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<tspan id="tspan1668" style="letter-spacing:2.1813099;" dx="0 -0.57057059 0 0 0 0 0" fill="#ffffff">::NÂNG CAO</tspan>

</text>

bulia byak, buliabyak@users.sf.net và josh andler, scislac@users.sf.net

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<flowRegion>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Bài hướng dẫn này đề cập đến thao tác chép và dán, sửa nốt, nét vẽ tự do và cung bezier, xử lý đường nét, các phép tập hợp, đối tượng co rút/mở rộng, đơn giản hoá, và công cụ văn bản.</flowDiv>

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<flowRegion>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Dùng <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+mũi tên</flowSpan>, <flowSpan font-weight="bold">xoay chuột</flowSpan>, hoặc <flowSpan font-weight="bold">kéo nút giữa chuột</flowSpan> để cuộn trang xuống dưới. Để xem các thao tác tạo đối tượng, chọn và chuyển dạng cơ bản, hãy xem bài hướng dẫn Cơ bản trong <flowSpan font-family="sans serif">Trợ giúp &gt; Hướng dẫn</flowSpan>.</flowDiv>

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<tspan y="134.823824" x="10">Các kỹ thuật dán</tspan>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Sau khi dùng <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+C</flowSpan> hoặc <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+X</flowSpan> để cắt hay chép một vài đối tượng, lệnh <flowSpan font-family="sans serif">Dán</flowSpan> (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+V</flowSpan>) sẽ dán đối tượng đã chép vào vị trí nằm dưới con trỏ, hoặc vào giữa tài liệu nếu con trỏ nằm ngoài cửa sổ Inkscape. Tuy vậy, trong bảng nháp vẫn có thông tin về vị trí ban đầu của các đối tượng đã cắt/chép, và bạn có thể dán chúng lại vào chỗ cũ bằng lệnh <flowSpan font-family="sans serif">Dán tại chỗ cũ</flowSpan> (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+Alt+V</flowSpan>).</flowDiv>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Một lệnh khác, <flowSpan font-family="sans serif">Dán kiểu dáng</flowSpan> (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+Ctrl+V</flowSpan>), áp dụng kiểu dáng của đối tượng đầu tiên trong bảng nháp cho vùng chọn hiện thời. “Kiểu dáng” được dán vào bao gồm màu tô, nét viền, phông chữ, nhưng không bao gồm hình dáng, kích cỡ hoặc các tham số đặc trưng cho một loại hình dáng, như số đỉnh của hình sao chả hạn.</flowDiv>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Một tập hợp các lệnh khác nữa, <flowSpan font-family="sans serif">Dán kích cỡ</flowSpan>, co giãn vùng chọn cho giống kích thước của các đối tượng trong bảng nháp. Có một số lệnh để dán kích thước như sau: Dán Kích cỡ, Dán chiều rộng, Dán Chiều cao, Dán riêng Kích cỡ, Dán riêng chiều rộng, và Dán riêng chiều cao.</flowDiv>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve"><flowSpan font-family="sans serif">Dán kích cỡ</flowSpan> co giãn toàn bộ vùng chọn cho giống kích thước tổng hợp của tất cả các đối tượng trong bảng nháp. <flowSpan font-family="sans serif">Dán chiều rộng</flowSpan>/<flowSpan font-family="sans serif">Dán chiều cao</flowSpan> chỉnh lại chiều rộng/chiều cao của vùng chọn cho giống chiều rộng/cao của đối tượng trong bảng nháp. Những lệnh này khi được dùng lúc đối tượng bị khoá tỉ lệ (nút khoá nằm trên thanh Điều khiển Công cụ của công cụ Chọn được nhấn) thì cả chiều rộng lẫn chiều cao đều sẽ thay đổi phù hợp để đảm bảo giữ nguyên tỉ lệ các chiều. Các lệnh có chữ "riêng" cũng có chức năng tương tự thế, nhưng chúng co giãn riêng từng đối tượng sao cho giống với kích cỡ trong bảng nháp.</flowDiv>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Clipboard is system-wide - you can copy/paste objects between different Inkscape

instances as well as between Inkscape and other applications (which must be able to

handle SVG on the clipboard to use this).

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<tspan y="498.29232199999996" x="10">Vẽ nét tự do và các đường nét chính quy</tspan>

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<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e95"/>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Cách dễ nhất để tạo một hình dạng bất kỳ là dùng công cụ Bút chì (vẽ tự do) (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">F6</flowSpan>):</flowDiv>

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<path id="advanced-f01-vi.svgpath2356" stroke-linejoin="miter" style="marker-end:none;color:#000000;marker-start:none;stroke-dasharray:none;marker-mid:none;" d="M168.93,48.291c-0.93,1.387-3.45-0.619-5,0-15.47,6.188-25.19,28.823-0.72,23.928,2.56-0.512,4.77-2.143,7.15-3.214" stroke-dashoffset="0.0000000" transform="translate(10, 541.0099469999999) " stroke="#000" stroke-linecap="butt" stroke-miterlimit="4.0000000" stroke-width="1.0000000pt" fill="none"/>

<path id="advanced-f01-vi.svgpath2382" stroke-linejoin="miter" style="marker-end:none;color:#000000;marker-start:none;stroke-dasharray:none;marker-mid:none;" d="M230.71,51.862c-0.02,0.042,8.22-2.601,14.65-5.357,13.01-5.578,12.87-20.01-2.15-11.429-10.41,5.949-18.7,23.929-1.07,23.929,9.37,0,21.66-3.891,28.93-10.357" stroke-dashoffset="0.0000000" transform="translate(10, 541.0099469999999) " stroke="#000" stroke-linecap="butt" stroke-miterlimit="4.0000000" stroke-width="1.0000000pt" fill="none"/>

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<flowRoot style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;text-align:start;" font-weight="normal" font-size="8" font-style="normal" font-stretch="normal" font-variant="normal" font-family="DejaVu Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">

<flowRegion>

<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e111"/>

</flowRegion>

<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Nếu bạn muốn vẽ các nét chính quy, hãy dùng công cụ Bút (Bezier) (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+F6</flowSpan>):</flowDiv>

</flowRoot>

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<path id="advanced-f02-vi.svgpath1322" d="M138.02,45.326s6.16-15.126,0-11.965c-6.16,3.16-21.15,17.264-19.42,17.264s19.86-1.855,18.65,0c-1.2,1.854-5.77,15.212-11.53,14.187-5.77-1.026-9.23-10.94-9.23-10.94" transform="translate(10, 702.2534679999999) " stroke="#000" stroke-width="1.0000000pt" fill="none"/>

<path id="advanced-f02-vi.svgpath1323" d="M164.31,46.693c-7.8-12.013-18.46-12.648-18.46-12.648v20.511l12.31,10.939s9.61,3.077,9.61-8.204" transform="translate(10, 702.2534679999999) " stroke="#000" stroke-width="1.0000000pt" fill="none"/>

<path id="advanced-f02-vi.svgpath1324" d="M161.48,33.515h25.41s-15.37,0.279-16,13.387,7.4,17.195,13.02,11.574c5.95-5.952,7.43-24.648,7.43-24.648v31.202" sodipodi:nodetypes="cccscc" transform="translate(10, 702.2534679999999) " stroke="#000" stroke-width="1.0000000pt" fill="none"/>

<path id="advanced-f02-vi.svgpath1325" d="M197.87,73.397v-40.161h13.6c14.16,0,5.22,11.841-0.83,18.686-6.03,6.81-8.8,5.641-8.8-2.231" sodipodi:nodetypes="cccsc" transform="translate(10, 702.2534679999999) " stroke="#000" stroke-width="1.0000000pt" fill="none"/>

<path id="advanced-f02-vi.svgpath1328" d="M219.33,44.95h37.64s-0.31-11.156-17.57-11.435c-17.25-0.279-15.68,17.849-15.68,23.427s5.02,15.897,17.88,15.897,15.37-13.666,15.37-20.08" transform="translate(10, 702.2534679999999) " stroke="#000" stroke-width="1.0000000pt" fill="none"/>

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<flowRoot style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;text-align:start;" font-weight="normal" font-size="8" font-style="normal" font-stretch="normal" font-variant="normal" font-family="DejaVu Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">

<flowRegion>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Khi dùng công cụ Bút, mỗi lần <flowSpan font-weight="bold">bấm chuột</flowSpan>, một nút nhọn không có các chốt để uốn cong sẽ được tạo ra, nên sau nhiều lần bấm chuột ta sẽ có được một đường gấp khúc. <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Bấm rồi kéo chuột</flowSpan> sẽ tạo một nút Bezier mịn, có 2 chốt nằm đối xứng với nhau tại nút đó. Nhấn <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift</flowSpan> khi kéo một trong 2 chốt để xoay tay đòn ứng với chốt đó và giữ cố định chốt còn lại. <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl</flowSpan> hạn chế độ lệch thành từng góc 15 độ một trong lúc xoay tay đòn. Nhấn <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Enter</flowSpan> để hoàn tất đường đang tạo, và <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Esc</flowSpan> để xoá nó. Để xoá đoạn vừa vẽ thay vì toàn bộ đường nét đang tạo, hãy nhấn <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Backspace</flowSpan>.</flowDiv>

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<flowRoot style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;text-align:start;" font-weight="normal" font-size="8" font-style="normal" font-stretch="normal" font-variant="normal" font-family="DejaVu Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">

<flowRegion>

<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e151"/>

</flowRegion>

<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Trong cả 2 công cụ Bút và Bút chì, đường nét đang được chọn sẽ có những <flowSpan font-style="italic">điểm neo</flowSpan> nhỏ hình vuông ở 2 đầu. Những điểm neo này cho phép bạn <flowSpan font-style="italic">vẽ tiếp</flowSpan> nét này (bằng cách vẽ từ một trong các điểm neo) hoặc <flowSpan font-style="italic">đóng</flowSpan> nét lại (bằng cách vẽ từ điểm neo này đến điểm neo còn lại) thay vì tạo ra một nét mới.</flowDiv>

</flowRoot>

<text style="writing-mode:lr;text-anchor:start;" font-weight="bold" font-size="8" y="970.7274639999998" x="10" font-family="DejaVu Sans" font-style="normal" fill="#000000">

<tspan y="970.7274639999998" x="10">Chỉnh sửa đường nét</tspan>

</text>

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<flowRoot style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;text-align:start;" font-weight="normal" font-size="8" font-style="normal" font-stretch="normal" font-variant="normal" font-family="DejaVu Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">

<flowRegion>

<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e169"/>

</flowRegion>

<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Trong khi các công cụ hình dạng tạo ra các hình dáng, thì công cụ Bút và Bút chì tạo ra những <flowSpan font-style="italic">đường nét</flowSpan>. Một đường nét là một chuỗi các đoạn thẳng hoặc/và cung Bezier, cũng giống như các đối tượng Inkscape khác, có thiết lập màu tô và nét tuỳ ý. Nhưng không giống như một hình dạng, ta có thể sửa các đường nét một cách tuỳ ý bằng cách di chuyển các nút của nó ra chỗ khác (hình dạng chỉ có các chốt nhất định để ta di chuyển), hoặc trực tiếp kéo một đoạn trong đường nét. Chọn đường nét này và chuyển sang công cụ Nút (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">F2</flowSpan>):</flowDiv>

</flowRoot>

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<flowRegion>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">You will see a number of gray square <flowSpan font-style="italic">nodes</flowSpan> on the path. These

nodes can be <flowSpan font-style="italic">selected</flowSpan> by <flowSpan font-weight="bold">click</flowSpan>,

<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+click</flowSpan>, or by <flowSpan font-weight="bold">drag</flowSpan>ging a rubberband -

exactly like objects are selected by the Selector tool. You can also click a

path segment to automatically select the adjacent nodes. Selected nodes become

highlighted and show their <flowSpan font-style="italic">node handles</flowSpan> - one or two

small circles connected to each selected node by straight lines. The <flowSpan font-weight="bold">!</flowSpan> key

inverts node selection in the current subpath(s) (i.e. subpaths with at least one

selected node); <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+!</flowSpan> inverts in the entire path.

</flowDiv>

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<flowRoot style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;text-align:start;" font-weight="normal" font-size="8" font-style="normal" font-stretch="normal" font-variant="normal" font-family="DejaVu Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">

<flowRegion>

<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e215"/>

</flowRegion>

<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Sửa nét bằng cách <flowSpan font-weight="bold">kéo</flowSpan> các nút, chốt của nút hoặc trực tiếp kéo một đoạn đường nét ra vị trí mong muốn. (Hãy thử di chuyển một số nút, chốt và đoạn trong đường nét bên trên). Giữ <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl</flowSpan> khi kéo để hạn chế độ dịch chuyển và góc xoay. Các phím <flowSpan font-weight="bold">mũi tên</flowSpan>, <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Tab</flowSpan>, <flowSpan font-weight="bold">[</flowSpan>, <flowSpan font-weight="bold">]</flowSpan>, <flowSpan font-weight="bold">&lt;</flowSpan>, <flowSpan font-weight="bold">&gt;</flowSpan> và các phím kết hợp với chúng cũng làm việc giống như với công cụ Chọn, nhưng áp dụng cho nút thay vì đối tượng. Bạn có thể thêm các nút ở bất cứ vị trí nào trên đường nét bằng cách bấm đúp chuột hoặc <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+Alt+bấm chuột</flowSpan>lên vị trí cần thêm nút.</flowDiv>

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<flowRoot style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;text-align:start;" font-weight="normal" font-size="8" font-style="normal" font-stretch="normal" font-variant="normal" font-family="DejaVu Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">

<flowRegion>

<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e245"/>

</flowRegion>

<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Bạn cũng có thể xóa nút bằng phím <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Del</flowSpan> hoặc <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+Alt+bấm chuột</flowSpan> lên nút cần xoá. Khi xoá một nút, Inkscape sẽ cố giữ nguyên hình dáng của đường nét bằng cách điều chỉnh lại các chốt của 2 nút lân cận. Nếu bạn muốn giữ cho chốt của các nút lân cận không đổi, hãy dùng <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+Del</flowSpan> để xoá nút. Thêm nữa, bạn có thể nhân đôi nút đã chọn bằng phím <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+D</flowSpan>. Nhấn <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+B</flowSpan>, 1 đường nét sẽ được ngắt thành 2 nét thành phần tại nút đang chọn. Nếu bạn chọn 2 nút cuối trong cùng 1 nét, bạn có thể kết hợp chúng lại (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+J</flowSpan>). </flowDiv>

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<flowRoot style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;text-align:start;" font-weight="normal" font-size="8" font-style="normal" font-stretch="normal" font-variant="normal" font-family="DejaVu Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">

<flowRegion>

<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e266"/>

</flowRegion>

<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Một nút có thể trở thành <flowSpan font-style="italic">nút nhọn</flowSpan> (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+C</flowSpan>) có 2 tay đòn ở 2 góc bất kỳ không phụ thuộc nhau; hoặc <flowSpan font-style="italic">nút mịn</flowSpan> (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+S</flowSpan>) với 2 tay đòn nằm trên 1 đường thẳng; hoặc <flowSpan font-style="italic">nút đối xứng</flowSpan> (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+Y</flowSpan>) với 2 tay đòn thẳng hàng và có cùng chiều dài. Khi bạn chuyển đổi kiểu nút, bạn có thể giữ nguyên vị trí của 1 trong 2 chốt điều chỉnh bằng cách đặt con chuột tại nút đó, rồi dùng bàn phím để sửa tay đòn còn lại.</flowDiv>

</flowRoot>

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<flowRoot style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;text-align:start;" font-weight="normal" font-size="8" font-style="normal" font-stretch="normal" font-variant="normal" font-family="DejaVu Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">

<flowRegion>

<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e287"/>

</flowRegion>

<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Bạn cũng có thể <flowSpan font-style="italic">rụt chốt vào</flowSpan> để xoá 2 tay đòn của 1 nút bằng <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+bấm chuột</flowSpan> lên 1 chốt. Nếu 2 nút liền nhau đều bị rụt chốt vào, đoạn giữa chúng sẽ là đoạn thẳng. Để kéo tay đòn ra khỏi nút chưa có tay đòn, hãy <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+kéo chuột</flowSpan> từ giữa nút ra ngoài.</flowDiv>

</flowRoot>

<text style="writing-mode:lr;text-anchor:start;" font-weight="bold" font-size="8" y="1579.7523749999996" x="10" font-family="DejaVu Sans" font-style="normal" fill="#000000">

<tspan y="1579.7523749999996" x="10">Đường nét thành phần</tspan>

</text>

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<flowRoot style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;text-align:start;" font-weight="normal" font-size="8" font-style="normal" font-stretch="normal" font-variant="normal" font-family="DejaVu Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">

<flowRegion>

<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e305"/>

</flowRegion>

<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Một nét có thể có nhiều <flowSpan font-style="italic">nét thành phần</flowSpan>. Một đường nét thành phần là một chuỗi các nút được nối lại với nhau. Nếu một đường nét có nhiều hơn 1 nét thành phần có thể có các nút không được nối với nhau. Trong hình dưới, bên trái là 3 nét con trong 1 nét phức và bên phải là 3 nét độc lập: </flowDiv>

</flowRoot>

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<flowRegion>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Lưu ý rằng một đường nét phức (có nhiều nét thành phần) không giống như 1 nhóm. Đó là 1 đối tượng duy nhất, mà bạn chỉ có thể chọn toàn bộ chứ không thể chọn rời rạc từng đường nét thành phần được. Nếu bạn chọn đối tượng bên trái khi dùng công cụ Nút, bạn sẽ thấy các nút xuất hiện trên cả 3 nét thành phần, trong khi với hình bên phải, bạn chỉ có thể chọn riêng từng nét để chỉnh sửa.</flowDiv>

</flowRoot>

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<flowRoot style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;text-align:start;" font-weight="normal" font-size="8" font-style="normal" font-stretch="normal" font-variant="normal" font-family="DejaVu Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">

<flowRegion>

<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e324"/>

</flowRegion>

<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Inkscape cho phép bạn <flowSpan font-family="sans serif">Kết hợp</flowSpan> (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+K</flowSpan>) nhiều đường nét thành một nét phức, hoặc <flowSpan font-family="sans serif">Ngắt ra</flowSpan> (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+Ctrl+K</flowSpan>) để chuyển nét thành phần thành nét độc lập. Hãy dùng thử 2 lệnh này với hình mẫu ở trên. Vì mỗi đối tượng chỉ có thể có 1 màu tô và nét viền, nên đường nét phức được kết hợp lại sẽ có kiểu dáng của đối tượng đầu tiên (thứ tự z thấp nhất).</flowDiv>

</flowRoot>

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<flowRoot style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;text-align:start;" font-weight="normal" font-size="8" font-style="normal" font-stretch="normal" font-variant="normal" font-family="DejaVu Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">

<flowRegion>

<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e339"/>

</flowRegion>

<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Khi bạn kết hợp các nét phủ lên nhau, thường thường thì chỗ che lấp nhau đó sẽ không có màu tô:</flowDiv>

</flowRoot>

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<flowRoot style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;text-align:start;" font-weight="normal" font-size="8" font-style="normal" font-stretch="normal" font-variant="normal" font-family="DejaVu Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">

<flowRegion>

<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e352"/>

</flowRegion>

<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Đây là cách dễ nhất để tạo một đối tượng có các khoen trống trên đó. Để biết thêm về các lệnh xử lý nét mạnh hơn, hãy xem phần “Các phép logic” dưới đây.</flowDiv>

</flowRoot>

<text style="writing-mode:lr;text-anchor:start;" font-weight="bold" font-size="8" y="2036.1343949999996" x="10" font-family="DejaVu Sans" font-style="normal" fill="#000000">

<tspan y="2036.1343949999996" x="10">Chuyển thành đường nét</tspan>

</text>

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<flowRoot style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;text-align:start;" font-weight="normal" font-size="8" font-style="normal" font-stretch="normal" font-variant="normal" font-family="DejaVu Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">

<flowRegion>

<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e361"/>

</flowRegion>

<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Any shape or text object can be <flowSpan font-style="italic">converted to path</flowSpan>

(<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+Ctrl+C</flowSpan>). This operation does not change the appearance of the

object but removes all capabilities specific to its type (e.g. you can't round the

corners of a rectangle or edit the text anymore); instead, you can now edit its

nodes. Here are two stars - the left one is kept a shape and the right one is

converted to path. Switch to node tool and compare their editability when selected:

</flowDiv>

</flowRoot>

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<path id="advanced-f06-vi.svgpath1412" d="M204.84,59.034l-10.59-19.652-16.32,20.738,8.76-20.532-26.39,0.169,21.52-5.95-16.59-20.528,18.07,13.112,5.71-25.766,1.01,22.3,23.71-11.602-16.81,14.696,23.85,11.298-21.96-3.974,6.03,25.691z" fill-opacity="0.75000000" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="translate(10, 2131.0298629999998) " stroke="#000" stroke-width="1.0000000pt" fill="#FF0"/>

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<flowRoot style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;text-align:start;" font-weight="normal" font-size="8" font-style="normal" font-stretch="normal" font-variant="normal" font-family="DejaVu Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">

<flowRegion>

<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e380"/>

</flowRegion>

<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Hơn nữa, bạn có thể chuyển <flowSpan font-style="italic">nét viền</flowSpan> của đối tượng thành đường nét. Hình dưới, đối tượng bên trái là một đường nét nguyên bản (không tô màu, viền đen) trong khi đối tượng thứ 2 là kết quả của lệnh <flowSpan font-family="sans serif">Nét viền sang đường nét</flowSpan> (Ctrl+Alt+C) (tô màu đen, không có viền): </flowDiv>

</flowRoot>

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<path id="advanced-f07-vi.svgpath1432" d="M186.93,0.0677c-1.24,0.1038-2.52,0.3156-3.88,0.6562-8.6,2.1554-15.75,6.6404-22,12-6.24,5.36-11.65,11.611-16.97,17.687l6.75,5.938c5.34-6.096,10.51-12.046,16.06-16.813,5.56-4.766,11.44-8.331,18.35-10.062,1.26-0.3169,1.79-0.2322,2.5-0.25-0.43,0.8111-0.91,1.7071-2.1,3.0311-2.45,2.75-5.08,5.295-7.53,8.156-2.44,2.862-4.7,6.117-6.15,10.125-0.92,2.533-1.37,4.923-0.85,7.375,0.26,1.227,0.79,2.438,1.57,3.438,0.77,1,1.76,1.772,2.78,2.312,2.03,1.081,4.14,1.366,6.28,1.407,2.14,0.04,4.37-0.208,6.72-0.625,5.25-0.935,9.55-3.601,13.12-6.75,3.58-3.15,6.56-6.822,9.44-10.282,0.81-0.969,1.56-1.583,2.12-1.937,0.45-0.281,0.63-0.286,0.75-0.313,0.05,0.058,0.03,0.003,0.13,0.25v0.032l0.03,0.062c1.05,2.345,2.26,4.28,3.72,5.844s3.2,2.742,5.03,3.406,3.72,0.81,5.44,0.625,3.27-0.69,4.69-1.312c2.83-1.244,5.15-3.003,6.93-4.5,0.89-0.749,1.66-1.448,2.22-1.969,0.29-0.261,0.53-0.48,0.69-0.625,0.16-0.146,0.28-0.209,0.12-0.094l-5.28-7.312c-0.4,0.292-0.59,0.497-0.84,0.718-0.25,0.222-0.51,0.435-0.78,0.688-0.55,0.506-1.19,1.115-1.91,1.719-1.43,1.207-3.2,2.444-4.75,3.125-0.77,0.34-1.49,0.532-2.06,0.593-0.57,0.062-0.99,0.028-1.41-0.125-0.42-0.152-0.88-0.432-1.5-1.093-0.61-0.662-1.36-1.737-2.09-3.375-0.72-1.72-1.82-3.188-3.41-4.282-1.58-1.094-3.58-1.602-5.43-1.468-1.86,0.133-3.56,0.811-5.1,1.781-1.53,0.97-2.95,2.253-4.25,3.812-2.92,3.502-5.64,6.815-8.44,9.282-2.79,2.466-5.56,4.051-8.78,4.625-1.95,0.348-3.68,0.524-4.97,0.5-1.13-0.022-1.68-0.216-1.93-0.313-0.01-0.203-0.07-0.765,0.43-2.156,0.96-2.631,2.5-4.917,4.57-7.344s4.69-4.957,7.4-8c1.98-2.211,3.4-4.313,4.28-6.531,0.45-1.109,0.76-2.2602,0.82-3.5001s-0.17-2.5773-0.78-3.8125-1.62-2.2794-2.72-2.9687c-1.1-0.6894-2.27-1.0873-3.44-1.2813s-2.36-0.1976-3.59-0.0937z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="translate(10, 2263.7833029999997) " fill="#000"/>

<text style="writing-mode:lr;text-anchor:start;" font-weight="bold" font-size="8" y="2334.9818849999997" x="10" font-family="DejaVu Sans" font-style="normal" fill="#000000">

<tspan y="2334.9818849999997" x="10">Các phép toán tập hợp</tspan>

</text>

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<flowRoot style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;text-align:start;" font-weight="normal" font-size="8" font-style="normal" font-stretch="normal" font-variant="normal" font-family="DejaVu Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">

<flowRegion>

<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e405"/>

</flowRegion>

<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Các lệnh trong trình đơn Đường nét cho phép bạn kết hợp 2 hoặc nhiều đối tượng lại bằng <flowSpan font-style="italic">các phép toán tập hợp</flowSpan>:</flowDiv>

</flowRoot>

<text id="advanced-f08-vi.svgtext1463" style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;" font-weight="normal" sodipodi:linespacing="110.00000%" transform="translate(10, 2378.1212059999993) " line-height="110.00000%" xml:space="preserve" font-size="5.5761971" font-style="normal" y="4.2369075" x="132.69385" font-family="Bitstream Vera Serif" sodipodi:insensitive="true" fill="#000000"><tspan id="advanced-f08-vi.svgtspan1464" y="4.2369075" x="132.69385" role="line">Hình gốc</tspan></text>

<text id="advanced-f08-vi.svgtext1468" style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;" font-weight="normal" sodipodi:linespacing="110.00000%" transform="translate(10, 2378.1212059999993) " line-height="110.00000%" xml:space="preserve" font-size="5.5761971" font-style="normal" y="75.103027" x="72.512367" font-family="Bitstream Vera Serif" sodipodi:insensitive="true" fill="#000000"><tspan id="advanced-f08-vi.svgtspan1469" y="75.103027" x="72.512367" role="line">Hợp (Ctrl++)</tspan></text>

<text id="advanced-f08-vi.svgtext1471" style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;" font-weight="normal" sodipodi:linespacing="110.00000%" transform="translate(10, 2378.1212059999993) " line-height="110.00000%" xml:space="preserve" font-size="5.5761971" font-style="normal" y="75.103027" x="135.35332" font-family="Bitstream Vera Serif" sodipodi:insensitive="true" fill="#000000"><tspan id="advanced-f08-vi.svgtspan1472" y="75.103027" x="135.35332" role="line">Hiệu (Ctrl+-)</tspan></text>

<text id="advanced-f08-vi.svgtext1476" style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;" font-weight="normal" sodipodi:linespacing="110.00000%" transform="translate(10, 2378.1212059999993) " line-height="110.00000%" xml:space="preserve" font-size="5.5761971" font-style="normal" y="75.103027" x="202.23427" font-family="Bitstream Vera Serif" sodipodi:insensitive="true" fill="#000000"><tspan id="advanced-f08-vi.svgtspan1477" y="75.103027" x="202.23427" role="line">Giao</tspan><tspan id="advanced-f08-vi.svgtspan1482" y="81.236844" x="202.23427" role="line">(Ctrl+*)</tspan></text>

<text id="advanced-f08-vi.svgtext1479" style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;" font-weight="normal" sodipodi:linespacing="110.00000%" transform="translate(10, 2378.1212059999993) " line-height="110.00000%" xml:space="preserve" font-size="5.5761971" font-style="normal" y="149.98067" x="73.13726" font-family="Bitstream Vera Serif" sodipodi:insensitive="true" fill="#000000"><tspan id="advanced-f08-vi.svgtspan1480" y="149.98067" x="73.13726" role="line">Loại trừ</tspan><tspan id="advanced-f08-vi.svgtspan1484" y="156.11448" x="73.13726" role="line">(Ctrl+^)</tspan></text>

<text id="advanced-f08-vi.svgtext2252" style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;" font-weight="normal" sodipodi:linespacing="110.00000%" transform="translate(10, 2378.1212059999993) " line-height="110.00000%" xml:space="preserve" font-size="5.5761971" font-style="normal" y="149.98067" x="136.91679" font-family="Bitstream Vera Serif" sodipodi:insensitive="true" fill="#000000"><tspan id="advanced-f08-vi.svgtspan1820" y="149.98067" x="136.91679" role="line">Chia</tspan><tspan id="advanced-f08-vi.svgtspan1822" y="156.11448" x="136.91679" role="line">(Ctrl+/)</tspan></text>

<text id="advanced-f08-vi.svgtext1828" style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;" font-weight="normal" sodipodi:linespacing="110.00000%" transform="translate(10, 2378.1212059999993) " line-height="110.00000%" xml:space="preserve" font-size="5.5761971" font-style="normal" y="149.98067" x="199.6328" font-family="Bitstream Vera Serif" sodipodi:insensitive="true" fill="#000000"><tspan id="advanced-f08-vi.svgtspan1829" y="149.98067" x="199.6328" role="line">Cắt đường nét</tspan><tspan id="advanced-f08-vi.svgtspan1831" y="156.11448" x="199.6328" role="line">(Ctrl+Alt+/)</tspan><tspan id="advanced-f08-vi.svgtspan1833" y="162.2483" x="199.6328" sodipodi:role="line"/></text>

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<path id="advanced-f08-vi.svgpath1450" sodipodi:rx="15.245441" sodipodi:ry="15.687339" sodipodi:type="arc" d="M54.795,4055.5a15.245,15.687,0,1,1,-30.491,0,15.245,15.687,0,1,1,30.491,0z" fill-opacity="0.75000000" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="translate(10, 2378.1212059999993) translate(125.2248,-4014.097)" stroke="#000" sodipodi:cy="4055.4646" sodipodi:cx="39.549770" stroke-width="1.0000000pt" fill="#F00"/>

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<path id="advanced-f08-vi.svgpath1462" d="M72.924,165.7v27.38h12.937c0.572-8.12,7.085-14.56,15.129-14.56,3.61,0,6.88,1.34,9.5,3.5v-16.32h-37.566zm37.566,16.32v11.06h-24.629c-0.027,0.38-0.125,0.74-0.125,1.12,0,8.66,6.835,15.69,15.254,15.69,8.41,0,15.25-7.03,15.25-15.69,0-4.94-2.28-9.31-5.75-12.18z" fill-opacity="0.75000000" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="translate(10, 2378.1212059999993) " stroke="#000" stroke-width="1.0000000pt" fill="#00F"/>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Các phím tắt bàn phím cho những lệnh này liên quan đến các phép số học tương ứng với các phép tập hợp đó (phép hợp tương ứng với phép cộng, phép hiệu tương ứng với phép trừ..) Lệnh <flowSpan font-family="sans serif">Hiệu</flowSpan> và <flowSpan font-family="sans serif">Loại trừ</flowSpan> chỉ có thể hoạt động nếu bạn chọn 2 đối tượng; với các lệnh khác, bạn có thể chọn bao nhiêu đối tượng cũng được. Kết quả trả về luôn có kiểu dáng của đối tượng thấp nhất trong lớp.</flowDiv>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Kết quả của phép <flowSpan font-family="sans serif">Loại trừ</flowSpan> tương đối giống với phép <flowSpan font-family="sans serif">Hợp</flowSpan> (xem phần trên), nhưng khác nhau ở chỗ phép <flowSpan font-family="sans serif">Loại trừ</flowSpan> thêm các nút mới tại những vùng giao nhau. Sự khác biệt giữa phép <flowSpan font-family="sans serif">Chia</flowSpan> và <flowSpan font-family="sans serif">Cắt đường nét</flowSpan> là phép Chia chia toàn bộ đối tượng nằm dưới cùng cho nét của đối tượng nằm trên cùng, trong khi lệnh Cắt đường dẫn chỉ chia đường viền của đối tượng nằm dưới cùng và xóa tất cả các màu tô (dùng lệnh này để cắt các đối tượng không có màu tô thành từng phần nhỏ). </flowDiv>

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<tspan y="2774.280297" x="10">Co rút và mở rộng hình</tspan>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Inkscape không những có thể mở rộng và thu nhỏ hình dạng bằng co giãn tỉ lệ, mà còn cung cấp các phép <flowSpan font-style="italic">dời hình</flowSpan> lên đối tượng, tức là di chuyển từng điểm trên nét theo hướng vuông góc với tiếp tuyến của nét tại điểm đó. Các lệnh tương ứng được gọi là <flowSpan font-family="sans serif">Dời vào</flowSpan> (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+(</flowSpan>) (dịch nét vào trong) và <flowSpan font-family="sans serif">Dời ra</flowSpan> (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+)</flowSpan>) (dịch nét ra ngoài). Hình dưới đây là hình gốc (màu đỏ) và các đường được dịch vào và ra từ nó: </flowDiv>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Các lệnh <flowSpan font-family="sans serif">Dời vào</flowSpan> và <flowSpan font-family="sans serif">Dời ra</flowSpan> tạo ra các đường nét (chuyển đối tượng gốc thành đường nét nếu nó là hình dạng). Thông thường, bạn hay dùng lệnh <flowSpan font-family="sans serif">Dời hình động</flowSpan> (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+J</flowSpan>) để tạo ra một đối tượng có độ dời hình điều chỉnh được bằng 1 chốt kéo (tương tự như đối tượng hình dạng). Chọn đối tượng bên dưới, chuyển sang công cụ Nút, và kéo chốt điều khiển của nó để thực hành:</flowDiv>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Chọn đối tượng màu đỏ và sửa lại các nút của nó; hãy xem các đối tượng dời hình liên kết với nó thay đổi ra sao. Giờ hãy chọn một trong 2 đối tượng dời hình và thay đổi lại khoảng cách dịch. Cuối cùng, hãy xem lúc di chuyển và chuyển dạng đối tượng nguồn, các đối tượng liên kết sẽ như thế nào, và ngược lại, đối tượng dịch hình có được phép thay đổi tự do không.</flowDiv>

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<tspan y="3513.5512689999996" x="10">Đơn giản hoá</tspan>

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<flowRoot style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;text-align:start;" font-weight="normal" font-size="8" font-style="normal" font-stretch="normal" font-variant="normal" font-family="DejaVu Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Tác dụng chính của lệnh <flowSpan font-family="sans serif">Đơn giản hoá</flowSpan> (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+L</flowSpan>) là giảm số nút có trên 1 đường nét trong khi <flowSpan font-style="italic">hầu như</flowSpan> giữ cho hình dạng đường nét là không đổi. Lệnh này rất hữu ích khi bạn dùng công cụ Bút chì để tạo nét, vì công cụ đó thường tạo ra nhiều nét hơn là bạn mong đợi. Ở dưới, hình bên trái được tạo bằng công cụ Bút chì, còn bên phải là bản sao của nó đã được đơn giản hoá. Đường nét gốc có 28 nút, trong khi đường nét được đơn giản hoá có 17 nút (dĩ nhiên, làm việc với 17 nút sẽ dễ hơn) và mịn hơn.</flowDiv>

</flowRoot>

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<flowRoot style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;text-align:start;" font-weight="normal" font-size="8" font-style="normal" font-stretch="normal" font-variant="normal" font-family="DejaVu Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Mức độ (hay <flowSpan font-style="italic">ngưỡng) st trong mCtrl+Lli</flowSpan></flowDiv>

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<flowRoot style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;text-align:start;" font-weight="normal" font-size="8" font-style="normal" font-stretch="normal" font-variant="normal" font-family="DejaVu Serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">

<flowRegion>

<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e565"/>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Besides smoothing freehand strokes, <flowSpan font-family="sans serif">Simplify</flowSpan> can be used for various

creative effects. Often, a shape which is rigid and geometric benefits from some amount

of simplification that creates cool life-like generalizations of the original form -

melting sharp corners and introducing very natural distortions, sometimes stylish and

sometimes plain funny. Here's an example of a clipart shape that looks much nicer after

<flowSpan font-family="sans serif">Simplify</flowSpan>:

</flowDiv>

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<text id="advanced-f13-vi.svgtext2799" style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;" font-weight="normal" sodipodi:linespacing="110.00000%" transform="translate(10, 3794.739037199999) " line-height="110.00000%" xml:space="preserve" font-size="5.5761971" font-style="normal" y="4.2366295" x="125.61612" font-family="Bitstream Vera Serif" sodipodi:insensitive="true" fill="#000000"><tspan id="advanced-f13-vi.svgtspan2800" y="4.2366295" x="125.61612" role="line">Đơn giản hoá nhẹ</tspan></text>

<text id="advanced-f13-vi.svgtext2802" style="writing-mode:lr-tb;text-anchor:start;" font-weight="normal" sodipodi:linespacing="110.00000%" transform="translate(10, 3794.739037199999) " line-height="110.00000%" xml:space="preserve" font-size="5.5761971" font-style="normal" y="4.2366295" x="213.13528" font-family="Bitstream Vera Serif" sodipodi:insensitive="true" fill="#000000"><tspan id="advanced-f13-vi.svgtspan2803" y="4.2366295" x="213.13528" role="line">Đơn giản hoá mạnh</tspan></text>

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<tspan y="3954.2611271999995" x="10">Tạo văn bản</tspan>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Inkscape cho phép bạn tạo ra các văn bản dài và phức tạp. Dĩ nhiên, bạn có thể tạo ra các văn bản nhỏ như tiêu đề, khẩu hiệu, biểu hình (logo), nhãn biểu đồ và phụ đề... Phần này sẽ giới thiệu các khả năng xử lý văn bản cơ bản của Inkscape</flowDiv>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Tạo một đối tượng văn bản cũng đơn giản như tạo một hình dạng: chuyển sang công cụ Văn bản (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">F8</flowSpan>), bấm vào vị trí cần đặt văn bản và gõ nội dung đoạn văn vào. Để thay đổi nhóm phông, hãy dùng hộp thoại Văn bản và Phông chữ (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+Ctrl+T</flowSpan>). Hộp thoại này cũng có 1 ô cho bạn sửa lại đối tượng văn bản đang chọn - trong một số trường hợp, làm theo cách này sẽ hay hơn là sửa văn bản ngay trên khung vẽ (đặc biệt, ô này có chức năng kiểm tra chính tả nữa!)</flowDiv>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Like other tools, Text tool can select objects of its own type - text

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Một trong những thao tác hay thực hiện khi làm việc với văn bản là thay đổi khoảng cách giữa chữ và dòng. Inkscape cung cấp các phím tắt bàn phím để làm những thao tác này. Khi sửa văn bản, <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+&lt;</flowSpan> và <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+&gt;</flowSpan> thay đổi <flowSpan font-style="italic">khoảng cách chữ</flowSpan> trên dòng hiện tại của đối tượng văn bản, sao cho chiều dài tổng của dòng sẽ tăng hoặc giảm 1 điểm ảnh ở mức thu phóng hiện tại (so sánh với công cụ Chọn khi các phím đó làm chức năng co giãn đối tượng ở mức điểm ảnh). Do vậy, nếu kích thước phông lớn hơn mặc định, thì mức độ co giãn khoảng cách giữa các chữ sẽ nhỏ đi. Ví dụ:</flowDiv>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Chữ trên chưa thực sự hoàn hảo: khoảng cách giữa các chữ là không đồng đều. Ví dụ, chữ “a” và “t” quá xa nhau trong khi “t” và “i” lại quá gần. Khoảng cách giữa các chữ không đồng đều (đặc biệt khi ta dùng phông chữ lớn) hay xuất hiện khi ta dùng phông chữ kém chất lượng; tuy nhiên, trong chuỗi văn bản bất kỳ, ta có thể gặp 1 cặp chữ cần điều chỉnh lại khoảng cách.</flowDiv>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Inkscape cho phép ta dễ dàng sửa khoảng cách giữa 2 chữ. Chỉ việc di chuyển con trỏ văn bản tới giữa các con chữ và dùng <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+mũi tên</flowSpan> để di chuyển các con chữ bên phải con trỏ. Dưới đây vẫn là nội dung tiêu đề ở trên, nhưng đã được chỉnh lại khoảng cách chữ để cho phù hợp hơn:</flowDiv>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Ngoài việc dịch chữ sang ngang bằng phím <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+mũi tên trái</flowSpan> hoặc <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+mũi tên phải</flowSpan>, bạn còn có thể dịch chữ theo chiều dọc bằng <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+mũi tên lên</flowSpan> hoặc <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+mũi tên xuống</flowSpan>:</flowDiv>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Of course you could just convert your text to path (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+Ctrl+C</flowSpan>) and

move the letters as regular path objects. However, it is much more convenient to keep

text as text - it remains editable, you can try different fonts without removing

the kerns and spacing, and it takes much less space in the saved file. The only

disadvantage to the “text as text” approach is that you need to have the original font

installed on any system where you want to open that SVG document.

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Tương tự như thay đổi khoảng cách giữa các chữ, thay đổi <flowSpan font-style="italic">khoảng cách dòng</flowSpan> trong đối tượng văn bản có nhiều dòng bằng tổ hợp <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+Alt+&lt;</flowSpan> và <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+Alt+&gt;</flowSpan> cho đoạn văn bất kỳ trong bài hướng dẫn này để chiều cao của đối tượng văn bản tăng hay giảm 1 điểm ảnh ở mức thu phóng hiện tại. Giống như công cụ Chọn, nhấn <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift</flowSpan> kết hợp với thao tác tăng giảm khoảng cách sẽ cho hiệu quả gấp 10 lần lúc không giữ Shift.</flowDiv>

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<tspan y="4806.8225391999995" x="10">Bộ sửa XML</tspan>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Công cụ toàn năng nhất của Inkscape là bộ sửa XML (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Shift+Ctrl+X</flowSpan>). Nó hiển thị toàn bộ cây XML của tài liệu đang mở, và luôn cập nhật khi có sự thay đổi trong tài liệu. Bạn có thể dùng nó để sửa lại bản vẽ của mình. Hơn thế, bạn có thể sửa văn bản, các thành phần và tính chất của chúng kết hợp với việc quan sát hình biểu diễn trên vùng vẽ. Đây là công cụ hay nhất để học SVG theo cách tương tác, và nó cho phép bạn làm nhiều tác vụ mà bạn sẽ không thể thực hiện từ các lệnh trên trình đơn.</flowDiv>

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<tspan y="4919.296221199999" x="10">Kết luận</tspan>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Bài hướng dẫn này giới thiệu cho bạn một phần nhỏ những khả năng của Inkscape. Chúng tôi hi vọng rằng bạn thích nó. Hãy thử nghiệm và chia sẻ những tác phẩm của bạn với mọi người. Xin hãy đến <flowSpan font-weight="bold" font-family="sans serif">www.inkscape.org</flowSpan> để tìm thêm thông tin, lấy về phiên bản mới nhất, và các trợ giúp cho người dùng cũng như cho lập trình viên trong cộng đồng Inkscape.</flowDiv>

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