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<text id="text2191" opacity="0.5" style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;text-align:start;" line-height="125%" font-weight="normal" xml:space="preserve" transform="matrix(0,1,-1,0,0,0)" font-style="normal" font-stretch="normal" font-size="6.96932268px" font-variant="normal" y="-326.81229" x="3.6203015" font-family="Sans" sodipodi:linespacing="125%" fill="#000000"><tspan id="tspan2193" sodipodi:role="line" x="3.6203015" style="letter-spacing:0.29056421;" y="-326.81229">Используйте для прокрутки <tspan id="tspan2195" font-weight="bold">Ctrl+стрелка вниз</tspan></tspan></text>
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<text id="text1920" style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;" font-family="Sans" font-size="7.0000000" font-style="normal" transform="scale(1.130730,1.130730)" font-stretch="normal" font-variant="normal" y="18.25828" x="176.24451" font-weight="normal" fill="#ffffff">
<tspan id="tspan1668" style="letter-spacing:2.1813099;" dx="0 -0.57057059 0 0 0 0 0" fill="#ffffff">::ОСНОВЫ</tspan>
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<!--Author: bulia byak, buliabyak@users.sf.net-->
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">В этом уроке изложены основы работы с Inkscape. Это обычный документ Inkscape: вы можете его просматривать, редактировать, копировать и сохранять.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Урок охватывает приемы ориентирования на холсте и работу с документами. Он дает начальное представление о рисующих фигуры инструментах, о выделении, о редактировании и группировке фигур, об установке параметров заливки и обводки, выравнивании и распределении объектов. Если ищете более глубокие знания, смотрите другие уроки из меню «Справка».</flowDiv>
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<tspan y="156.582026" x="10">Перемещение по холсту</tspan>
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<flowRoot style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;text-align:start;" font-weight="normal" font-size="8" font-style="normal" font-stretch="normal" font-variant="normal" font-family="Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Есть множество способов перемещаться по холсту. Попробуйте <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+стрелки</flowSpan> для перемещения при помощи клавиатуры (Попробуйте прямо сейчас Ctrl+стрелка вниз для смещения документа вниз). Вы также можете передвигаться по холсту, зажав его поверхность средней клавишей мыши или при помощи ползунков (нажмите <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+B (здесь и далее все буквы в клавиатурных комбинациях — латинские)</flowSpan>, для того, чтобы показать или спрятать их). <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Колесо прокрутки</flowSpan> на мышке также работает для вертикального перемещения. Для горизонтального перемещения используйте <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift</flowSpan> вместе с колесом.</flowDiv>
</flowRoot>
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<tspan y="288.428866" x="10">Изменение масштаба</tspan>
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<flowRegion>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Простейший способ изменить масштаб — нажать <flowSpan font-weight="bold">-</flowSpan> или <flowSpan font-weight="bold">+</flowSpan> (для увеличения работает и <flowSpan font-weight="bold">=</flowSpan>). Также работает вариант <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+средняя клавиша мыши</flowSpan> или <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+правая кнопка мыши</flowSpan> — для увеличения, <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+средняя</flowSpan> или <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+правая</flowSpan> — для уменьшения, или колесо мыши с нажатым <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl</flowSpan>. Как вариант, вы можете выбрать масштаб увеличения в нижнем левом углу окна документа. Значение указано в процентах; набрав нужное, нажмите <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Enter</flowSpan>. Кроме того, в программе инструмент масштабирования (среди инструментов слева), который позволяет увеличивать только необходимую выделенную область.</flowDiv>
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<flowRoot style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;text-align:start;" font-weight="normal" font-size="8" font-style="normal" font-stretch="normal" font-variant="normal" font-family="Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">
<flowRegion>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Inkscape хранит историю масштабов, которые вы использовали при работе. Нажмите клавишу <flowSpan font-weight="bold">`</flowSpan>, чтобы вернуться к предыдущему состоянию, или <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+`</flowSpan> для перехода к следующему.</flowDiv>
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<tspan y="459.583411" x="10">Инструменты Inkscape</tspan>
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<flowRegion>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Панель со значками в левой части окна представляет инструменты Inkscape для рисования и редактирования. В верхней части окна, под меню, находится <flowSpan font-style="italic">панель управления</flowSpan> с основными командными кнопками, и чуть ниже — панель <flowSpan font-style="italic">Параметры инструментов</flowSpan>, содержащую параметры, специфичные для каждого инструмента. <flowSpan font-style="italic">Строка состояния</flowSpan>, что в самом низу окна, будет показывать полезные подсказки во время вашей работы.</flowDiv>
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<flowRoot style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;text-align:start;" font-weight="normal" font-size="8" font-style="normal" font-stretch="normal" font-variant="normal" font-family="Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Многие действия доступны с клавиатуры. Полный справочник по клавишам можно вызвать через меню «Справка > Использование клавиатуры и мыши».</flowDiv>
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<tspan y="598.1955989999999" x="10">Работа с документами</tspan>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Для создания нового чистого документа используйте «<flowSpan font-family="Sans">Файл > Создать</flowSpan>» или нажмите <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+N</flowSpan>. Чтобы открыть существующий документ SVG, используйте «<flowSpan font-family="Sans">Файл > Открыть</flowSpan>» (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+O</flowSpan>). Для сохранения используйте «<flowSpan font-family="Sans">Файл > Сохранить</flowSpan>» (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+S</flowSpan>), либо «<flowSpan font-family="Sans">Сохранить как...</flowSpan>» (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+Ctrl+S</flowSpan>) для сохранения файла под другим именем. (Inkscape по-прежнему может быть нестабильным в работе, так что запомните важное правило — сохраняться почаще!)</flowDiv>
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<flowRoot style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;text-align:start;" font-weight="normal" font-size="8" font-style="normal" font-stretch="normal" font-variant="normal" font-family="Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Inkscape использует формат SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics — Масштабируемая векторная графика) для своих файлов. SVG является открытым стандартом и широко используется в графических пакетах. Формат SVG использует язык разметки XML, поэтому файлы в этом формате могут редактироваться любым текстовым или XML-редактором (отдельно от Inkscape). Помимо SVG в Inkscape можно работать и с другими форматами (например, EPS и PNG).</flowDiv>
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<flowRegion>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Для каждого документа Inkscape открывает новое окно. Вы можете переключаться между ними разными способами в зависимости от менеджера окон (например, <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+Tab</flowSpan>), либо используя собственное сочетание клавиш Inkscape — <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+Tab</flowSpan>, для переключения между документами по кругу. Попробуйте сейчас создать несколько новых документов и попереключаться между ними для практики. Примечание: Inkscape относится к этим окнам как к вкладкам в браузере, а это значит, что <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+Tab</flowSpan> работает только для документов, запущенных в одном процессе. Если вы откроете несколько документов через файловый менеджер или запустите несколько копий Inkscape, это не сработает.</flowDiv>
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<text style="writing-mode:lr;text-anchor:start;" font-weight="bold" font-size="8" y="935.1421739999998" x="10" font-family="Sans" font-style="normal" fill="#000000">
<tspan y="935.1421739999998" x="10">Создание фигур</tspan>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Настало время фигур! Выберите синий прямоугольник в полоске слева (или нажмите <flowSpan font-weight="bold">F4</flowSpan>). Наведите курсор мыши на документ (тут же или в новом созданном окне), нажмите левую клавишу мыши и переместите ее курсор в сторону — вы получите прямоугольник:</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">As you can see, default rectangles come up blue, with a black <flowSpan font-style="italic">stroke</flowSpan> (outline),
and fully opaque. We'll see how to change that below. With other tools, you can
also create ellipses, stars, and spirals:</flowDiv>
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<flowRoot style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;text-align:start;" font-weight="normal" font-size="8" font-style="normal" font-stretch="normal" font-variant="normal" font-family="Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">
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<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e194"/>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Рассмотренные инструменты называются <flowSpan font-style="italic">инструментами фигур</flowSpan>. Каждая созданная фигура имеет один или несколько белых прямоугольников <flowSpan font-style="italic">управления (ручек)</flowSpan>; попробуйте потаскать их туда-сюда и обратите внимание на изменение фигуры (белые точки видны только когда выбран один из четырех инструментов: синий квадрат, коричневый круг, желтая звездочка или спираль). У панели параметров инструментов свой способ изменения фигуры. Управляющие элементы в ней влияют на выбранные в настоящий момент объекты (т.е. те, ручки которых видны), <flowSpan font-style="italic">а также</flowSpan> определяют параметры новых фигур.</flowDiv>
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<flowRoot style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;text-align:start;" font-weight="normal" font-size="8" font-style="normal" font-stretch="normal" font-variant="normal" font-family="Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">
<flowRegion>
<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e206"/>
</flowRegion>
<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Для <flowSpan font-style="italic">отмены</flowSpan> последнего действия действует комбинация <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+Z</flowSpan>. (Если вы изменили решение, можно вернуть <flowSpan font-style="italic">отменённое</flowSpan> действие, используя <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+Ctrl+Z</flowSpan>.)</flowDiv>
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<text style="writing-mode:lr;text-anchor:start;" font-weight="bold" font-size="8" y="1345.315302" x="10" font-family="Sans" font-style="normal" fill="#000000">
<tspan y="1345.315302" x="10">Перемещение, изменение размера и вращение</tspan>
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<flowRoot style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;text-align:start;" font-weight="normal" font-size="8" font-style="normal" font-stretch="normal" font-variant="normal" font-family="Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">
<flowRegion>
<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e227"/>
</flowRegion>
<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Наиболее популярный инструмент в Inkscape — <flowSpan font-style="italic">Селектор</flowSpan>. Выбрать его можно щелчком по черной стрелке (либо нажатием <flowSpan font-weight="bold">F1</flowSpan> или <flowSpan font-weight="bold">пробела</flowSpan>. Этим инструментом вы можете выбрать любой объект на холсте. Щелкните квадрат, изображенный на иллюстрации ниже:</flowDiv>
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<flowRoot style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;text-align:start;" font-weight="normal" font-size="8" font-style="normal" font-stretch="normal" font-variant="normal" font-family="Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">
<flowRegion>
<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e249"/>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Вокруг объекта вы увидите восемь стрелок. Теперь вы можете:</flowDiv>
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<circle cy="0" cx="0" r="2" transform="translate(15, 1495.0380262)"/>
<rect id="d0e256" display="none" height="1000px" width="258" y="1489" x="20"/>
<flowRoot style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;text-align:start;" font-weight="normal" font-size="8" font-style="normal" font-stretch="normal" font-variant="normal" font-family="Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">
<flowRegion>
<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e256"/>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve"><flowSpan font-style="italic">Передвигать</flowSpan> объект (с нажатым <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl</flowSpan> перемещения ограничиваются двумя осями: горизонтальной и вертикальной).</flowDiv>
</flowRoot>
<circle cy="0" cx="0" r="2" transform="translate(15, 1534.1930282)"/>
<rect id="d0e267" display="none" height="1000px" width="258" y="1528.2" x="20"/>
<flowRoot style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;text-align:start;" font-weight="normal" font-size="8" font-style="normal" font-stretch="normal" font-variant="normal" font-family="Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">
<flowRegion>
<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e267"/>
</flowRegion>
<flowDiv xml:space="preserve"><flowSpan font-style="italic">Менять размер</flowSpan> объекта, потянув за любую из стрелок (меняя размер с нажатым <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl</flowSpan>, вы сохраните пропорции оригинала).</flowDiv>
</flowRoot>
<rect id="d0e276" display="none" height="1000px" width="288" y="1567.4" x="10"/>
<flowRoot style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;text-align:start;" font-weight="normal" font-size="8" font-style="normal" font-stretch="normal" font-variant="normal" font-family="Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">
<flowRegion>
<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e276"/>
</flowRegion>
<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Щелкните по прямоугольнику еще раз — направление стрелок изменится. Теперь вы можете:</flowDiv>
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<circle cy="0" cx="0" r="2" transform="translate(15, 1601.5038352000001)"/>
<rect id="d0e283" display="none" height="1000px" width="258" y="1595.5" x="20"/>
<flowRoot style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;text-align:start;" font-weight="normal" font-size="8" font-style="normal" font-stretch="normal" font-variant="normal" font-family="Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">
<flowRegion>
<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e283"/>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve"><flowSpan font-style="italic">Поворачивать</flowSpan> объект, потянув за угловые стрелки (с нажатым <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl</flowSpan> объект будет поворачиваться шагами по 15 градусов. Сместив крестик, вы сместите центр вращения.)</flowDiv>
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<circle cy="0" cx="0" r="2" transform="translate(15, 1640.7918292000002)"/>
<rect id="d0e294" display="none" height="1000px" width="258" y="1634.8" x="20"/>
<flowRoot style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;text-align:start;" font-weight="normal" font-size="8" font-style="normal" font-stretch="normal" font-variant="normal" font-family="Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">
<flowRegion>
<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e294"/>
</flowRegion>
<flowDiv xml:space="preserve"><flowSpan font-style="italic">Перекашивать</flowSpan> (наклонять) объект, двигая неугловые стрелки. (с нажатым <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl</flowSpan> перекашивание будет производиться с шагом в 15 градусов.)</flowDiv>
</flowRoot>
<rect id="d0e303" display="none" height="1000px" width="288" y="1674.1" x="10"/>
<flowRoot style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;text-align:start;" font-weight="normal" font-size="8" font-style="normal" font-stretch="normal" font-variant="normal" font-family="Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">
<flowRegion>
<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e303"/>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">В этом режиме (режиме выделения объектов) вы так же можете менять размеры и расположение выделения на холсте, используя поля вверху.</flowDiv>
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<tspan y="1726.1481052000001" x="10">Изменение формы при помощи клавиш</tspan>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Одна из особенностей Inkscape, отличающая его от большинства других редакторов векторной графики — удобное управление с клавиатуры. Трудно найти команду или действие, которое нельзя было бы выполнить с клавиатуры, и изменение формы объектов — не исключение.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Вы можете использовать клавиатуру для перемещения объектов (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">клавиши-стрелки</flowSpan>), изменения размера (клавиши <flowSpan font-weight="bold"><</flowSpan> и <flowSpan font-weight="bold">></flowSpan>), и вращения (клавиши <flowSpan font-weight="bold">[</flowSpan> и <flowSpan font-weight="bold">]</flowSpan>). По умолчанию шаг перемещения и смены размера равен двум пикселам. С нажатой клавишей <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift</flowSpan> это значение увеличивается в 10 раз (и становится равным 20 пикселам). Клавиши <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+></flowSpan> и <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+<</flowSpan> увеличивают или уменьшают объект на 200% или 50% от оригинала соответственно. С нажатой клавишей <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl</flowSpan> вращение будет выполняться с шагом в 90 градусов вместо 15.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Кстати говоря, наиболее удобны <flowSpan font-style="italic">пиксельные изменения формы</flowSpan>, производимые с нажатой клавишей <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt</flowSpan> и клавишами изменения форм. Например, <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+стрелки</flowSpan> будут двигать выбранное на 1 пиксел <flowSpan font-style="italic">данного масштаба</flowSpan> (т.е. на 1 <flowSpan font-style="italic">пиксел экрана</flowSpan>, не путайте с пикселом, который является SVG единицей длины и отличается от пиксела масштаба). Это значит, что если вы увеличили масштаб, то <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+стрелка</flowSpan> даст <flowSpan font-style="italic">меньшее</flowSpan> смещение от абсолютного измерения, что по-прежнему будет выглядит как смещение на пиксел на экране. Это даёт возможность точно разместить объект, меняя масштаб.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Схожим образом <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+></flowSpan> и <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+<</flowSpan> меняют размер на один пиксел, а <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+></flowSpan> и <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+<</flowSpan> вращают объект на один пиксел.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve"><flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+стрелка</flowSpan> и некоторые другие комбинации клавиш могут не работать, если используемый в Linux оконный менеджер перехватывает эти клавишные события прежде, чем они достигнут Inkscape. Обычно этот вопрос решается настройкой оконного менеджера.</flowDiv>
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<tspan y="2107.3522422" x="10">Выделение нескольких объектов</tspan>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Вы можете выбрать любое количество объектов одновременно, нажав <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+щелчок</flowSpan> на желаемых объектах. Еще можно <flowSpan font-weight="bold">выбрать</flowSpan> объекты рамкой выделения — так называемым <flowSpan font-style="italic">резиновым выделением</flowSpan>. (Рамка выделения появляется, когда выделение начинается с пустого места, а с нажатой клавишей <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift</flowSpan> рамка выделения появится и над объектом.) Попрактикуйтесь в выделении на этих трех фигурах:</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Теперь, используя «резиновое» выделение (без или с клавишей <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift</flowSpan>), выделите эллипсы, но не прямоугольник, что под ними:</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Каждый выделенный объект отображается с пунктирной рамкой вокруг него. Благодаря этой рамке просто определить, какой объект выделен, а какой — нет. Например, если выбрать оба эллипса и прямоугольник под ними, без пунктирной рамки будет сложно понять, выделены эллипсы или нет.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve"><flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+щелчок</flowSpan>на выделенном исключает его из общего выделения. Попробуйте для практики выбрать три объекта сверху, а после этого, используя <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+щелчок</flowSpan>, исключите эллипсы, оставив выделенным только прямоугольник.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Нажатие <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Esc</flowSpan> сбросит все выделения. <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+A</flowSpan> выделяет все объекты в пределах активного слоя (если вы не создавали слоёв, это равносильно выделению всех объектов документа).</flowDiv>
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<tspan y="2500.7010342" x="10">Группировка</tspan>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Несколько объектов могут быть объединены в <flowSpan font-style="italic">группу</flowSpan>. При перемещении и трансформации группа ведет себя как обычный объект. Как следует из иллюстрации ниже, три объекта слева независимы, в то время как правые объекты сгруппированы. Попробуйте перетащить сгруппированные объекты.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Для создания группы нужно выбрать один или более объектов и нажать <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+G</flowSpan>. Разгруппировать их можно, нажав <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+U</flowSpan> и предварительно выбрав группу. Сами по себе группы могут быть сгруппированы и как одиночные объекты. Подобная поэтапная группировка может быть сколь угодно сложной. При этом следует помнить, что <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+U</flowSpan> разгруппирует только последнюю группировку. Нужно нажать <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+U</flowSpan> несколько раз, если вы хотите полностью разгруппировать сложносгруппированные группы в группе.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Очень удобно, что вам не нужно разбивать группу для редактирования отдельных объектов. Выполнив <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+щелчок</flowSpan> по объекту, вы его выберете и сможете его редактировать. Таким же образом работает комбинация <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+Ctrl+щелчок</flowSpan>, позволяющая редактировать несколько объектов независимо от группы. Попробуйте трансформировать или переместить отдельные объекты из предыдущего примера (правая верхняя картинка) без разгруппировки, затем выберите всю группу обычным образом и убедитесь, что объекты остались сгруппированными.</flowDiv>
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<tspan y="2871.1081412" x="10">Заливка и обводка</tspan>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Множество функций Inkscape доступны через <flowSpan font-style="italic">диалоги (субменю)</flowSpan>. Вероятно, самый простой способ заполнить объект каким-либо цветом — это выбрать «Образцы цветов...» из меню «Вид», выбрать объект и его цвет в палитре образцов цвета (изменение цвета заливки или обводки объекта).</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Но более мощным способом будет выбрать диалог «Заливка и обводка...» через меню «Объект» (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+Ctrl+F</flowSpan>). Выберите ту фигуру, что ниже, и откройте диалог «Заливка и обводка...».</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Вы увидите, что диалог содержит три вкладки: «Заливка», «Цвет обводки», и «Стиль обводки». Вкладка «Заливка» позволит вам изменить <flowSpan font-style="italic">заполнение</flowSpan> выбранного объекта (или объектов). Используя кнопки под вкладкой, вы можете выбрать тип заливки, включая режим «Нет заливки» (кнопка со знаком X), режим «Плоский цвет», режимы «Линейный градиент» или «Радиальный градиент». Для приведенной выше фигуры будет нажата кнопка «Плоский цвет».</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Чуть ниже расположены кнопки-варианты <flowSpan font-style="italic">выбора цвета</flowSpan>. Каждый вариант имеет свою вкладку: RGB, CMYK, HSL, и «Круг». Вероятно, самым удобным вариантом является «Круг», где можно выбрать тон цвета, вращая треугольник, а затем подобрать насыщенность и яркость в самом треугольнике. Все варианты выбора цвета имеют возможность менять <flowSpan font-style="italic">альфа-канал</flowSpan> (прозрачность) выбранного объекта (или объектов).</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Каждый раз при выборе объекта вкладка «Заливка и обводка...» показывает текущее значение для данного объекта (для нескольких, одновременно выбранных объектов, вкладка цвета показывает их <flowSpan font-style="italic">усредненный</flowSpan> цвет). Поэкспериментируйте на этих примерах:</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Используя вкладку «Цвет обводки», вы можете убрать <flowSpan font-style="italic">обводку</flowSpan> объекта, установить его цвет или прозрачность:</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Последняя вкладка «Стиль обводки» позволит вам изменить толщину и другие параметры обводки:</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">И, наконец, вместо сплошной окраски можно использовать <flowSpan font-style="italic">градиенты</flowSpan> для заливки и/или обводки:</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">При переключении с режима «Плоский цвет» на режим градиента, создаваемый градиент использует предыдущий цвет и направлен от насыщенности к прозрачности. Переключитесь на инструмент для градиентов (выбрав инструмент в левой панели или нажав <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+F1</flowSpan>). При перемещении <flowSpan font-style="italic">рычаги градиента</flowSpan> — видно, что рычаги связаны линиями, которые определяют направление и длину градиента. Когда какой-нибудь из вычагов градиента выбран (подсвечен синим), диалог «Заливка и обводка...» устанавливает цвет рычага (цвета части градиента), а не выбранного объекта.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Ещё один способ изменить цвет объекта — использовать инструмент Пипетка («Брать усредненные цвета от изображения (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">F7</flowSpan>)»). Просто <flowSpan font-weight="bold">щелкните</flowSpan> этим инструментом в любой части рисунка, и полученный цвет будет присвоен выбранному до этого объекту (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+щелчок</flowSpan> присвоит цвет обводке).</flowDiv>
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<tspan y="3767.1214782" x="10">Дублирование, выравнивание, распределение</tspan>
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<flowRoot style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;text-align:start;" font-weight="normal" font-size="8" font-style="normal" font-stretch="normal" font-variant="normal" font-family="Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Одним из наиболее распространенных действий является <flowSpan font-style="italic">дублирование</flowSpan> объекта (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+D</flowSpan>). Дублирование размещает дубликат над оригиналом и делает его выделенным, так что вы можете переместить его в сторону при помощи мыши или клавиш со стрелками. Попробуйте построить линию из копий этого квадрата:</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Вероятнее всего, копии квадрата стоят неровно; это можно поправить, используя диалог «Выровнять (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+Shift+A</flowSpan>). Выберите все квадраты (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+щелчок</flowSpan> или выделив мышью), откройте диалог(в меню «Объект ») и нажмите на кнопку «Центрировать на горизонтальной оси», а после на кнопку «Выровнять интервалы между объектами по горизонтали» (читайте подсказки над кнопками). Теперь объекты аккуратно расстановлены и расстояние между ними одинаковое. Вот другие примеры выравнивания и расстановки:</flowDiv>
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<tspan y="4066.0952322000003" x="10">Z-порядок</tspan>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Термин <flowSpan font-style="italic">Z-порядок</flowSpan> (порядок по оси Z) относится к перекрыванию объектами друг друга на рисунке. Иначе говоря, Z-порядок определяет, какой объект находится выше и закрывает собой другие. Две команды в меню «Объект» → «Поднять на передний план» (клавиша <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Home</flowSpan>) и «Опустить на задний план» (клавиша <flowSpan font-weight="bold">End</flowSpan>), переместят выбранный объект в самую верхнюю или самую нижнюю позицию по оси Z данного слоя. Другие две команды, «Поднять» (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">PgUp</flowSpan>) и «Опустить» (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">PgDn</flowSpan>), опустят или приподнимут выбранный объект (или объекты), <flowSpan font-style="italic">но только на один уровень</flowSpan> относительно других невыделенных объектов по оси Z (считаются только объекты, перекрывающие выделенные; если выделение ничем не перекрывается, действие «Поднять» и «Опустить» будет ставить его в самую верхнюю или самую нижнюю позицию соответственно).</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Попрактикуйтесь в использовании этих команд, развернув Z-порядок нижестоящих объектов так, чтобы крайний левый эллипс оказался вверху, а крайний правый — в самом низу:</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Очень полезная клавиша для выделений объектов — <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Tab</flowSpan>. Если ничего не выбрано, Tab выделяет самый нижний объект по оси Z; иначе Tab выбирает объект, <flowSpan font-style="italic">находящийся над выбранным объектом (объектами)</flowSpan> на оси Z. <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+Tab</flowSpan> срабатывает наоборот, переключая от верхнего к нижнему, поскольку при создании объекта он добавляется в самый верх Z-уровня. И если нет выделения, нажатие <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+Tab</flowSpan> выберет <flowSpan font-style="italic">последний</flowSpan> созданный объект. Опробуйте использование <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Tab</flowSpan> и <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+Tab</flowSpan> на стопке эллипсов вверху.</flowDiv>
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<tspan y="4454.7372761999995" x="10">Выделение объектов под объектами и перемещение выделенного</tspan>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Что вы будете делать, если нужный вам объект закрыт другим объектом? Вы можете видеть нижний объект, если верхний (частично) прозрачен, но щелкнув по нужному, вы сделаете выделенным верхний объект, а не тот, что вам нужен.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">В такой ситуации может помочь комбинация <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+щелчок</flowSpan>. Для начала щелкните объект, зажимая при этом клавишу <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt</flowSpan>. В результате будет выбран тот объект, что сверху, как и при обычном выделении. Но при повторном нажатии <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+щелчок</flowSpan> в этом же месте выделенным станет <flowSpan font-style="italic">нижний</flowSpan> объект, ещё нажатие — и выделение сместится на объект уровнем ниже и т.д. Таким образом, несколько нажатий <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+щелчок</flowSpan> на стопке объектов будут перемещать выделение от верхнего объекта к нижнему на оси Z. Добравшись до самого нижнего объекта, нажатие <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+щелчок</flowSpan> выберет самый верхний объект.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">[<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+щелчок</flowSpan> может не работать в Linux, если используемый оконный менеджер зарезервировал эти события для собственных надобностей. Попробуйте либо настроить оконный менеджер так, чтобы он этого не делал, либо заставьте его использовать клавишу Meta (она же клавиша Windows), так чтобы Inkscape и другие приложения могли свободно использовать Alt.]</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Это замечательно, но что вы теперь будете делать с выделенным объектом, находящимся под объектом? Вы можете менять его форму и передвигать за управляющие ручки, но при попытке перемещения самого объекта ваше выделение сбросится и выделенным станет объект, находящийся выше (таким образом работает система щелчок-и-перемещение — сначало она выбирает объект (верхний) под курсором, а потом уже даёт возможность его перемещать). Чтобы сказать Inkscape перемещал <flowSpan font-style="italic">то, что выбрано сейчас</flowSpan>, не выбирая ничего другого, используйте <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+перемещение (мышью)</flowSpan>. Эта комбинация будет перемещать нужное выделение вне зависимости от того места, где движется курсор мыши.</flowDiv>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Попрактикуйте <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+щелчок</flowSpan> и <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+перемещение (мышью)</flowSpan> на двух коричневых фигурах, что под зеленым прозрачным прямоугольником:</flowDiv>
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<tspan y="4958.201743199999" x="10">Заключение</tspan>
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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Урок по основам работы с Inkscape на этом закончен. В нем рассмотрена лишь малая часть возможностей Inkscape, но уже с теми знаниями, которые вы получили, можно создавать простые и полезные графические работы. Описание более сложного материала можно найти в учебнике «Второй уровень» и других учебниках в меню «<flowSpan font-family="Sans">Справка > Учебник</flowSpan>».</flowDiv>
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