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<tspan id="tspan1668" style="letter-spacing:2.1813" fill="#ffffff" dx="0 -0.57057059 0 0 0 0 0">::ФИГУРЫ</tspan>
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<!--Author: bulia byak, buliabyak@users.sf.net-->
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Этот учебник ознакомит вас с созданием и редактированием разных фигур, таких как прямоугольник, эллипс, звезда и спираль. Мы покажем возможности фигур в Inkscape с примерами, как и где их можно использовать.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Используйте <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+стрелки (клавиатуры)</flowSpan>, <flowSpan font-weight="bold">колесо прокрутки (на мышке)</flowSpan>, или <flowSpan font-weight="bold">перетаскивание с нажатой средней клавишей мыши</flowSpan> для просмотра текста. Для понимания основ создания объектов, их выделения и трансформации смотрите учебник «Основы» в меню <flowSpan font-family="Sans">Справка > Учебники</flowSpan>.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">У Inkscape есть четыре удобных <flowSpan font-style="italic">инструмента для работы с фигурами</flowSpan>, каждый из которых может создавать или редактировать только собственный тип фигур. Фигура — это объект, изменять который можно разными уникальными для него способами, <flowSpan font-style="italic">узлы управления</flowSpan> и числовые <flowSpan font-style="italic">параметры</flowSpan>, которые определяют внешний вид фигуры.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Если взять к примеру звезду то можно менять количество лучей, её длину, угол, округлость и т.п. При этом звезда остаётся звездой. Фигура менее свободна» чем просто контур, но зачастую более интересна и полезна. Вы всегда можете преобразовать фигуру в контур (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+Shift+C</flowSpan>), но обратное преобразование невозможно.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">К инструментам фигур относятся инструменты для рисования <flowSpan font-style="italic">прямоугольников</flowSpan>, <flowSpan font-style="italic">эллипсов</flowSpan>, <flowSpan font-style="italic">звёзд</flowSpan> и <flowSpan font-style="italic">спиралей</flowSpan>. Для начала давайте посмотрим на общие принципы работы с ними, а после ознакомимся с каждым более обстоятельно.</flowDiv>
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<tspan y="344.73502199999996" x="10">Основные приемы</tspan>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Новая фигура создается нажатием и <flowSpan font-weight="bold">перетаскиванием</flowSpan> по холсту курсора соответствующего инструмента. Когда фигура создана (и выбрана), она отображает свои узлы управления в виде белых меток в форме кристалла. Теперь вы можете сразу редактировать созданное, перемещая эти узлы.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Все четыре разновидности фигур показывают свои узлы управления с любым из включенных инструментов редактирования фигур, также как и с включенным инструментом редактирования узлов (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">F2</flowSpan>). В момент наведения курсора мыши на один из узлов он [курсор] сообщает вам в строке состояния, что сделает этот узел при его смещении или нажатии по нему с разными модификаторами.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Кроме того, каждая фигура отображает свои параметры в <flowSpan font-style="italic">панели параметров инструмента</flowSpan> (которая находится над холстом). Обычно панель настроек инструмента содержит несколько числовых полей для ввода и кнопку сброса значений в изначальное состояние. Когда фигура выбрана ее «родным» инструментом, редактирование значений в панели настроек изменит выбранную фигуру.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Любые изменения в параметрах инструмента запоминаются и используются для следующей новой фигуры. Например, если вы измените количество лучей звезды, у всех последующих новых звезд будет такое же количество лучей. Более того, новые параметры фигур запоминаются глобально для каждой новой сессии работы с Inkscape.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">С включенным инструментом редактирования фигуры объект можно выбрать при помощи <flowSpan font-weight="bold">щелчка(мыши)</flowSpan>. Комбинации <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+щелчок</flowSpan> (выбрать одну фигуру из группы) и <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+щелчок</flowSpan> (выбрать под фигурой) работают так же, как и в инструменте выделения. <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Esc</flowSpan> сбрасывает все выделения.</flowDiv>
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<tspan y="718.149809" x="10">Прямоугольники</tspan>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve"><flowSpan font-style="italic">Прямоугольник</flowSpan> является простейшей, но, возможно, самой распространенной фигурой в дизайне и иллюстрировании. Inkscape пытается сделать создание и редактирование прямоугольников настолько простым и удобным, насколько это вообще возможно.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Переключитесь на инструмент редактирования прямоугольников<flowSpan font-weight="bold">F4</flowSpan> или щелкните его значок (синий квадратик) слева. Создайте новый прямоугольник рядом с приведенным ниже:</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Теперь, не меняя инструмента, переключитесь с одного прямоугольника на другой, щелкнув его.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Горячие клавиши для рисования прямоугольников:</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">С нажатой клавишей <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl</flowSpan> рисуется прямоугольник с целочисленным (2:1, 3:1, etc) соотношением сторон.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">С нажатым <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift</flowSpan>, прямоугольник рисуется вокруг начальной точки, т.е. эта точка используется как центр прямоугольника.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Как видите, выбранный прямоугольник (только что созданный прямоугольник всегда выделен) показывает три управляющих ручки по углам. На самом деле их четыре, но две из них (вверху справа) накладываются друг на друга, если углы прямоугольника не закруглены. Эти две ручки называются <flowSpan font-style="italic">ручками закругления</flowSpan>; другие две (верхний левый и нижний правый) — ручки <flowSpan font-style="italic">изменения размера</flowSpan>.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Сперва обратим внимание на закругляющие ручки. Схватите один из них и потяните вниз — все четыре угла прямоугольника станут закругленными, и вы увидите вторую закругляющую ручку, которая стоит на месте в углу. Если вы хотите получить закругленные углы, то это все, что вам нужно. Если же вы хотите получить закругленные, но вытянутые в одну или другую сторону углы, вам нужно сдвинуть верхнюю ручку закругления влево.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Первые два прямоугольника, изображенных ниже, имеют круговые закругленные углы, а другие два — эллиптические закругленные углы:</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">По-прежнему используя инструмент для редактирования прямоугольников, щелкните прямоугольники и обратите внимание на расположение ручек закругления.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Зачастую радиус закругления у фигуры должен быть постоянным в пределах всего документа, даже если размеры прямоугольников разные (подумайте о диаграмме с закруглёнными прямоугольниками разных размеров). Inkscape позволяет легко решить эту задачу. Переключитесь на инструмент выделения (F1), в его панели настроек есть группа из четырёх кнопок, на второй слева изображены закруглённые углы. Это и есть способ контроля закругленности углов при изменении размера прямоугольника.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Для наглядности ниже изображен изначальный красный прямоугольник и его копии с измененными пропорциями. Кнопка «При изменении размера прямоугольников менять в той же пропорции и радиус закругленных углов» в данном случае <flowSpan font-style="italic">выключена</flowSpan>:</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Обратите внимание: так как размер и форма закругленных углов одинаковы у всех прямоугольников, угол закругления совпадает в общем для всех фигур в правом верхнем углу. Все голубоватые прямоугольники получены из красного простым изменением его размера посредством инструмента выделения без каких-либо ручных коррекций положения ручек закругления.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Для сравнения ниже приведена такая же композиция, но теперь кнопка «При изменении размера прямоугольников менять в той же пропорции и радиус закруглённых углов» <flowSpan font-style="italic">включёна</flowSpan>:</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Теперь закруглённые углы так же различны, как и прямоугольники, которым они принадлежат, а в верхнем правом углу заметно несоответствие углов (увеличьте для наглядности). Это внешне схожий результат, как если бы вы преобразовали исходный прямоугольник в контур (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+Shift+C</flowSpan>) и меняли его размер.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Ниже приведены горячие клавиши для ручек закругления прямоугольника:</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Тяните ручку с нажатым <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl</flowSpan>, чтобы получить кругоподобное закругление (узлы движутся синхронно).</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve"><flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+щелчок</flowSpan> по узлу даст тот же эффект без смещения ручки.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve"><flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+щелчок</flowSpan> по ручке сбрасывает закругление.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Вы могли обратить внимание на то, что панель настроек инструмента редактирования прямоугольников отображает радиус закругления угла по горизонтали (<flowSpan font-style="italic">Rx</flowSpan>) и вертикали(<flowSpan font-style="italic">Ry</flowSpan>) для выбранного прямоугольника и позволяет установить точное значение. Кнопка «<flowSpan font-family="Sans">Не закруглен</flowSpan>» делает то, что обещает: сбрасывает закругления у выбранного прямоугольника.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Преимущество этих регуляторов заключается в том, что ими можно менять параметры многих прямоугольников одновременно. Например, если вы хотите изменить все прямоугольники слоя, просто нажмите <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+A</flowSpan> («<flowSpan font-family="Sans">Выбрать все</flowSpan>») и укажите нужные параметры в панели параметров инструмента. Если в выделение попали фигуры, не являющиеся прямоугольниками, эти фигуры будут просто проигнорированы.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Теперь обратим внимание на узлы изменения размера прямоугольника. Вы можете спросить, зачем они нужны, если можно менять размер прямоугольника с помощью инструмента выделения.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Незадача с инструментом выделения состоит в том, что понятие горизонтали и вертикали всегда такое же, как у документа. А вот у инструмента редактирования прямоугольников, напротив, изменение размера соответствующими ручками происходит всегда <flowSpan font-style="italic">вдоль сторон прямоугольника</flowSpan>. Для наглядности попробуйте изменить размер прямоугольника инструментом выделения, а после — при помощи его ручек, используя инструмент редактирования прямоугольников:</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Так как ручек, меняющих размер, две, вы можете менять размер прямоугольника в любом направлении. Ручки управления всегда сохраняют угол закругления.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Ниже приведены горячие клавиши для управляющих ручек, меняющих размер:</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Тяните ручку с нажатым <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl</flowSpan> чтобы растянуть прямоугольник в сторону или по диагонали. Другими словами, <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl</flowSpan> сохраняет соотношение ширины, высоты или ширины/высоты прямоугольника (в его собственной системе координат, которая может быть сжата или скошена).</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">На приведенном ниже примере изображен прямоугольник с серыми пунктирными линиями, показывающими направления, по которым будут двигаться ручки, меняющие размер с нажатым <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl</flowSpan> (попробуйте):</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Из скошенных, повёрнутых, с измененным при помощи ручек прямоугольников размером можно легко создать трехмерную композицию:</flowDiv>
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<rect id="shapes-f07-ru.svgrect3612" style="color:#000000" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="translate(10 2865.3) matrix(.99480 .10183 -.91351 .40681 0 0)" height="18.241" width="25.212" stroke="#fff" y="-24.113" x="128.84" stroke-width=".53154" fill="#ff6300"/>
<rect id="shapes-f07-ru.svgrect1913" style="color:#000000" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="translate(10 2865.3) matrix(.91237 -.40937 0 1 0 0)" height="20.233" width="31.198" stroke="#fff" y="106.61" x="224.88" stroke-width=".39259" fill="#ff6300"/>
<flowRoot id="shapes-f07-ru.svgflowRoot2632" style="text-anchor:middle;text-align:center" xml:space="preserve" transform="translate(8 2855.3)" font-size="6px" font-family="Sans" fill="#000000"><flowRegion id="shapes-f07-ru.svgflowRegion2634"><rect id="shapes-f07-ru.svgrect2636" height="43.571" width="61.786" y="61.648" x="27.5"/></flowRegion><flowPara id="shapes-f07-ru.svgflowPara2638">Три исходных прямоугольника</flowPara></flowRoot>
<flowRoot id="shapes-f07-ru.svgflowRoot2640" xml:space="preserve" transform="translate(10 2865.3)" font-size="6" font-family="Sans" fill="#000000"><flowRegion id="shapes-f07-ru.svgflowRegion2642"><rect id="shapes-f07-ru.svgrect2644" height="90.357" width="56.786" y="12.005" x="241.07"/></flowRegion><flowPara id="shapes-f07-ru.svgflowPara2646">Несколько скопированных прямоугольников с размером, измененных управляющими ручками, преимущественно с Ctrl</flowPara></flowRoot>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Вот ещё несколько примеров композиций, созданных из прямоугольников, как с закруглением, так и с градиентной заливкой:</flowDiv>
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<tspan y="3174.1560732000016" x="10">Эллипсы</tspan>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Инструмент для редактирования эллипсов («Рисовать круги, эллипсы и дуги» <flowSpan font-weight="bold">F5</flowSpan>) может создавать эллипсы и круги, которые вы можете превращать в сегменты или дуги. Горячие клавиши такие же, как и у инструмента редактирования прямоугольников:</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">С нажатым <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl</flowSpan> рисуется круг или эллипс с целочисленным соотношением сторон прямоугольника в который вписывается эллипс (2:1, 3:1 и т.д.).</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">С нажатым <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift</flowSpan>, прямоугольник рисуется вокруг начальной точки, т.е. эта точка используется как центр прямоугольника.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Давайте исследуем ручки эллипса. Выберите красный эллипс:</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Как и в случае с прямоугольником, изначально вы видите только три ручки, хотя на самом деле их четыре. Под правой ручкой скрыта еще одна, позволяющая «открыть» эллипс. Потяните немного правую ручку, затем потяните появившуюся, скрытую ранее ручку управления, чтобы получить разные варианты сегментов или дуг:</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Чтобы получить <flowSpan font-style="italic">сегмент</flowSpan>, потяните ручку <flowSpan font-style="italic">вне</flowSpan> эллипса, а для получения <flowSpan font-style="italic">дуги</flowSpan> — <flowSpan font-style="italic">внутри</flowSpan> его. На верхнем примере 4 сегмента слева и 3 дуги справа. Дуги — это незакрытые фигуры, т.е. обводка идет вдоль эллипса, но не соединена в концах дуги. Вы можете сделать это более наглядным, убрав заливку и оставив только обводку:</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Обратите внимание на веероподобную группу сегментов слева. Их легко было создать, потянув за узел с нажатой клавишей <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl</flowSpan>. Ниже приведены горячие клавиши для узлов дуги/сегмента:</flowDiv>
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<flowRoot font-size="8" font-family="Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">
<flowRegion>
<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e448"/>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">С нажатой клавишей <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl</flowSpan> узел смещается ступенчато, шагами по 15 градусов.</flowDiv>
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<rect id="d0e455" display="none" height="1e3px" width="258" y="3817.2" x="20"/>
<flowRoot font-size="8" font-family="Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve"><flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+щелчок</flowSpan> по ручке сделает эллипс целым (не дугой или сегментом).</flowDiv>
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<flowRoot font-size="8" font-family="Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">
<flowRegion>
<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e461"/>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Угловой шаг может быть изменён в настройках Inkscape (вкладка <flowSpan font-family="Sans">«Шаги»</flowSpan>).</flowDiv>
</flowRoot>
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<flowRoot font-size="8" font-family="Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">
<flowRegion>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Другие две ручки в эллипсе используются для изменения размера вокруг центра. Их горячие клавиши схожи с клавишами ручек, закругляющих прямоугольник:</flowDiv>
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<flowRoot font-size="8" font-family="Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Потяните с нажатой клавишей <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl</flowSpan> чтобы получить круг (сделать радиусы равными между собой).</flowDiv>
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<rect id="d0e480" display="none" height="1e3px" width="258" y="3940.7" x="20"/>
<flowRoot font-size="8" font-family="Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve"><flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+щелчок</flowSpan> преобразует эллипс в круг без необходимости в смещении.</flowDiv>
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<flowRoot font-size="8" font-family="Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">
<flowRegion>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Как и у прямоугольника, ручки управления, меняющие размер, регулируют ширину и высоту в <flowSpan font-style="italic">собственных координатах эллипса</flowSpan>. Это значит, что сплюснутый или повернутый эллипс может быть вытянут или сжат по линии собственных осей, оставаясь сплюснутым или повернутым. Попробуйте изменить размер этих эллипсов при помощи ручек, меняющих размер:</flowDiv>
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<tspan y="4141.760110400002" x="10">Звезды</tspan>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Звезды — наиболее сложные и захватывающие фигуры в Inkscape. Если вы хотите поразить своих друзей, дайте им поиграться с инструментом, создающим звезды. Это очень увлекательно, настолько, что может появиться зависимость!</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Инструмент для создания и редактирования звезд может создавать два типа объектов: звезды и многоугольники. Звезда содержит два узла управления, которые определяют длину и форму лучей. Многоугольник содержит только одну ручку управления, которая просто поворачивает или меняет его многоугольник, когда за эту ручку тянут:</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">В панели управления инструмента, создающего звезды, первым идет переключатель звезда/многоугольник, далее числовое поле, в котором меняется <flowSpan font-style="italic">количество вершин</flowSpan> звезды или многоугольника. Допустимый диапазон значений последнего параметра от 3 (что очевидно) до 1024, но если компьютер медленный, больше 200 вершин использовать не советуем.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Когда рисуете новую звезду или многоугольник:</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Нажатый <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl</flowSpan> даст пошаговый поворот (по 15 градусов).</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Конечно, звезда — наиболее интересная фигура (хотя многоугольники зачастую более полезны на практике). Две управляющих ручки звезды немного отличаются по своим функциям. Первая ручка (изначально она на <flowSpan font-style="italic">кончике</flowSpan> острия) делает лучи звезды длиннее или короче, но когда вы поворачиваете ее (относительно центра фигуры), другая ручка тоже поворачивается. Это значит, что вы не можете наклонить лучи звезды, используя эту ручку.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Другая ручка (изначально она находится во <flowSpan font-style="italic">впадине</flowSpan> угла между двумя остриями), напротив, свободна в лучевых и поверхностных движениях без воздействия на вторую ручку. (На самом деле, эта ручка сама может стать вершиной, будучи смещенной дальше другой от центра звезды.) Эта ручка может наклонять кончики звезды, результатом чего станут разновидности кристаллов, мандал, снежинок и дикообразов:</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Если хотите получить обычную правильную звезду без лишних завихрений, вы можете заставить скашивающую ручку стать нескашивающей:</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Потяните за ручку с нажатой клавишей <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl</flowSpan>, чтобы сохранить лучи звезды строго лучеобразными (без искажений).</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve"><flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+щелчок</flowSpan> по ручке убирает искажения без смещения ручки.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Полезным дополнением к управляющим ручкам фигуры на холсте является поле «<flowSpan font-family="Sans">Отношение радиусов</flowSpan>» в панели параметров инструмента, которое задает отношение двух управляющих ручек к центру.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">В качестве полезного дополнения, в панели управления есть поле <flowSpan font-family="Sans">Отношение радиусов</flowSpan>, которое определяет отношение расстояний от ручек до центра. У звезд в Inkscape есть еще две хитрости в запасе. В геометрии многоугольник — фигура с прямыми линиями и резкими углами. В реальности же разные виды криволинейности и закругленности — нормальное явление, и Inkscape позволяет получить подобные эффекты. Закругление звезды или многоугольника получается немного иначе, чем закругление у прямоугольников. Вам не нужно использовать отдельную ручку для этого, но</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve"><flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+смещение</flowSpan> узла по касательной даст округление звезды или многоугольника.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve"><flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+щелчок</flowSpan> по ручке сбросит закругление.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">«Касательно» — значит в направлении, перпендикулярном центру. Если вы «повернете» ручку с нажатой клавишей Shift против часовой стрелки вокруг центра, то получите положительное закругление; поворот по часовой даст отрицательное закругление. (Смотрите далее примеры отрицательного закругления).</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Ниже приведено сравнение закругленного прямоугольника (с использованием инструмента создания и правки прямоугольников) с закругленным четырехконечным многоугольником (с использованием инструмента создания звезд и многоугольников):</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Как вы можете видеть, у закругленного прямоугольника есть части из прямых линий и части c закруглением; закругленный же многоугольник или звезда не имеют прямых линий вообще, кривизна мягко переходит от максимальной (в углах) к минимальной (в середине между углами). Inkscape делает это путем добавления коллинеарных касательных Безье к каждому узлу фигуры (вы можете увидеть их, если преобразуете фигуру в контур и проверите его инструментом редактирования узлов).</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Параметр <flowSpan font-family="Sans">Закругление</flowSpan>, который вы можете регулировать в панели управления — это отношение длины касательной к примыкающей длине стороны многоугольника/звезды. Этот параметр может быть отрицательным, что перевернет направление касательных. Значение между 0,2 и 0,4 даёт «нормальное» закругление, такое, которое вы могли ожидать; другие значения могут создать прекрасные, запутанные и полностью непредсказуемые образцы. Звезда с большим значением закругленности может уйти очень далеко от ручек. Ниже приведены некоторые примеры с указанными значениями закругления:</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Если вы хотите, чтобы кончики звезды были острыми, а впадины — гладкими, или наоборот, этого легко добиться, создав <flowSpan font-style="italic">втяжку</flowSpan> звезды (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+J</flowSpan>):</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve"><flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+смещение</flowSpan> ручек звезды в Inkscape — одно из прекраснейших занятий, известных человечеству. Но оно может стать еще лучше.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Для более близкой имитации фигур из реального мира Inkscape может искажать <flowSpan font-style="italic">случайным</flowSpan> образом звнзды и многоугольники. Незначительное искажение такого рода делает звезду менее правильной и более «человечной», чаще забавной; сильное искажение случайным образом — это путь к получению разнообразных сумасшедших непредсказуемых фигур. Закругленная звезда остаётся слегка закруглённой после искажения случайным образом. Вот горячие клавиши:</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve"><flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+перемещение</flowSpan> ручки по касательной искажает звезду или многоугольник случайным образом.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve"><flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+щелчок</flowSpan> по ручке сбрасывает искажение.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Когда будете смещать ручку звезды, подвергшейся эффекту «случайности», она будет дрожать, так как каждый шаг ручки соответствует собственному уникальному значению случайности. Смещение ручки звезды без нажатой клавиши Alt еще раз применяет эффект случайности к фигуре с тем же уровнем случайности, в то время как Alt-смещение сохраняет искажение, но корректирует уровень. Ниже приведены звезды с одинаковыми параметрами, но к каждой из них применен эффект случайности путем небольшого сдвига их ручек (уровень случайности везде равен 0,1):</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">А тут средняя звезда из предыдущего примера, но уже с переменным уровнем искажения от -0,2 до 0,2:</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Сместите ручку средней звезды в ряду при помощи <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+смещение</flowSpan> и понаблюдайте, как звезда превращается в своих соседей справа и слева.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Вероятно, вы найдете собственное применение звёздам, искажённым случайным образом, но я использую их для закругленных амебовидных клякс и огромных грубых планет с фантастической поверхностью:</flowDiv>
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<tspan y="6679.046959600001" x="10">Спирали</tspan>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Спираль в Inkscape —это многосторонняя форма, возможно, не такая полезная как звезда, но иногда она может быть очень полезной. Спираль как и звезда рисуется от центра; и рисуется, и редактируется.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve"><flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+смещение</flowSpan> даст шаги смещения в 15 градусов (по умолчанию).</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">У нарисованная спирали есть две ручки: одна находится на конце внутри, другая — на конце снаружи. Обе ручки легко перемещаются, сворачивая и разворачивая спираль (как бы «продолжая» ее, меняя количество витков). Горячие клавиши:</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Внешняя ручка:</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve"><flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+смещение</flowSpan> для изменения размера/поворота вокруг центра (нет сворачивания/разворачивания).</flowDiv>
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<flowRoot font-size="8" font-family="Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve"><flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+смещение</flowSpan> чтобы оставить неизменным радиус во время разворачивания/сворачивания.</flowDiv>
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<flowRoot font-size="8" font-family="Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Внутренняя ручка:</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve"><flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+смещение</flowSpan> по вертикали для схождения/расхождения.</flowDiv>
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<flowRoot font-size="8" font-family="Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve"><flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+щелчок</flowSpan> для сброса расхождения.</flowDiv>
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<flowRoot font-size="8" font-family="Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">
<flowRegion>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve"><flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+щелчок</flowSpan> для смещения внутренней ручки к центру.</flowDiv>
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<flowRoot font-size="8" font-family="Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">
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<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e799"/>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve"><flowSpan font-style="italic">Нелинейность</flowSpan> спирали — это мера расхождения витков. Когда нелинейность равна 1, спираль однообразная; когда меньше единицы (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+смещение</flowSpan> вверх) — спираль плотнее к окружности; когда больше единицы (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+смещение</flowSpan> вниз) — спираль плотнее к центру:</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Максимальное количество витков спирали равно 1024.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Как инструмент для создания эллипсов хорош для создания не только эллипсов, но и дуг (линий неизменной кривизны), так и инструмент для создания спиралей полезен для создания кривых со <flowSpan font-style="italic">слабо меняющейся</flowSpan> кривизной. Сравнивая обычные кривые Безье с дугами или спиралями, можно отметить, что последние более удобны, потому что вы можете укорачивать или удлинять их, смещая ручку по линии изгиба без искажения общей формы. А еще вы можете получить интересный эффект, нарисовав обычную спираль, убрав обводку и добавив заливку.</flowDiv>
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<tspan y="7523.1162094" x="10">Заключение</tspan>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Инструменты для работы с фигурами в Inkscape обладают огромный потенциалом. Изучите их особенности и применяйте их в свое удовольствие — это вам пригодится в творческой работе, потому что использование фигур вместо обычных контуров зачастую делает векторные работы быстро выполнимыми и более легко изменяемыми. Если у вас есть какие-либо идеи по дальнейшему улучшению инструментов фигур, не стесняйтесь сообщить о них разработчикам.</flowDiv>
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