africa revision b8fd0f857a2fe2551715d54b59cc3c9f53b001b8
b3dca469a9e267d6d71acfdeca7bf284d0581dc7Till Mossakowski# @(#)africa 8.22
b3dca469a9e267d6d71acfdeca7bf284d0581dc7Till Mossakowski# This file is in the public domain, so clarified as of
97018cf5fa25b494adffd7e9b4e87320dae6bf47Christian Maeder# 2009-05-17 by Arthur David Olson.
b4fbc96e05117839ca409f5f20f97b3ac872d1edTill Mossakowski# This data is by no means authoritative; if you think you know better,
b3dca469a9e267d6d71acfdeca7bf284d0581dc7Till Mossakowski# go ahead and edit the file (and please send any changes to
b3dca469a9e267d6d71acfdeca7bf284d0581dc7Till Mossakowski# tz@elsie.nci.nih.gov for general use in the future).
f3a94a197960e548ecd6520bb768cb0d547457bbChristian Maeder# From Paul Eggert (2006-03-22):
b3dca469a9e267d6d71acfdeca7bf284d0581dc7Till Mossakowski# A good source for time zone historical data outside the U.S. is
b3dca469a9e267d6d71acfdeca7bf284d0581dc7Till Mossakowski# Thomas G. Shanks and Rique Pottenger, The International Atlas (6th edition),
b3dca469a9e267d6d71acfdeca7bf284d0581dc7Till Mossakowski# San Diego: ACS Publications, Inc. (2003).
b3dca469a9e267d6d71acfdeca7bf284d0581dc7Till Mossakowski# Gwillim Law writes that a good source
ad270004874ce1d0697fb30d7309f180553bb315Christian Maeder# for recent time zone data is the International Air Transport
b3dca469a9e267d6d71acfdeca7bf284d0581dc7Till Mossakowski# Association's Standard Schedules Information Manual (IATA SSIM),
b3dca469a9e267d6d71acfdeca7bf284d0581dc7Till Mossakowski# published semiannually. Law sent in several helpful summaries
5c358300e78157f4bfaf5415c70e1096a9205b61Christian Maeder# of the IATA's data after 1990.
b3dca469a9e267d6d71acfdeca7bf284d0581dc7Till Mossakowski# Except where otherwise noted, Shanks & Pottenger is the source for
b3dca469a9e267d6d71acfdeca7bf284d0581dc7Till Mossakowski# entries through 1990, and IATA SSIM is the source for entries afterwards.
b3dca469a9e267d6d71acfdeca7bf284d0581dc7Till Mossakowski# Another source occasionally used is Edward W. Whitman, World Time Differences,
b3dca469a9e267d6d71acfdeca7bf284d0581dc7Till Mossakowski# Whitman Publishing Co, 2 Niagara Av, Ealing, London (undated), which
b3dca469a9e267d6d71acfdeca7bf284d0581dc7Till Mossakowski# I found in the UCLA library.
b3dca469a9e267d6d71acfdeca7bf284d0581dc7Till Mossakowski# A reliable and entertaining source about time zones is
b3dca469a9e267d6d71acfdeca7bf284d0581dc7Till Mossakowski# Derek Howse, Greenwich time and longitude, Philip Wilson Publishers (1997).
b3dca469a9e267d6d71acfdeca7bf284d0581dc7Till Mossakowski# Previous editions of this database used WAT, CAT, SAT, and EAT
b3dca469a9e267d6d71acfdeca7bf284d0581dc7Till Mossakowski# for +0:00 through +3:00, respectively,
b3dca469a9e267d6d71acfdeca7bf284d0581dc7Till Mossakowski# but Mark R V Murray reports that
b3dca469a9e267d6d71acfdeca7bf284d0581dc7Till Mossakowski# `SAST' is the official abbreviation for +2:00 in the country of South Africa,
b3dca469a9e267d6d71acfdeca7bf284d0581dc7Till Mossakowski# `CAT' is commonly used for +2:00 in countries north of South Africa, and
b3dca469a9e267d6d71acfdeca7bf284d0581dc7Till Mossakowski# `WAT' is probably the best name for +1:00, as the common phrase for
b3dca469a9e267d6d71acfdeca7bf284d0581dc7Till Mossakowski# the area that includes Nigeria is ``West Africa''.
5c358300e78157f4bfaf5415c70e1096a9205b61Christian Maeder# He has heard of ``Western Sahara Time'' for +0:00 but can find no reference.
afae8493e1c904789e3352f6daae63bd66cf057dTill Mossakowski# To make things confusing, `WAT' seems to have been used for -1:00 long ago;
b3dca469a9e267d6d71acfdeca7bf284d0581dc7Till Mossakowski# I'd guess that this was because people needed _some_ name for -1:00,
61051521e4d82769a47f23aecb5fb477de47d534Andy Gimblett# and at the time, far west Africa was the only major land area in -1:00.
41486a487c9b065d4d9d1a8adf63c00925cd455bAndy Gimblett# This usage is now obsolete, as the last use of -1:00 on the African
41486a487c9b065d4d9d1a8adf63c00925cd455bAndy Gimblett# mainland seems to have been 1976 in Western Sahara.
b3dca469a9e267d6d71acfdeca7bf284d0581dc7Till Mossakowski# To summarize, the following abbreviations seem to have some currency:
5c358300e78157f4bfaf5415c70e1096a9205b61Christian Maeder# -1:00 WAT West Africa Time (no longer used)
b3dca469a9e267d6d71acfdeca7bf284d0581dc7Till Mossakowski# 0:00 GMT Greenwich Mean Time
bba825b39570777866d560bfde3807731131097eKlaus Luettich# 2:00 CAT Central Africa Time
7592d4dc0461feff73113f4679e0b1823fd117faChristian Maeder# 2:00 SAST South Africa Standard Time
578b677874296e4ba48e57b5e4b4b0270d995603Christian Maeder# and Murray suggests the following abbreviation:
5c358300e78157f4bfaf5415c70e1096a9205b61Christian Maeder# 1:00 WAT West Africa Time
eb0e19a83d8e3eaeb936c197555b20d37129022cKlaus Luettich# I realize that this leads to `WAT' being used for both -1:00 and 1:00
eb0e19a83d8e3eaeb936c197555b20d37129022cKlaus Luettich# for times before 1976, but this is the best I can think of
f2c050360525df494e6115073b0edc4c443a847cMihai Codescu# until we get more information.
b3dca469a9e267d6d71acfdeca7bf284d0581dc7Till Mossakowski# I invented the following abbreviations; corrections are welcome!
41486a487c9b065d4d9d1a8adf63c00925cd455bAndy Gimblett# 2:00 WAST West Africa Summer Time
5c358300e78157f4bfaf5415c70e1096a9205b61Christian Maeder# 2:30 BEAT British East Africa Time (no longer used)
afd6ed16928bbd774b6c6c5b3f440a917dd638a1Andy Gimblett# 2:44:45 BEAUT British East Africa Unified Time (no longer used)
e953bea49e7f0e1a43bccf2a66c5e2a2b50848e0Christian Maeder# 3:00 CAST Central Africa Summer Time (no longer used)
b3dca469a9e267d6d71acfdeca7bf284d0581dc7Till Mossakowski# 3:00 SAST South Africa Summer Time (no longer used)
e953bea49e7f0e1a43bccf2a66c5e2a2b50848e0Christian Maeder# 3:00 EAT East Africa Time
e953bea49e7f0e1a43bccf2a66c5e2a2b50848e0Christian Maeder# 4:00 EAST East Africa Summer Time (no longer used)
b3dca469a9e267d6d71acfdeca7bf284d0581dc7Till Mossakowski# Rule NAME FROM TO TYPE IN ON AT SAVE LETTER/S
e953bea49e7f0e1a43bccf2a66c5e2a2b50848e0Christian MaederRule Algeria 1916 only - Jun 14 23:00s 1:00 S
b3dca469a9e267d6d71acfdeca7bf284d0581dc7Till MossakowskiRule Algeria 1916 1919 - Oct Sun>=1 23:00s 0 -
b3dca469a9e267d6d71acfdeca7bf284d0581dc7Till MossakowskiRule Algeria 1917 only - Mar 24 23:00s 1:00 S
b3dca469a9e267d6d71acfdeca7bf284d0581dc7Till MossakowskiRule Algeria 1918 only - Mar 9 23:00s 1:00 S
5c358300e78157f4bfaf5415c70e1096a9205b61Christian MaederRule Algeria 1919 only - Mar 1 23:00s 1:00 S
41486a487c9b065d4d9d1a8adf63c00925cd455bAndy GimblettRule Algeria 1920 only - Feb 14 23:00s 1:00 S
b3dca469a9e267d6d71acfdeca7bf284d0581dc7Till MossakowskiRule Algeria 1920 only - Oct 23 23:00s 0 -
b3dca469a9e267d6d71acfdeca7bf284d0581dc7Till MossakowskiRule Algeria 1921 only - Mar 14 23:00s 1:00 S
b3dca469a9e267d6d71acfdeca7bf284d0581dc7Till MossakowskiRule Algeria 1921 only - Jun 21 23:00s 0 -
Zone Africa/Algiers 0:12:12 - LMT 1891 Mar 15 0:01
Zone Africa/Luanda 0:52:56 - LMT 1892
Zone Africa/Porto-Novo 0:10:28 - LMT 1912
Zone Africa/Gaborone 1:43:40 - LMT 1885
Zone Africa/Ouagadougou -0:06:04 - LMT 1912
Zone Africa/Bujumbura 1:57:28 - LMT 1890
Zone Africa/Douala 0:38:48 - LMT 1912
Zone Atlantic/Cape_Verde -1:34:04 - LMT 1907 # Praia
Zone Africa/Bangui 1:14:20 - LMT 1912
Zone Africa/Ndjamena 1:00:12 - LMT 1912
Zone Indian/Comoro 2:53:04 - LMT 1911 Jul # Moroni, Gran Comoro
Zone Africa/Kinshasa 1:01:12 - LMT 1897 Nov 9
Zone Africa/Lubumbashi 1:49:52 - LMT 1897 Nov 9
Zone Africa/Brazzaville 1:01:08 - LMT 1912
Zone Africa/Abidjan -0:16:08 - LMT 1912
Zone Africa/Djibouti 2:52:36 - LMT 1911 Jul
# > $ zdump -v /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo | grep 2009
# > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo Thu Apr 23 21:59:59 2009 UTC = Thu =
# > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo Thu Apr 23 22:00:00 2009 UTC = Fri =
# > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo Thu Aug 27 20:59:59 2009 UTC = Thu =
# > /usr/share/zoneinfo/Africa/Cairo Thu Aug 27 21:00:00 2009 UTC = Thu =
# [1] <a href="https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=492263">
# [2] <a href="http://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/clockchange.html?n=53">
# [3] <a href="http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/time-zone/africa/egypt/">
Zone Africa/Cairo 2:05:00 - LMT 1900 Oct
Zone Africa/Malabo 0:35:08 - LMT 1912
Zone Africa/Asmara 2:35:32 - LMT 1870
Zone Africa/Addis_Ababa 2:34:48 - LMT 1870
Zone Africa/Libreville 0:37:48 - LMT 1912
Zone Africa/Banjul -1:06:36 - LMT 1912
Zone Africa/Accra -0:00:52 - LMT 1918
Zone Africa/Conakry -0:54:52 - LMT 1912
Zone Africa/Bissau -1:02:20 - LMT 1911 May 26
Zone Africa/Nairobi 2:27:16 - LMT 1928 Jul
Zone Africa/Maseru 1:50:00 - LMT 1903 Mar
Zone Africa/Monrovia -0:43:08 - LMT 1882
Zone Africa/Tripoli 0:52:44 - LMT 1920
Zone Indian/Antananarivo 3:10:04 - LMT 1911 Jul
Zone Africa/Blantyre 2:20:00 - LMT 1903 Mar
Zone Africa/Bamako -0:32:00 - LMT 1912
Zone Africa/Nouakchott -1:03:48 - LMT 1912
# http://economicdevelopment.gov.mu/portal/site/Mainhomepage/menuitem.a42b24128104d9845dabddd154508a0c/?content_id=0a7cee8b5d69a110VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD
# The www.timeanddate.com article cited by Steffen Thorsen notes that "A
# USA/Canada last year (DST ends first Sunday in November). I also wonder
# <a href="http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/pmosite/menuitem.4ca0efdee47462e7440a600248a521ca/?content_id=4728ca68b2a5b110VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD">
# http://www.gov.mu/portal/site/pmosite/menuitem.4ca0efdee47462e7440a600248a521ca/?content_id=4728ca68b2a5b110VgnVCM1000000a04a8c0RCRD
# 4. ...Cabinet has agreed to the introduction into the National Assembly
# <a href="http://www.defimedia.info/news/946/Rashid-Beebeejaun-:-%C2%AB-L%E2%80%99heure-d%E2%80%99%C3%A9t%C3%A9-ne-sera-pas-appliqu%C3%A9e-cette-ann%C3%A9e-%C2%BB">
# http://www.defimedia.info/news/946/Rashid-Beebeejaun-:-%C2%AB-L%E2%80%99heure-d%E2%80%99%C3%A9t%C3%A9-ne-sera-pas-appliqu%C3%A9e-cette-ann%C3%A9e-%C2%BB
# <a href="http://lexpress.mu/Story/3398~Beebeejaun---Les-objectifs-d-%C3%A9conomie-d-%C3%A9nergie-de-l-heure-d-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-ont-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-atteints-">
# http://lexpress.mu/Story/3398~Beebeejaun---Les-objectifs-d-%C3%A9conomie-d-%C3%A9nergie-de-l-heure-d-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-ont-%C3%A9t%C3%A9-atteints-
Zone Indian/Mauritius 3:50:00 - LMT 1907 # Port Louis
# no information; probably like Indian/Mauritius
Zone Indian/Mayotte 3:00:56 - LMT 1911 Jul # Mamoutzou
# See the `europe' file for Spanish Morocco (Africa/Ceuta).
# <a href="http://en.afrik.com/news11892.html">
# <a href="http://www.actu.ma/heure-dete-comment_i127896_0.html">
# <a href="http://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=Conseil+de+gouvernement+maroc+heure+avance&btnG=Search">
# <a href="http://www.menara.ma/fr/Actualites/Maroc/Societe/ci.retour_a_l_heure_gmt_a_partir_du_dimanche_31_aout_a_minuit_officiel_.default">
# http://www.menara.ma/fr/Actualites/Maroc/Societe/ci.retour_a_l_heure_gmt_a_partir_du_dimanche_31_aout_a_minuit_officiel_.default
# <a href="http://www.medi1sat.ma/fr/depeche.aspx?idp=2312">
Zone Africa/Casablanca -0:30:20 - LMT 1913 Oct 26
Zone Africa/El_Aaiun -0:52:48 - LMT 1934 Jan
Zone Africa/Maputo 2:10:20 - LMT 1903 Mar
# we have no details. In the meantime people there can use Africa/Gaborone.
Zone Africa/Windhoek 1:08:24 - LMT 1892 Feb 8
Zone Africa/Niamey 0:08:28 - LMT 1912
Zone Africa/Lagos 0:13:36 - LMT 1919 Sep
Zone Indian/Reunion 3:41:52 - LMT 1911 Jun # Saint-Denis
# Iles Eparses (www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/domtom/ile.htm, 1997-07-22, in French;
Zone Africa/Kigali 2:00:16 - LMT 1935 Jun
Zone Atlantic/St_Helena -0:22:48 - LMT 1890 # Jamestown
Zone Africa/Sao_Tome 0:26:56 - LMT 1884
Zone Africa/Dakar -1:09:44 - LMT 1912
Zone Indian/Mahe 3:41:48 - LMT 1906 Jun # Victoria
Zone Africa/Freetown -0:53:00 - LMT 1882
Zone Africa/Mogadishu 3:01:28 - LMT 1893 Nov
Zone Africa/Johannesburg 1:52:00 - LMT 1892 Feb 8
# From <a href="http://www.sunanews.net/sn13jane.html">
Zone Africa/Khartoum 2:10:08 - LMT 1931
Zone Africa/Mbabane 2:04:24 - LMT 1903 Mar
Zone Africa/Dar_es_Salaam 2:37:08 - LMT 1931
Zone Africa/Lome 0:04:52 - LMT 1893
# <http://fr.news.yahoo.com/050426/5/4dumk.html>, in a story attributed to AP
# <a href="http://www.elbashayer.com/?page=viewn&nid=42546">
# <a href="http://www.babnet.net/kiwidetail-15295.asp">
# Standard time to be kept the whole year long (tap.info.tn):
Zone Africa/Tunis 0:40:44 - LMT 1881 May 12
Zone Africa/Kampala 2:09:40 - LMT 1928 Jul
Zone Africa/Lusaka 1:53:08 - LMT 1903 Mar
Zone Africa/Harare 2:04:12 - LMT 1903 Mar