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<tspan id="tspan1668" style="letter-spacing:2.1813" fill="#ffffff" dx="0 -0.57057059 0 0 0 0 0">::AVANCÉ</tspan>

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bulia byak, buliabyak@users.sf.net et josh andler, scislac@users.sf.net

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Ce didacticiel couvre le copier-coller, l&apos;édition de nœuds, le dessin à main levée, le tracé de courbes de Bézier, la manipulation de chemins, les opérations booléennes, les objets offset, la simplification et l&apos;outil texte.</flowDiv>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Faites défiler la page avec <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+flèche</flowSpan>, ou avec la souris (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">molette</flowSpan> ou <flowSpan font-weight="bold">bouton du milieu</flowSpan>). Pour les bases de la création, sélection et transformation d&apos;objets, voyez le didacticiel basique du menu <flowSpan font-family="sans-serif">Aide &gt; Didacticiels</flowSpan>.</flowDiv>

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<tspan y="143.32108800000003" x="10">Techniques de collage</tspan>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Après avoir copié (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+C</flowSpan>) ou coupé (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+X</flowSpan>) des objets, la commande <flowSpan font-family="sans-serif">coller</flowSpan> (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+V</flowSpan>) permet de coller les objets copiés juste sous le curseur de la souris (ou au centre de la fenêtre du document si le curseur est en dehors de la fenêtre). Toutefois, les objets du presse-papiers mémorisent l&apos;emplacement qu&apos;ils avaient au moment d&apos;être copiés, et vous pouvez les recoller à ce même emplacement avec <flowSpan font-family="sans-serif">coller sur place</flowSpan> (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+Alt+V</flowSpan>).</flowDiv>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">En appuyant sur <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Maj+Ctrl+V</flowSpan>, vous pouvez <flowSpan font-family="sans-serif">coller le style</flowSpan>, c&apos;est-à-dire appliquer le style du premier objet du presse-papiers à la sélection courante. Le « style » ainsi collé inclut le remplissage, le contour et les paramètres de la police, mais pas la forme, la taille ou les paramètres spécifiques à un type de forme (comme le nombre de sommets d&apos;une étoile).</flowDiv>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Un autre groupe de commandes de collage, <flowSpan font-family="sans-serif">Coller les dimensions</flowSpan>, change l&apos;échelle de la sélection, afin d&apos;obtenir la taille du ou des objets contenu dans le presse-papiers. Il y a de nombreuses commandes pour coller les dimensions qui sont les suivantes : Coller les dimensions, Coller la largeur, Coller la hauteur, Coller les dimensions séparément, Coller la largeur séparément et Coller la hauteur séparément.</flowDiv>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve"><flowSpan font-family="sans-serif">Coller les dimensions</flowSpan> change l&apos;échelle de l&apos;entière sélection jusqu&apos;à l&apos;obtention de la taille du ou des objets du presse-papiers. <flowSpan font-family="sans-serif">Coller la largeur</flowSpan>/<flowSpan font-family="sans-serif">Coller la hauteur</flowSpan> change l&apos;échelle de l&apos;entière sélection horizontalement/verticalement afin d&apos;obtenir la même largeur/hauteur que le ou les objets du presse-papiers. Ces commandes respectent le verrou des proportions sur la barre de contrôle de l&apos;outil Sélection (entre les champs L et H), de façon à ce que lorsque le verrou est actif, l&apos;autre dimension de l&apos;objet sélectionné soit transformée dans les mêmes proportions ; dans le cas contraire, l&apos;autre dimension ne sera pas modifiée. La commande « Séparément » fonctionne de la même façon que les commandes précédemment décrites, à l&apos;exception près que chaque objet sélectionné change d&apos;échelle séparément, afin que chacun ait la taille/largeur/hauteur du ou des objets du presse-papiers.</flowDiv>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Inkscape utilise le presse-papiers du système d&apos;exploitation. Vous pouvez copier et coller entre différentes instances d&apos;Inkscape, ou entre Inkscape et une autre application (à condition que celle-ci soit capable de manipuler le SVG déposé dans le presse-papiers).</flowDiv>

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<tspan y="601.999695" x="10">Dessiner à main levée et tracer des chemins</tspan>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">La façon la plus simple de dessiner une forme quelconque est d&apos;utiliser l&apos;outil Dessin à main levée (crayon — <flowSpan font-weight="bold">F6</flowSpan>) :</flowDiv>

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<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e111"/>

</flowRegion>

<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Pour obtenir des formes plus régulières, utilisez plutôt les courbes de Bézier (stylo — <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Maj+F6</flowSpan>) :</flowDiv>

</flowRoot>

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<path id="advanced-f02-fr.svgpath1325" d="m197.87 73.397v-40.161h13.6c14.16 0 5.22 11.841-0.83 18.686-6.03 6.81-8.8 5.641-8.8-2.231" sodipodi:nodetypes="cccsc" transform="translate(10 804.4)" stroke="#000" stroke-width="1pt" fill="none"/>

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<flowRegion>

<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e127"/>

</flowRegion>

<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Avec l&apos;outil stylo, chaque <flowSpan font-weight="bold">clic</flowSpan> crée un nœud dur sans poignée d&apos;incurvation, et donc une série de clics produit une séquence de segments de droite. <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Cliquer-déplacer</flowSpan> crée un nœud de Bézier doux, avec deux poignées de contrôles colinéaires opposées. Appuyez sur <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Maj</flowSpan> tout en déplaçant une poignée de contrôle pour la faire tourner en gardant l&apos;autre fixe. Comme d&apos;habitude, <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl</flowSpan> limite la modification de la direction d&apos;un segment ou des poignées de contrôle par incréments de 15 degrés. Appuyer sur <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Entrée</flowSpan> finalise le tracé, <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Échap</flowSpan> l&apos;annule. Pour annuler uniquement le dernier segment d&apos;une ligne non finalisée, appuyez sur <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Retour arrière</flowSpan>.</flowDiv>

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<flowRoot font-size="8" font-family="serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">

<flowRegion>

<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e151"/>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Dans les outils Dessin à main levée et Courbes de Bézier, tout chemin sélectionné affiche des petites <flowSpan font-style="italic">ancres</flowSpan> carrées à ses extrémités. Ces ancres vous permettent de prolonger ce chemin (en dessinant en partant de ces ancres) ou de le fermer (en dessinant d&apos;une ancre </flowDiv>

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<text style="writing-mode:lr" font-weight="bold" font-size="8" y="1066.66899" x="10" font-family="sans-serif" fill="#000000">

<tspan y="1066.66899" x="10">Éditer des chemins</tspan>

</text>

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<flowRoot font-size="8" font-family="serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">

<flowRegion>

<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e165"/>

</flowRegion>

<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Contrairement aux formes créées par les outils Forme, les outils Dessin à main levée et Courbes de Bézier créent ce que l&apos;on appelle des <flowSpan font-style="italic">chemins</flowSpan>. Un chemin est une séquence de segments et/ou de courbes de Bézier qui, comme tout autre objet d&apos;Inkscape, peut avoir des propriétés de remplissage et de contour. Mais contrairement à une forme, un chemin peut être modifié en déplaçant indépendamment n&apos;importe lequel de ses nœuds (et pas seulement des poignées prédéfinies) ou en déplaçant un segment du chemin. Sélectionnez ce chemin et utilisez l&apos;outil Nœuds (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">F2</flowSpan>) :</flowDiv>

</flowRoot>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Vous devez voir un certain nombre de <flowSpan font-style="italic">nœuds</flowSpan> carrés gris sur le chemin. Ces nœuds peuvent être <flowSpan font-style="italic">sélectionnés</flowSpan> avec un <flowSpan font-weight="bold">clic</flowSpan>, <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Maj+clic</flowSpan> ou avec une <flowSpan font-weight="bold">bande étirable</flowSpan> — exactement comme les objets avec le sélecteur. Vous pouvez également cliquer sur un segment de chemin pour sélectionner automatiquement les nœuds adjacents. Les nœuds sélectionnés sont mis en valeur et affichent leurs <flowSpan font-style="italic">poignées de contrôle</flowSpan> — un ou deux petits cercles connectés à chacun des nœuds sélectionnés par des segments de droite. La touche <flowSpan font-weight="bold">!</flowSpan> inverse la sélection des nœuds dans les sous-chemins actuels (par exemple les sous-chemins avec au moins un nœud de sélectionné) ; <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+!</flowSpan> inverse dans tout le chemin.</flowDiv>

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<flowRoot font-size="8" font-family="serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">

<flowRegion>

<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e211"/>

</flowRegion>

<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Les chemins peuvent être édités en <flowSpan font-weight="bold">déplaçant</flowSpan> leurs nœuds, les poignées de contrôle de ces nœuds ou directement en déplaçant un de ses segments (essayez de déplacer certains nœuds, poignées de contrôle et segments du chemin ci-dessus). <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl</flowSpan> permet comme d&apos;habitude de restreindre les déplacements et rotations. Les touches <flowSpan font-weight="bold">flèche</flowSpan>, <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Tab</flowSpan>, <flowSpan font-weight="bold">[</flowSpan>, <flowSpan font-weight="bold">]</flowSpan>, <flowSpan font-weight="bold">&lt;</flowSpan>, <flowSpan font-weight="bold">&gt;</flowSpan> et les combinaisons qui y sont associées fonctionnent comme dans le sélecteur mais s&apos;appliquent aux nœuds au lieu des objets. Vous pouvez ajouter des nœuds n&apos;importe où sur les chemins en double-cliquant ou avec <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+Alt+clic</flowSpan> à l&apos;endroit désiré.</flowDiv>

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<flowRoot font-size="8" font-family="serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">

<flowRegion>

<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e241"/>

</flowRegion>

<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Vous pouvez supprimer les nœuds avec (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Suppr</flowSpan>) ou à l&apos;aide de <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+Alt+clic</flowSpan>. Lorsque des nœuds sont effacés, Inkscape va tenter de conserver la forme du chemin ; si vous souhaitez que les poignées de contrôle des nœuds adjacents rétrécissent (ne pas conserver la forme), vous pouvez effacer avec <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+Suppr</flowSpan>. De plus, vous pouvez dupliquer (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Maj+D</flowSpan>) les nœuds sélectionnés. Un chemin peut être brisé (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Maj+B</flowSpan>) aux nœuds sélectionnés ; ou si vous sélectionnez deux nœuds terminaux, vous pouvez les joindre (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Maj+J</flowSpan>).</flowDiv>

</flowRoot>

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<flowRoot font-size="8" font-family="serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">

<flowRegion>

<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e262"/>

</flowRegion>

<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Un nœud peut être rendu <flowSpan font-style="italic">dur</flowSpan> (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Maj+C</flowSpan>), ses poignées de contrôle pouvant alors être déplacées indépendamment avec un angle différent pour chacun ; <flowSpan font-style="italic">doux</flowSpan> (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Maj+S</flowSpan>), les poignées restant alignées (colinéaires) ; <flowSpan font-style="italic">symétrique</flowSpan> (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Maj+Y</flowSpan>), ce qui donne les même résultats que doux, mais les poignées de contrôle ayant la même longueur (poignées alignées et équidistantes) ; ou <flowSpan font-style="italic">automatique</flowSpan> (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Maj+A</flowSpan>), un nœud spécial qui ajuste automatiquement les poignées des nœuds et les nœuds automatiques voisins pour maintenir une courbe douce. Lorsque vous passez à ce type de nœuds, vous pouvez préserver la position d&apos;une, des deux poignées en déplaçant la souris par-dessus, de façon à ce que seule l&apos;autre poignée de contrôle tourne ou change d&apos;échelle jusqu&apos;à obtenir le même résultat.</flowDiv>

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<flowRoot font-size="8" font-family="serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">

<flowRegion>

<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e289"/>

</flowRegion>

<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Vous pouvez aussi <flowSpan font-style="italic">rétracter</flowSpan> les poignées de contrôle d&apos;un nœud en effectuant un <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+clic</flowSpan> sur ce dernier. Si deux nœuds adjacents ont leurs poignées rétractées, le chemin entre ces deux nœuds devient un segment de droite. Pour faire ressortir les poignées rétractées d&apos;un nœud, effectuer un <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Maj+déplacer</flowSpan> depuis ce nœud.</flowDiv>

</flowRoot>

<text style="writing-mode:lr" font-weight="bold" font-size="8" y="1783.077016" x="10" font-family="sans-serif" fill="#000000">

<tspan y="1783.077016" x="10">Sous-chemins et combinaisons</tspan>

</text>

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<flowRoot font-size="8" font-family="serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">

<flowRegion>

<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e307"/>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Un objet chemin peut contenir plus d&apos;un <flowSpan font-style="italic">sous-chemin</flowSpan>. Un sous-chemin est une séquence de nœuds connectés les uns aux autres (donc, si un chemin a plusieurs sous-chemins, tous ses nœuds ne sont pas interconnectés). Ci-dessous à gauche, les trois sous-chemins appartiennent à un même chemin composé ; les trois mêmes sous-chemins à droite sont des objets chemins indépendants :</flowDiv>

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<path id="advanced-f04-fr.svgpath1730" d="m206.95 13.832c6.42-6.621 17.63-1.346 20.29 6.427 2.26 6.607 2.77 14.497 9.14 18.923 6.41 4.45 17.12 5.311 21.25-2.256 3.53-6.461-3.16-14.74-10.26-12.459" sodipodi:nodetypes="cssss" transform="translate(10 1867.3)" stroke="#000" stroke-width="1pt" fill="none"/>

<path id="advanced-f04-fr.svgpath1731" d="m190.44 51.444c7.04 4.896 14.77-1.73 19.71-6.763 5.24-5.339 13.27-1.157 16.92 4.369 3.32 5.038 11.7 8.321 15.91 2.324" sodipodi:nodetypes="csss" transform="translate(10 1867.3)" stroke="#000" stroke-width="1pt" fill="none"/>

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<flowRegion>

<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e323"/>

</flowRegion>

<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Notez qu&apos;un chemin composé est différent d&apos;un groupe. C&apos;est un objet unique qui n&apos;est sélectionnable que comme un tout. Si vous sélectionnez l&apos;objet de gauche, ci-dessus, et utilisez l&apos;outil Nœuds, vous verrez les nœuds des trois sous-chemins affichés simultanément. À droite, vous ne pouvez éditer que les nœuds d&apos;un sous-chemin à la fois.</flowDiv>

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<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e326"/>

</flowRegion>

<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Inkscape peut <flowSpan font-family="sans-serif">combiner</flowSpan> des chemins en un chemin composé (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+K</flowSpan>) et <flowSpan font-family="sans-serif">séparer</flowSpan> un chemin composé en sous-chemins (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Maj+Ctrl+K</flowSpan>). Essayez ces commandes sur les exemples ci-dessus. Comme un objet ne peut avoir qu&apos;un remplissage et contour, un chemin combiné reçoit le style du premier objet (le plus bas dans l&apos;ordre z) de la combinaison.</flowDiv>

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<flowRegion>

<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e341"/>

</flowRegion>

<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Si vous combinez des chemins avec remplissage qui se chevauchent, le remplissage disparaîtra dans les zones de chevauchement :</flowDiv>

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<flowRegion>

<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e354"/>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Ceci est la façon la plus facile de créer des objets troués. Pour des opérations encore plus puissantes sur des chemins, utilisez les opérations booléennes (voir plus bas).</flowDiv>

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<text style="writing-mode:lr" font-weight="bold" font-size="8" y="2245.314643" x="10" font-family="sans-serif" fill="#000000">

<tspan y="2245.314643" x="10">Convertir en chemin</tspan>

</text>

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<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e363"/>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Tout objet texte ou forme peut être <flowSpan font-style="italic">converti en chemin</flowSpan> (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Maj+Ctrl+C</flowSpan>). Cette opération ne modifie pas son apparence mais lui enlève les capacités liées à son type (par exemple, vous ne pouvez plus modifier l&apos;arrondi des coins d&apos;un rectangle ou éditer un texte) ; par contre, cela vous permet d&apos;en éditer les nœuds. Voici deux étoiles ; celle de gauche est une forme et la même à droite a été convertie en chemin. Passez en mode Nœuds et comparez leurs possibilités d&apos;édition :</flowDiv>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">De plus, vous pouvez convertir en chemin (ou détourer — <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+Alt+C</flowSpan>) le <flowSpan font-style="italic">contour</flowSpan> de n&apos;importe quel objet. Ci-dessous, le premier objet est le chemin original (pas de remplissage, contour noir), tandis que le second est le résultat d&apos;une commande <flowSpan font-family="sans-serif">Contour en chemin</flowSpan> (remplissage noir, pas de contour) :</flowDiv>

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<text style="writing-mode:lr" font-weight="bold" font-size="8" y="2552.5092960000006" x="10" font-family="sans-serif" fill="#000000">

<tspan y="2552.5092960000006" x="10">Opérations booléennes</tspan>

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<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e410"/>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Les commandes du menu Chemin vous permettent de combiner deux objets ou plus en utilisant des <flowSpan font-style="italic">opérations booléennes</flowSpan> :</flowDiv>

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<text id="advanced-f08-fr.svgtext1463" sodipodi:linespacing="110.00000%" transform="translate(10 2594.2)" line-height="110.00000%" xml:space="preserve" font-size="5.5762" y="4.2369075" x="132.69385" font-family="serif" sodipodi:insensitive="true" fill="#000000"><tspan id="advanced-f08-fr.svgtspan1464" sodipodi:role="line" y="4.2369075" x="132.69385">Formes originales</tspan></text>

<text id="advanced-f08-fr.svgtext1468" sodipodi:linespacing="110.00000%" transform="translate(10 2594.2)" line-height="110.00000%" xml:space="preserve" font-size="5.5762" y="75.103027" x="72.512367" font-family="serif" sodipodi:insensitive="true" fill="#000000"><tspan id="advanced-f08-fr.svgtspan1469" sodipodi:role="line" y="75.103027" x="72.512367">Union (Ctrl++)</tspan></text>

<text id="advanced-f08-fr.svgtext1471" sodipodi:linespacing="110.00000%" transform="translate(10 2594.2)" line-height="110.00000%" xml:space="preserve" font-size="5.5762" y="75.103027" x="135.35332" font-family="serif" sodipodi:insensitive="true" fill="#000000"><tspan id="advanced-f08-fr.svgtspan1472" sodipodi:role="line" y="75.103027" x="135.35332">Différence (Ctrl+-)</tspan></text>

<text id="advanced-f08-fr.svgtext1476" sodipodi:linespacing="110.00000%" transform="translate(10 2594.2)" line-height="110.00000%" xml:space="preserve" font-size="5.5762" y="75.103027" x="202.23427" font-family="serif" sodipodi:insensitive="true" fill="#000000"><tspan id="advanced-f08-fr.svgtspan1477" sodipodi:role="line" y="75.103027" x="202.23427">Intersection</tspan><tspan id="advanced-f08-fr.svgtspan1482" y="81.236844" x="202.23427" sodipodi:role="line">(Ctrl+*)</tspan></text>

<text id="advanced-f08-fr.svgtext1479" sodipodi:linespacing="110.00000%" transform="translate(10 2594.2)" line-height="110.00000%" xml:space="preserve" font-size="5.5762" y="149.98067" x="73.13726" font-family="serif" sodipodi:insensitive="true" fill="#000000"><tspan id="advanced-f08-fr.svgtspan1480" sodipodi:role="line" y="149.98067" x="73.13726">Exclusion</tspan><tspan id="advanced-f08-fr.svgtspan1484" y="156.11448" x="73.13726" sodipodi:role="line">(Ctrl+^)</tspan></text>

<text id="advanced-f08-fr.svgtext2252" sodipodi:linespacing="110.00000%" transform="translate(10 2594.2)" line-height="110.00000%" xml:space="preserve" font-size="5.5762" y="149.98067" x="136.91679" font-family="serif" sodipodi:insensitive="true" fill="#000000"><tspan id="advanced-f08-fr.svgtspan1820" sodipodi:role="line" y="149.98067" x="136.91679">Division</tspan><tspan id="advanced-f08-fr.svgtspan1822" y="156.11448" x="136.91679" sodipodi:role="line">(Ctrl+/)</tspan></text>

<text id="advanced-f08-fr.svgtext1828" sodipodi:linespacing="110.00000%" transform="translate(10 2594.2)" line-height="110.00000%" xml:space="preserve" font-size="5.5762" y="149.98067" x="199.6328" font-family="serif" sodipodi:insensitive="true" fill="#000000"><tspan id="advanced-f08-fr.svgtspan1829" sodipodi:role="line" y="149.98067" x="199.6328">Découper le chemin</tspan><tspan id="advanced-f08-fr.svgtspan1831" y="156.11448" x="199.6328" sodipodi:role="line">(Ctrl+Alt+/)</tspan><tspan id="advanced-f08-fr.svgtspan1833" y="162.2483" x="199.6328" sodipodi:role="line"/></text>

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<path id="advanced-f08-fr.svgpath1826" d="m214.49 194.75h24.63v-11.09" transform="translate(10 2594.2)" stroke="#000" stroke-width="1pt" fill="none"/>

<path id="advanced-f08-fr.svgpath1827" d="m238.05 182.24v-16.31h-37.56v27.4h12.94" transform="translate(10 2594.2)" stroke="#000" stroke-width="1pt" fill="none"/>

<flowRoot id="advanced-f08-fr.svgflowRoot2628" xml:space="preserve" transform="translate(10 2594.2)" font-size="5.5762px"><flowRegion id="advanced-f08-fr.svgflowRegion2630"><rect id="advanced-f08-fr.svgrect2632" y="76.05" width="63.135" x="135.36" height="14.647"/></flowRegion><flowPara id="advanced-f08-fr.svgflowPara2634" font-family="serif">(dessous moins dessus)</flowPara></flowRoot>

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<flowRoot font-size="8" font-family="serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">

<flowRegion>

<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e426"/>

</flowRegion>

<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Les raccourcis clavier de ces commandes correspondent aux opérateurs arithmétiques booléens analogues (union pour addition, différence pour soustraction, etc.). Les commandes <flowSpan font-family="sans-serif">Différence</flowSpan> et <flowSpan font-family="sans-serif">Exclusion</flowSpan> ne peuvent s&apos;appliquer qu&apos;à deux objets sélectionnés, les autres opérations à un nombre quelconque. Le résultat reçoit toujours le style de l&apos;objet du fond dans l&apos;ordre z.</flowDiv>

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<rect id="d0e435" display="none" height="1e3px" width="288" y="2887.8" x="10"/>

<flowRoot font-size="8" font-family="serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">

<flowRegion>

<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e435"/>

</flowRegion>

<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Le résultat d&apos;une commande <flowSpan font-family="sans-serif">Exclure</flowSpan> ressemble à celui d&apos;une <flowSpan font-family="sans-serif">Combinaison</flowSpan> (voir plus haut), mais ajoute des nœuds aux intersections des chemins. Dans la <flowSpan font-family="sans-serif">Division</flowSpan> le chemin de l&apos;objet du dessus coupe celui du dessous tandis que <flowSpan font-family="sans-serif">Découper le chemin</flowSpan> se limite à utiliser l&apos;objet du dessus pour couper le contour de celui du dessous et à en supprimer les remplissages (ceci est pratique pour découper en morceaux des tracés sans remplissage).</flowDiv>

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<text style="writing-mode:lr" font-weight="bold" font-size="8" y="2982.6344760000006" x="10" font-family="sans-serif" fill="#000000">

<tspan y="2982.6344760000006" x="10">Éroder et dilater</tspan>

</text>

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<flowRoot font-size="8" font-family="serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">

<flowRegion>

<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e456"/>

</flowRegion>

<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Inkscape peut étendre et contracter des objets par une modification de leurs dimensions, mais aussi par <flowSpan font-style="italic">offset</flowSpan> du chemin, c&apos;est-à-dire par un déplacement perpendiculaire en tout point du chemin. Les commandes correspondantes sont <flowSpan font-family="sans-serif">Éroder</flowSpan> (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+(</flowSpan>) et <flowSpan font-family="sans-serif">Dilater</flowSpan> (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+)</flowSpan>). Par exemple, ci-dessous, voyez le chemin original (en rouge) et des érosions et dilatations de celui-ci :</flowDiv>

</flowRoot>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Les commandes <flowSpan font-family="sans-serif">éroder</flowSpan> et <flowSpan font-family="sans-serif">dilater</flowSpan> produisent des chemins (si nécessaire en convertissant l&apos;objet original en chemin). Un <flowSpan font-family="sans-serif">offset dynamique</flowSpan> (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+J</flowSpan>) sera souvent plus pratique : il crée un objet avec une poignée déplaçable qui contrôle le rayon d&apos;offset. Voyez avec l&apos;objet ci-dessous ; sélectionnez-le et passez en édition de nœuds pour vous faire une idée :</flowDiv>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Un tel <flowSpan font-style="italic">objet offset dynamique</flowSpan> retient le chemin d&apos;origine, et ainsi ne se « dégrade » pas quand vous modifiez un grand nombre de fois la distance d&apos;offset. Quand vous n&apos;avez plus besoin de l&apos;ajuster, vous pouvez toujours le convertir de nouveau en chemin.</flowDiv>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Encore plus pratique : l&apos;<flowSpan font-style="italic">offset lié</flowSpan>, similaire à un offset dynamique mais connecté au chemin qui reste éditable. Vous pouvez en créer autant que vous voulez à partir d&apos;un chemin source. Ci-dessous, le chemin source est en rouge, le premier offset lié à celui-ci a un contour noir et pas de remplissage, l&apos;autre un remplissage noir et pas de contour.</flowDiv>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Sélectionnez l&apos;objet rouge et éditez ses nœuds ; voyez le comportement des offsets liés. Maintenant sélectionnez un des offsets et déplacez sa poignée pour ajuster le rayon d&apos;offset. Enfin, observez la façon dont le déplacement ou la transformation de l&apos;objet source affecte les offsets qui lui sont liés et le fait que vous pouvez déplacer et transformer les offsets liés indépendamment sans perdre leur lien avec l&apos;objet source.</flowDiv>

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<tspan y="3706.835809" x="10">Simplification</tspan>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">L&apos;usage le plus courant de la commande <flowSpan font-family="sans-serif">simplifier</flowSpan> (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+L</flowSpan>) est la réduction du nombre de nœuds d&apos;un chemin tout en préservant <flowSpan font-style="italic">au maximum</flowSpan> son aspect. Cela peut être utile pour les chemins tracés à main levée car cet outil crée parfois plus de nœuds que nécessaire. Ci-dessous, le dessin de gauche a été créé à main levée et celui de droite est une copie qui a été quelque peu simplifiée. Le chemin original comporte 28 nœuds, tandis que le simplifié n&apos;en a que 17 (et est donc bien plus facile à retravailler avec l&apos;outil Nœuds) et est plus lisse.</flowDiv>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">L&apos;importance de la simplification (appelée <flowSpan font-style="italic">seuil</flowSpan>) dépend de la taille de la sélection. Ainsi, si vous sélectionnez simultanément un chemin et un autre objet plus important, la simplification sera plus agressive que pour le chemin seul. De plus, la commande <flowSpan font-family="sans-serif">simplifier</flowSpan> est <flowSpan font-style="italic">accélérée</flowSpan> : si vous appuyez sur <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+L</flowSpan> plusieurs fois de suite rapidement (avec moins de 0,5 s entre deux appuis consécutifs), le seuil est incrémenté à chaque pression. Après une pause, le seuil de simplification revient à sa valeur par défaut. Grâce à cette accélération, il est facile d&apos;ajuster précisément la simplification dont vous avez besoin pour chaque cas.</flowDiv>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">En plus d&apos;adoucir les tracés à main, <flowSpan font-family="sans-serif">simplifier</flowSpan> peut être utilisé pour générer différents effets créatifs et originaux. Une forme plutôt rigide et géométrique bénéficiera souvent d&apos;un brin de simplification qui lui donnera un peu de vie — adoucissant certains coins et introduisant des distorsions très naturelles, parfois très stylées et d&apos;autres fois plutôt amusantes. Voici un exemple de dessin (clipart) bien plus réussi après avoir été simplifié :</flowDiv>

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<text id="advanced-f13-fr.svgtext2799" sodipodi:linespacing="110.00000%" transform="translate(10 4089.5)" line-height="110.00000%" xml:space="preserve" font-size="5.5762" y="4.2366295" x="125.61612" font-family="serif" sodipodi:insensitive="true" fill="#000000"><tspan id="advanced-f13-fr.svgtspan2800" sodipodi:role="line" y="4.2366295" x="125.61612">Simplification légère</tspan></text>

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<tspan y="4248.536942000001" x="10">Créer du texte</tspan>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Inkscape permet la composition de textes longs et complexes. Cependant, il convient aussi assez bien pour la création de petits textes comme des titres, bannières, logos, étiquettes et légendes de diagrammes, etc. Cette section est une introduction très basique aux possibilités de création de textes avec Inkscape.</flowDiv>

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<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e602"/>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Créer un objet texte se fait tout simplement en passant à l&apos;outil Texte (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">F8</flowSpan>), en cliquant quelque part sur le canevas et en tapant votre texte. Pour changer la police, le style, la taille ou l&apos;alignement d&apos;un texte, ouvrez la boîte de dialogue texte et police (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Maj+Ctrl+T</flowSpan>). Cette boîte de dialogue a aussi un onglet de saisie de texte que vous pouvez utiliser afin d&apos;éditer l&apos;objet texte sélectionné — dans certaines situations, il peut être plus pratique que l&apos;édition directement sur le canevas (notamment, cet onglet supporte la vérification orthographique à la volée).</flowDiv>

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<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e611"/>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Comme les autres outils, l&apos;outil Texte peut sélectionner des objets de son propre type — les objets texte donc — de sorte que vous pouvez cliquer sur tout objet texte existant (comme ce paragraphe) afin de le sélectionner ou d&apos;y positionner votre curseur.</flowDiv>

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<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e614"/>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Une des opérations les plus courantes sur la mise en page des textes est l&apos;ajustement de l&apos;espacement entre des lettres ou des lignes. Comme toujours, Inkscape fournit des raccourcis clavier dans ce but. Les combinaisons <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+&lt;</flowSpan> et <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+&gt;</flowSpan> modifient <flowSpan font-style="italic">l&apos;inter-lettrage</flowSpan> de la ligne courante d&apos;un objet texte, de sorte que la longueur de cette ligne change d&apos;1 pixel au zoom actuel (à comparer avec le comportement du sélecteur où les mêmes touches permettent de modifier les dimensions d&apos;un objet au pixel près). Généralement, si la taille de la police est plus grande que celle par défaut dans un objet texte, elle présente un meilleur rendu après en avoir légèrement resserré les lettres. Voici un exemple :</flowDiv>

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<text id="advanced-f14-fr.svgtext1612" sodipodi:linespacing="110.00000%" transform="translate(10 4599.9)" line-height="110.00000%" xml:space="preserve" font-size="5.5762" y="53.843742" x="116.16958" font-family="serif" sodipodi:insensitive="true" fill="#000000"><tspan id="advanced-f14-fr.svgtspan1613" sodipodi:role="line" y="53.843742" x="116.16958">Inter-lettrage diminué</tspan></text>

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<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e636"/>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">La version remaniée rend un peu mieux, mais n&apos;est toujours pas parfaite : les distances entre les lettres ne sont pas uniformes ; par exemple, le « a » et le « t » sont trop éloignés tandis que le « t » et le « i » sont trop proches. L&apos;imperfection des crénages (particulièrement visible avec des grandes tailles de police) est plus importante dans des fontes de mauvaise qualité ; toutefois, vous trouverez probablement, dans toutes les chaînes de texte et toutes les polices, des paires de lettres qui bénéficieront d&apos;un ajustement de crénage.</flowDiv>

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<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e639"/>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Inkscape facilite ces ajustements ; vous n&apos;avez qu&apos;à positionner votre curseur d&apos;édition de texte entre les caractères qui posent problème et à utiliser <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+flèche</flowSpan> pour déplacer les lettres à droite du curseur. Vous trouverez encore ci-dessous le même exemple, mais cette fois avec des ajustements manuels, de sorte que les lettres sont positionnées uniformément.</flowDiv>

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<text id="advanced-f15-fr.svgtext1649" sodipodi:linespacing="110.00000%" transform="translate(10 4873.7)" line-height="110.00000%" xml:space="preserve" font-size="5.5762" y="4.2368875" x="66.563278" font-family="serif" sodipodi:insensitive="true" fill="#000000"><tspan id="advanced-f15-fr.svgtspan1651" sodipodi:role="line" y="4.2368875" x="66.563278">Inter-lettrage diminué et crénage manuel de certaines paires de lettres</tspan></text>

<text id="advanced-f15-fr.svgtext2406" xml:space="preserve" transform="translate(10 4873.7)" font-size="33.6" y="34.802681" x="67.866859" font-family="serif" fill="#000000"><tspan id="advanced-f15-fr.svgtspan1647" style="letter-spacing:-1.2479" dx="0 0 -0.1418031 -0.42540932 -0.42540932 0.42540932 0.42540932 -0.87514824 1.1344248 -0.5672124 -0.5672124">Inspiration</tspan></text>

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<flowRegion>

<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e655"/>

</flowRegion>

<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">En plus de pouvoir déplacer les lettres horizontalement avec <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+Gauche</flowSpan> ou <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+Droite</flowSpan>, vous pouvez aussi les déplacer verticalement en utilisant <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+Haut</flowSpan> or <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Alt+Bas</flowSpan> :</flowDiv>

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<text id="advanced-f16-fr.svgtext1731" xml:space="preserve" transform="translate(10 4973.5)" font-size="33.6" y="32.078743" x="67.866859" font-family="serif" fill="#000000"><tspan id="advanced-f16-fr.svgtspan1732" style="letter-spacing:-1.2479" dx="0 -3.4339702 -1.746122 -1.4281086 -2.0297282 -1.981069 -3.9864676 -3.8832457 -1.2720536 -2.1715312 -1.5699117" dy="0 0.0056477566 6.8183579 -6.6178179 0 -6.4172778 6.0161972 -5.8156576 5.8156576 -3.4091773 2.8075578">Inspiration</tspan></text>

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<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e680"/>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Bien sûr, vous pourriez convertir votre texte en chemin (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Maj+Ctrl+C</flowSpan>) et déplacer les lettres comme un objet chemin classique. Cependant, il est bien plus pratique de conserver ses propriétés de texte : il reste éditable, vous pouvez essayer différentes fontes tout en préservant vos crénages et espacements, et la taille du fichier enregistré reste plus petite. Le seul désavantage de conserver le « texte en texte » est que vous devrez avoir sa fonte originale installée sur tout système où vous voudriez ouvrir votre document SVG.</flowDiv>

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<flowRoot font-size="8" font-family="serif" line-height="133.00000%" fill="#000000">

<flowRegion>

<use y="0" x="0" xlink:href="#d0e686"/>

</flowRegion>

<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">De la même façon, vous pouvez ajuster l&apos;<flowSpan font-style="italic">inter-lignage</flowSpan> des objets texte de plusieurs lignes. Essayez les raccourcis <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+Alt+&lt;</flowSpan> et <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Ctrl+Alt+&gt;</flowSpan> sur n&apos;importe quel paragraphe de ce didacticiel pour faire varier la hauteur globale de l&apos;objet texte de 1 pixel au zoom courant. Comme dans le sélecteur, combiner un raccourci d&apos;espacement ou de crénage avec la touche <flowSpan font-weight="bold">Maj</flowSpan> multipliera son action par 10.</flowDiv>

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<tspan y="5196.836009999999" x="10">Éditeur XML</tspan>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">L&apos;outil le plus puissant d&apos;Inkscape est l&apos;éditeur XML (<flowSpan font-weight="bold">Maj+Ctrl+X</flowSpan>). Affichant l&apos;arborescence XML complète du document, il en reflète en permanence l&apos;état courant. Vous pouvez modifier votre dessin et observer les changements correspondants dans l&apos;arborescence XML. De plus, vous pouvez éditer tout texte, élément ou attribut dans l&apos;éditeur XML et voir le résultat sur le canevas. C&apos;est le meilleur outil imaginable pour apprendre le SVG interactivement et il vous permet d&apos;appliquer des astuces qui seraient impossibles avec des outils d&apos;édition standard.</flowDiv>

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<tspan y="5316.467730999999" x="10">Conclusion</tspan>

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<flowDiv xml:space="preserve">Ce didacticiel ne montre qu&apos;une petite partie des possibilités d&apos;Inkscape. Nous espérons que vous l&apos;avez apprécié. N&apos;ayez pas peur d&apos;expérimenter et de partager vos créations. Veuillez consulter <flowSpan font-weight="bold" font-family="sans-serif">www.inkscape.org</flowSpan> pour avoir accès à plus d&apos;information, aux dernières versions et à l&apos;aide des communautés de développeurs et utilisateurs.</flowDiv>

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