This directory, and its subdirectories contain the source code

for ksh-93; the language described in the second addition of

the book, "The KornShell Command and Programming Language," by

Morris Bolsky and David Korn which is published by Prentice Hall.

ksh-93 has been compiled and run on several machines with several

operating systems. The end of this file contains a partial list of

operating systems and machines that ksh-93 has been known to run on.

The layout of files for ksh-93 has changed somewhat since ksh-88,

the last major release. Most of the source code for ksh remains in

the sh directory. However, the shell editing and history routines

are in the edit sub-directory. The code for shell built-ins is

in the bltins directory. The data directory contains read-only

data tables and messages that are used by the shell. The include

files remain in the include directory and the shlib directory

is gone. The features directory replaces the older install

directory. The method for generating systems specific feature

information has changed substantially.

The Makefile file contains several compilation options that can be set

before compiling ksh. Options are of the form SHOPT_option and become

#define inside the code. These options are set to their recommended

value and some of these may disappear as options in future releases.

A value of 0, or no value represents off, 1 represents on.

Note that == is needed, not =, because these are nmake state variables

and changing their value will cause all modules that could be affected

by this change to be recompiled.

The options have the following defaults and meanings:

ACCT off Shell accounting.

ACCTFILE off Enable per user accounting info.

AUDIT off For auditing specific users

AUDITFILE "/etc/ksh_audit"

APPEND on Allows var+=val string and array append.

BASH off Bash compatibility mode. It is not fully implemented

and is experimental.

BRACEPAT on C-shell type abc{d,e}f style file generation

CMDLIB_BLTIN off Makes all commands in libcmd.a builtins. The

SH_CMDLIB_DIR nmake state variable can be used to

specify a directory.

CMDLIB_DIR off Sets CMDLIB_BLTIN=1 and provides a default value

of "/opt/ast/bin" for SH_CMDLIB_DIR.

COMPOUND_ARRAY

on Allows all components of compound variables except the

first to be any string by enclosing in [...]. It also

allows components other than the last to be arrays.

This is experimental and only partially complete.

CRNL off <cr><nl> treated as <nl> in shell grammar.

DYNAMIC on Dynamic loading of builtins. (Requires dlopen() interface.)

ECHOPRINT off Make echo equivalent to print.

ESH on Compile with emacs command line editing. The original

emacs line editor code was provided by Mike Veach at IH.

FILESCAN on Experimental option that allows fast reading of files

using while < file;do ...; done and allowing fields in

each line to be accessed as positional parameters.

FS_3D off For use with 3-D file system. Enabled automatically for

sytems with dynamic linking.

KIA off Allow generation of shell cross reference database with -I.

MULTIBYTE on Multibyte character handling. Requires mblen() and

mbctowc().

NAMESPACE on Allows namespaces. This is experimental, incomplete

and undocumented.

OLDTERMIO off Use either termios or termio at runtime.

OO on Experimental object oriented extension. This option

should disappear soon.

OPTIMIZE on Optimize loop invariants for with for and while loops.

P_SUID off If set, all real uids, greater than or equal to this

value will require the -p flag to run suid/sgid scripts.

PFSH off Compile with support for profile shell.

RAWONLY off Turn on if the vi line mode doesn't work right unless

you do a set -o viraw.

SEVENBIT off Strip the eigth bit from characters.

SPAWN off Use spawn as combined fork/exec. May improve speed on

some systems.

STATS on Add .sh.stats compound variable.

SUID_EXEC on Execute /etc/suid_exec for setuid, setgid script.

TIMEOUT off Set this to the number of seconds for timing out and

exiting the shell when you don't enter a command. If

non-zero, TMOUT can not be set larger than this value.

TYPEDEF on Enable typeset type definitions.

VSH on Compile with vi command line editing. The original vi

line editor code was provided by Pat Sullivan at CB.

The following compile options are set automatically by the feature testing:

DEVFD Set when /dev/fd is a directory that names open files.

SHELLMAGIC

Set on systems that recognize script beginning with #! specially.

VPIX Set on systems the have /usr/bin/vpix program for running MS-DOS.

In most instances, you will generate ksh from a higher level directory

which also generates libcmd and libast libraries on which ksh depends.

However, it is possible to generate ksh, with by running make -f ksh.mk

in this directory. The ksh.mk file was generated from the nmake Makefile.

If you do not have make or nmake, but do have a Version 7 UNIX compatible

shell, then you can run the script mamexec < Mamfile to build ksh.

If you have nmake, version 2.3 or later, you can use it without the -f ksh.mk.

In either case, ksh relies on libraries libast and libcmd which must be

built first. The binary for ksh becomes the file named ./ksh which can

be copied to where ever you install it.

If you use old make or the Mamfile, and you system has dynamic shared

libraries, then you should define the variables mam_cc_static and

mam_cc_dynanamic as the compiler options that request static linking

and dynamic linking respectively. This will decrease the number of

shared libraries that ksh need and cut startup time substantially.

The makefile should also generate shcomp, a program that will precompile

a script. ksh93 is able to recognize files in this format and process

them as scripts. You can use shcomp to send out scripts when you

don't want to give away the original script source.

It is advisable that you put the line PWD=$HOME;export PWD into the

/etc/profile file to reduce initialization time for ksh.

To be able to run setuid/setgid shell scripts, or scripts without read

permission, the SUID_EXEC compile option must be on, and ksh must be installed

in the /bin directory, the /usr/bin directory, the /usr/lbin directory,

or the /usr/local/bin directory and the name must end in sh. The program

suid_exec must be installed in the /etc directory, must be owned by root,

and must be a suid program. If you must install ksh in some other directory

and want to be able to run setuid/setgid and execute only scripts, then

you will have to change the source code file sh/suid_exec.c explicitly.

If you do not have ksh in one of these secure locations, /bin/sh will

be invoked with the -p options and will fail when you execute a setuid/setgid

and/or execute only script. Note, that ksh does not read the .profile

or $ENV file when it the real and effective user/group id's are not

equal.

The tests sub-directory contains a number of regression tests for ksh.

To run all these tests with the shell you just built, go to the tests

directory and run the command

SHELL=$dir/ksh $dir/ksh shtests

where dir is the directory of the ksh you want to test.

The file PROMO.mm is an advertisement that extolls the virtues of ksh.

The file sh.1 contains the troff (man) description of this Shell.

The file nval.3 contains the troff (man) description of the name-value

pair library that is needed for writing built-ins that need to

access shell variables.

The file sh.memo contains a draft troff (mm) memo describing ksh. The

file RELEASE88 contains the changes made for ksh88. The file RELEASE93

contains the changes made in this release since ksh-88. The file

RELEASE contains bug fixes made in this release since ksh-88. The file

COMPATIBILITY contains a list of incompatibilities with ksh-88. The

file bltins.mm is a draft troff (mm) memo describing how to write

built-in commands that can be loaded at run time.

Most of the work for internationalization has been done with ksh93.

The file ksh.msg is a generated file that contains error messages

that need to be translated. In addition, the function translate()

in sh/init.c has to be completed to interface with the dictionary

lookup. The translate function takes two argument, the string

that is to be translated and a type which is

0 when a library string needs translation.

1 when one of the error messages in ksh.msg needs translation.

2 when a string in a script needs translation. You use a $ in front

of a double quoted string in a script to indicate that it

needs translation. The -D option for ksh builds the dictionary.

The translate routine needs to return the translated message.

For dictionaries that need to use a numeric key, it should be

possible to use the strhash() function to generate numbers to

go along with each of the messages and to use this number both

when generating the dictionary and when converting strings.

If you encounter error messages of type 1 that are not be translated via

this translate() function send mail to the address below.

Please report any problems or suggestions to:

dgk@research.att.com

ksh93 has been compiled and alpha tested on the following. An asterisk

signifies that ksh has been installed as /bin/sh on this machine.

* Sun OS 4.1.[123] on sparc.

Sun OS 4.1.1 on sun.

Solaris 2.[1-9] on sparc.

Solaris 2.[4-8] on X86.

HP/UX 8 on HP-9000/730.

HP/UX 9 on HP-9000/730.

HP/UX 10 on HP-9000/857.

HP/UX 11 on pa-risc.

System V Release 3 on Counterpoint C19

System V Release 4 on AT&T Intel 486.

System V Release 4 on NCR 4850 Intel 486.

IRIX Release 4.0.? System V on SGI-MIPS.

IRIX Release 5.1 System V on SGI-MIPS.

IRIX Release 6.[1-5] System V on SGI-MIPS.

System V Release 3.2 on 3B2.

UTS 5.2.6 on Amdahl 3090,5990,580.

System V Release 3.2 on i386.

SMP_DC.OSx olivetti dcosx MIServer-S 2/128.

SMP_DC.OSx Pyramid dcosx MIServer-S 2/160 r3000.

4.3BSD on Vax 8650.

AIX release 2 on RS6000.

AIX 3.2 on RS6000.

Linux 1.X on Intel

Linux 2.X on Intel

Linux 2.X on Alpha

Linux 2.X on Alpha

Linux 2.X on OS/390

Linux 2.X on sparc

Linux 2.4 on intel itanium 64

Linux Slackware on sparc64

* Linux ARM on i-PAQ

OSF1 on DEC alpha.

OSF4 on DEC alpha.

UMIPS 4.52 on mips.

BSD-i [2-4] on X86.

OpenBSD on X86

NetBSD on X86

FreeBSD on X86

NeXT on Intel X86.

NeXT on HP.

* Windows NT using UWIN on X86

* Windows NT using UWIN on alpha

Windows NT using Cygwin on X86

Windows NT with NutCracker libraries.

Windows NT with Portage libraries.

Windows 3.1 using custom C library.

OpenEdition on MVS

Darwin OS X on PPC

MVS on OS 390

SCO Openserver 3.2 on X86

Unixware 7 on X86

Good luck!!

David Korn

dgk@research.att.com