonsense of changing the clock so
# much and set the local time 20 hours and 45 minutes from the
# international date line, or right in the middle of the time of South
# Australia and Western Australia....
# From Paul Eggert (2002-04-09):
# This is confirmed by the section entitled
# "What's the deal with time zones???" in
# From Alex Livingston (2006-12-07):
# ... it was just on four years ago that I drove along the Eyre Highway,
# which passes through eastern Western Australia close to the southern
# coast of the continent.
# I paid particular attention to the time kept there. There can be no
# dispute that UTC+08:45 was considered "the time" from the border
# village just inside the border with South Australia to as far west
# as just east of Caiguna. There can also be no dispute that Eucla is
# the largest population centre in this zone....
# Now that Western Australia is observing daylight saving, the
# question arose whether this part of the state would follow suit. I
# just called the border village and confirmed that indeed they have,
# meaning that they are now observing UTC+09:45.
# I personally doubt that either experimentation with daylight saving
# in WA or its introduction in SA had anything to do with the genesis
# of this time zone. My hunch is that it's been around since well
# before 1975. I remember seeing it noted on road maps decades ago.
# From Paul Eggert (2006-12-15):
# For lack of better info, assume the tradition dates back to the
# introduction of standard time in 1895.
# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
# Starting autumn 2008 Victoria, NSW, South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT
# end DST the first Sunday in April and start DST the first Sunday in October.
# From Bradley White (1991-03-04):
# A recent excerpt from an Australian newspaper...
#
...South Australia...[has] agreed to end daylight saving
# at 3am tomorrow (March 3)...
# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# # The state of SOUTH AUSTRALIA....[ Courtesy of
S.A. Dept of Labour ]
# Rule AS 1971 max - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
# Rule AS 1972 1985 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
# Rule AS 1986 1990 - Mar Sun>=15 3:00 0 C
# Rule AS 1991 max - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 C
# From Bradley White (1992-03-11):
# Recent correspondence with a friend in Adelaide
# contained the following exchange: "Due to the Adelaide Festival,
# South Australia delays setting back our clocks for a few weeks."
# From Robert Elz (1992-03-13):
# I heard that apparently (or at least, it appears that)
# South Aus will have an extra 3 weeks daylight saving every even
# numbered year (from 1990). That's when the Adelaide Festival
# From Robert Elz (1992-03-16, 00:57:07 +1000):
# DST didn't end in Adelaide today (yesterday)....
# But whether it's "4th Sunday" or "2nd last Sunday" I have no idea whatever...
# (it's just as likely to be "the Sunday we pick for this year"...).
# From Bradley White (1994-04-11):
# If Sun, 15 March, 1992 was at +1030 as kre asserts, but yet Sun, 20 March,
# 1994 was at +0930 as John Connolly's customer seems to assert, then I can
# only conclude that the actual rule is more complicated....
# From John Warburton (1994-10-07):
# The new Daylight Savings dates for South Australia ...
# was gazetted in the Government Hansard on Sep 26 1994....
# start on last Sunday in October and end in last sunday in March.
# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
# The rules for 1967 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# # The state of TASMANIA.. [Courtesy Tasmanian Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
# From Bill Hart via Guy Harris (1991-10-10):
# Oh yes, the new daylight savings rules are uniquely tasmanian, we have
# 6 weeks a year now when we are out of sync with the rest of Australia
# (but nothing new about that).
# From Alex Livingston (1999-10-04):
# I heard on the ABC (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) radio news on the
# (long) weekend that Tasmania, which usually goes its own way in this regard,
# has decided to join with most of NSW, the ACT, and most of Victoria
# (Australia) and start daylight saving on the last Sunday in August in 2000
# instead of the first Sunday in October.
# Sim Alam (2000-07-03) reported a legal citation for the 2000/2001 rules:
# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
# The rules for 1971 through 1991 were reported by George Shepherd
# via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# # The state of VICTORIA.. [ Courtesy of Vic. Dept of Premier + Cabinet ]
# From Scott Harrington (2001-08-29):
# On KQED's "City Arts and Lectures" program last night I heard an
# interesting story about daylight savings time. Dr. John Heilbron was
# discussing his book "The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar
# Observatories"[1], and in particular the Shrine of Remembrance[2] located
# in Melbourne, Australia.
# Apparently the shrine's main purpose is a beam of sunlight which
# illuminates a special spot on the floor at the 11th hour of the 11th day
# of the 11th month (Remembrance Day) every year in memory of Australia's
# fallen WWI soldiers. And if you go there on Nov. 11, at 11am local time,
# you will indeed see the sunbeam illuminate the special spot at the
# However, that is only because of some special mirror contraption that had
# to be employed, since due to daylight savings time, the true solar time of
# the remembrance moment occurs one hour later (or earlier?). Perhaps
# someone with more information on this jury-rig can tell us more.
# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
# From Arthur David Olson:
# New South Wales and subjurisdictions have their own ideas of a fun time.
# Based on law library research by John Mackin,
# In Australia, time is not legislated federally, but rather by the
# individual states. Thus, while such terms as ``Eastern Standard Time''
# [I mean, of course, Australian EST, not any other kind] are in common
# use, _they have NO REAL MEANING_, as they are not defined in the
# legislation. This is very important to understand.
# I have researched New South Wales time only...
# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-26):
# DST will start in NSW on the last Sunday of August, rather than the usual
# October in 2000. [See: Matthew Moore,
# Two months more daylight saving
# Sydney Morning Herald (1999-05-26).]
# From Paul Eggert (1999-09-27):
# See the following official NSW source:
# Daylight Saving in New South Wales.
# Narrabri Shire (NSW) council has announced it will ignore the extension of
# daylight saving next year. See:
# Narrabri Council to ignore daylight saving
# </a> (1999-07-22). For now, we'll wait to see if this really happens.
# Victoria will following NSW. See:
# Vic to extend daylight saving
# However, South Australia rejected the DST request. See:
# South Australia rejects Olympics daylight savings request
# Queensland also will not observe DST for the Olympics. See:
# Qld says no to daylight savings for Olympics
# </a> (1999-06-01), which quotes Queensland Premier Peter Beattie as saying
# ``Look you've got to remember in my family when this came up last time
# I voted for it, my wife voted against it and she said to me it's all very
# well for you, you don't have to worry about getting the children out of
# bed, getting them to school, getting them to sleep at night.
# Broken Hill will stick with South Australian time in 2000. See:
# Broken Hill to be behind the times
# IATA SSIM (1998-09) says that the spring 2000 change for Australian
# Capital Territory, New South Wales except Lord Howe Island and Broken
# Hill, and Victoria will be August 27, presumably due to the Sydney Olympics.
# From Eric Ulevik, referring to Sydney's Sun Herald (2000-08-13), page 29:
# The Queensland Premier Peter Beattie is encouraging northern NSW
# towns to use Queensland time.
# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
# From John Mackin (1989-01-04):
# `Broken Hill' means the County of Yancowinna.
# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# # YANCOWINNA.. [ Confirmation courtesy of Broken Hill Postmaster ]
# # Yancowinna uses Central Standard Time, despite [its] location on the
# # New South Wales side of the
S.A. border. Most business and social dealings
# # are with CST zones, therefore CST is legislated by local government
# # although the switch to Summer Time occurs in line with
N.S.W. There have
# # been years when this did not apply, but the historical data is not
# Rule AY 1971 1985 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
# Rule AY 1972 only - Feb lastSun 3:00 0 C
# [followed by other Rules]
# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# LHI... [ Courtesy of Pauline Van Winsen ]
# Lord Howe Island is located off the New South Wales coast, and is half an
# hour ahead of NSW time.
# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-01-27):
# Lord Howe Island summer time in 2000/2001 will commence on the same
# date as the rest of NSW (
i.e. 2000-08-27). For your information the
# Lord Howe Island Board (controlling authority for the Island) is
# seeking the community's views on various options for summer time
# arrangements on the Island,
e.g. advance clocks by 1 full hour
# instead of only 30 minutes. [Dependent] on the wishes of residents
# the Board may approach the NSW government to change the existing
# arrangements. The starting date for summer time on the Island will
# however always coincide with the rest of NSW.
# From James Lonergan, Secretary, Lord Howe Island Board (2000-10-25):
# Lord Howe Island advances clocks by 30 minutes during DST in NSW and retards
# clocks by 30 minutes when DST finishes. Since DST was most recently
# introduced in NSW, the "changeover" time on the Island has been 02:00 as
# shown on clocks on LHI. I guess this means that for 30 minutes at the start
# of DST, LHI is actually 1 hour ahead of the rest of NSW.
# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# For Lord Howe dates we use Shanks & Pottenger through 1989, and
# Lonergan thereafter. For times we use Lonergan.
# From Paul Eggert (2007-07-23):
# See "southeast Australia" above for 2008 and later.
# From Steffen Thorsen (2009-04-28):
# According to the official press release, South Australia's extended daylight
# saving period will continue with the same rules as used during the 2008-2009
# summer (southern hemisphere).
# The extended daylight saving period that South Australia has been trialling
# for over the last year is now set to be ongoing.
# Daylight saving will continue to start on the first Sunday in October each
# year and finish on the first Sunday in April the following year.
# Industrial Relations Minister, Paul Caica, says this provides South Australia
# with a consistent half hour time difference with NSW, Victoria, Tasmania and
# the ACT for all 52 weeks of the year...
# We have a wrap-up here:
###############################################################################
# From Mark Davies (1990-10-03):
# the 1989/90 year was a trial of an extended "daylight saving" period.
# This trial was deemed successful and the extended period adopted for
# subsequent years (with the addition of a further week at the start).
# source -- phone call to Ministry of Internal Affairs Head Office.
# From George Shepherd via Simon Woodhead via Robert Elz (1991-03-06):
# # The Country of New Zealand (Australia's east island -) Gee they hate that!
# # or is Australia the west island of
N.Z.# # [ courtesy of Geoff Tribble.. Auckland
N.Z. ]
# Rule NZ 1974 1988 - Oct lastSun 2:00 1:00 D
# Rule NZ 1989 max - Oct Sun>=1 2:00 1:00 D
# Rule NZ 1975 1989 - Mar Sun>=1 3:00 0 S
# Rule NZ 1990 max - Mar lastSun 3:00 0 S
# Zone NZ 12:00 NZ NZ%sT # New Zealand
# Zone NZ-CHAT 12:45 - NZ-CHAT # Chatham Island
# From Arthur David Olson (1992-03-08):
# The chosen rules use the Davies October 8 values for the start of DST in 1989
# rather than the October 1 value.
# From Paul Eggert (1995-12-19);
# Shank & Pottenger report 2:00 for all autumn changes in Australia and NZ.
# Robert Uzgalis writes that the New Zealand Daylight
# Savings Time Order in Council dated 1990-06-18 specifies 2:00 standard
# time on both the first Sunday in October and the third Sunday in March.
# As with Australia, we'll assume the tradition is 2:00s, not 2:00.
# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# The Department of Internal Affairs (DIA) maintains a brief history,
# as does Carol Squires; see
tz-link.htm for the full references.
# Use these sources in preference to Shanks & Pottenger.
# For Chatham, IATA SSIM (1991/1999) gives the NZ rules but with
# transitions at 2:45 local standard time; this confirms that Chatham
# is always exactly 45 minutes ahead of Auckland.
# From Colin Sharples (2007-04-30):
# DST will now start on the last Sunday in September, and end on the
# first Sunday in April. The changes take effect this year, meaning
# that DST will begin on 2007-09-30 2008-04-06.
###############################################################################
# Howse writes (p 153) that in 1879 the British governor of Fiji
# enacted an ordinance standardizing the islands on Antipodean Time
# instead of the American system (which was one day behind).
# From Rives McDow (1998-10-08):
# Fiji will introduce DST effective 0200 local time, 1998-11-01
# until 0300 local time 1999-02-28. Each year the DST period will
# be from the first Sunday in November until the last Sunday in February.
# From Paul Eggert (2000-01-08):
# IATA SSIM (1999-09) says DST ends 0100 local time. Go with McDow.
# From the BBC World Service (1998-10-31 11:32 UTC):
# The Fijiian government says the main reasons for the time change is to
# improve productivity and reduce road accidents. But correspondents say it
# also hopes the move will boost Fiji's ability to compete with other pacific
# islands in the effort to attract tourists to witness the dawning of the new
# reports that Fiji has discontinued DST.
# Johnston data is from usno1995.
# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (page 1) reports that Kiribati
# ``declared it the same day [throughout] the country as of Jan. 1, 1995''
# as part of the competition to be first into the 21st century.
# In
comp.risks 14.87 (26 August 1993), Peter Neumann writes:
# I wonder what happened in Kwajalein, where there was NO Friday,
# 1993-08-20. Thursday night at midnight Kwajalein switched sides with
# respect to the International Date Line, to rejoin its fellow islands,
# going from 11:59
p.m. Thursday to 12:00 m. Saturday in a blink.
# Howse writes (p 153) ``The Spaniards, on the other hand, reached the
# Philippines and the Ladrones from America,'' and implies that the Ladrones
# (now called the Marianas) kept American date for quite some time.
# For now, we assume the Ladrones switched at the same time as the Philippines;
# US Public Law 106-564 (2000-12-23) made UTC+10 the official standard time,
# under the name "Chamorro Standard Time". There is no official abbreviation,
# but Congressman Robert A. Underwood, author of the bill that became law,
# wrote in a press release (2000-12-27) that he will seek the use of "ChST".
# Alan Eugene Davis writes (1996-03-16),
# ``I am certain, having lived there for the past decade, that "Truk"
# (now properly known as Chuuk) ... is in the time zone GMT+10.''
# Shanks & Pottenger write that Truk switched from UTC+10 to UTC+11
# on 1978-10-01; ignore this for now.
# From Paul Eggert (1999-10-29):
# The Federated States of Micronesia Visitors Board writes in
# The Federated States of Micronesia - Visitor Information
# that Truk and Yap are UTC+10, and Ponape and Kosrae are UTC+11.
# We don't know when Kosrae switched from UTC+12; assume January 1 for now.
# From Charles T O'Connor, KMTH DJ (1956),
# quoted in the KTMH section of the Radio Heritage Collection
# For the past two months we've been on what is known as Daylight
# Saving Time. This time has put us on air at 5am in the morning,
# your time down there in New Zealand. Starting September 2, 1956
# we'll again go back to Standard Time. This'll mean that we'll go to
# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
# We don't know the date of that quote, but we'll guess they
# started DST on June 3. Possibly DST was observed other years
# in Midway, but we have no record of it.
# From Rives McDow (1999-11-08):
# A Proclamation was signed by the Governor of Pitcairn on the 27th March 1998
# with regard to Pitcairn Standard Time. The Proclamation is as follows.
# The local time for general purposes in the Islands shall be
# Co-ordinated Universal time minus 8 hours and shall be known
# as Pitcairn Standard Time.
# ... I have also seen Pitcairn listed as UTC minus 9 hours in several
# references, and can only assume that this was an error in interpretation
# somehow in light of this proclamation.
# From Rives McDow (1999-11-09):
# The Proclamation regarding Pitcairn time came into effect on 27 April 1998
# From Howie Phelps (1999-11-10), who talked to a Pitcairner via shortwave:
# Betty Christian told me yesterday that their local time is the same as
# Pacific Standard Time. They used to be 1/2 hour different from us here in
# Sacramento but it was changed a couple of years ago.
# Howse writes (p 153, citing p 10 of the 1883-11-18 New York Herald)
# that in 1879 the King of Samoa decided to change
# ``the date in his kingdom from the Antipodean to the American system,
# ordaining -- by a masterpiece of diplomatic flattery -- that
# the Fourth of July should be celebrated twice in that year.''
# From Paul Eggert (1996-01-22):
# Today's _Wall Street Journal_ (p 1) reports that ``Tonga has been plotting
# to sneak ahead of [New Zealanders] by introducing daylight-saving time.''
# Since Kiribati has moved the Date Line it's not clear what Tonga will do.
# Don Mundell writes in the 1997-02-20 Tonga Chronicle
# How Tonga became `The Land where Time Begins'
# Until 1941 Tonga maintained a standard time 50 minutes ahead of NZST
# 12 hours and 20 minutes ahead of GMT. When New Zealand adjusted its
# standard time in 1940s, Tonga had the choice of subtracting from its
# local time to come on the same standard time as New Zealand or of
# advancing its time to maintain the differential of 13 degrees
# (approximately 50 minutes ahead of New Zealand time).
# Because His Majesty King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, then Crown Prince
# Tungi, preferred to ensure Tonga's title as the land where time
# begins, the Legislative Assembly approved the latter change.
# But some of the older, more conservative members from the outer
# islands objected. "If at midnight on Dec. 31, we move ahead 40
# minutes, as your Royal Highness wishes, what becomes of the 40
# The Crown Prince, presented an unanswerable argument: "Remember that
# on the World Day of Prayer, you would be the first people on Earth
# to say your prayers in the morning."
# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
# Shanks & Pottenger say the transition was on 1968-10-01; go with Mundell.
# From Eric Ulevik (1999-05-03):
# Tonga's director of tourism, who is also secretary of the National Millenium
# Committee, has a plan to get Tonga back in front.
# He has proposed a one-off move to tropical daylight saving for Tonga from
# October to March, which has won approval in principle from the Tongan
# From Steffen Thorsen (1999-09-09):
# * Tonga will introduce DST in November
# I was given this link by John Letts:
# I have not been able to find exact dates for the transition in November
# yet. By reading this article it seems like Fiji will be 14 hours ahead
# of UTC as well, but as far as I know Fiji will only be 13 hours ahead
# From Arthur David Olson (1999-09-20):
# "Daylight Savings Time will take effect on Oct. 2 through April 15, 2000
# and annually thereafter from the first Saturday in October through the
# third Saturday of April. Under the system approved by Privy Council on
# Sept. 10, clocks must be turned ahead one hour on the opening day and
# set back an hour on the closing date."
# Alas, no indication of the time of day.
# From Rives McDow (1999-10-06):
# Tonga started its Daylight Saving on Saturday morning October 2nd at 0200am.
# Daylight Saving ends on April 16 at 0300am which is Sunday morning.
# From Steffen Thorsen (2000-10-31):
# that Tonga changed back to standard time one month early, on March 19
# instead of the original reported date April 16. Unfortunately, the article
# is no longer available on the site, and I did not make a copy of the
# text, and I have forgotten to report it here.
# From Rives McDow (2000-12-01):
# Tonga is observing DST as of 2000-11-04 and will stop on 2001-01-27.
# From Sione Moala-Mafi (2001-09-20) via Rives McDow:
# At 2:00am on the first Sunday of November, the standard time in the Kingdom
# shall be moved forward by one hour to 3:00am. At 2:00am on the last Sunday
# of January the standard time in the Kingdom shall be moved backward by one
# From Pulu 'Anau (2002-11-05):
# The law was for 3 years, supposedly to get renewed. It wasn't.
# From Vernice Anderson, Personal Secretary to Philip Jessup,
# US Ambassador At Large (oral history interview, 1971-02-02):
# Saturday, the 14th [of October, 1950] -- ... The time was all the
# more confusing at that point, because we had crossed the
# International Date Line, thus getting two Sundays. Furthermore, we
# discovered that Wake Island had two hours of daylight saving time
# making calculation of time in Washington difficult if not almost
# From Paul Eggert (2003-03-23):
# We have no other report of DST in Wake Island, so omit this info for now.
###############################################################################
# The International Date Line
# From Gwillim Law (2000-01-03):
# The International Date Line is not defined by any international standard,
# convention, or treaty. Mapmakers are free to draw it as they please.
# Reputable mapmakers will simply ensure that every point of land appears on
# the correct side of the IDL, according to the date legally observed there.
# When Kiribati adopted a uniform date in 1995, thereby moving the Phoenix and
# Line Islands to the west side of the IDL (or, if you prefer, moving the IDL
# to the east side of the Phoenix and Line Islands), I suppose that most
# mapmakers redrew the IDL following the boundary of Kiribati. Even that line
# has a rather arbitrary nature. The straight-line boundaries between Pacific
# island nations that are shown on many maps are based on an international
# convention, but are not legally binding national borders.... The date is
# governed by the IDL; therefore, even on the high seas, there may be some
# places as late as fourteen hours later than UTC. And, since the IDL is not
# an international standard, there are some places on the high seas where the
# correct date is ambiguous.
# Before 1920, all ships kept local apparent time on the high seas by setting
# their clocks at night or at the morning sight so that, given the ship's
# speed and direction, it would be 12 o'clock when the Sun crossed the ship's
# meridian (12 o'clock = local apparent noon). During 1917, at the
# Anglo-French Conference on Time-keeping at Sea, it was recommended that all
# ships, both military and civilian, should adopt hourly standard time zones
# on the high seas. Whenever a ship was within the territorial waters of any
# nation it would use that nation's standard time. The captain was permitted
# to change his ship's clocks at a time of his choice following his ship's
# entry into another zone time--he often chose midnight. These zones were
# adopted by all major fleets between 1920 and 1925 but not by many
# independent merchant ships until World War II.
# From Paul Eggert, using references suggested by Oscar van Vlijmen
# The American Practical Navigator (2002)
# talks only about the 180-degree meridian with respect to ships in
# international waters; it ignores the international date line.