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4a1711ab536d965e63d7be80e29f912287fe70b2rbowen<title>Redirecting and Remapping with mod_rewrite</title>
4a1711ab536d965e63d7be80e29f912287fe70b2rbowen<p>This document supplements the <module>mod_rewrite</module>
4a1711ab536d965e63d7be80e29f912287fe70b2rbowen<a href="/mod_rewrite.html">reference documentation</a>. It describes
4a1711ab536d965e63d7be80e29f912287fe70b2rbowenhow you can use <module>mod_rewrite</module> to redirect and remap
4a1711ab536d965e63d7be80e29f912287fe70b2rbowenrequest. This includes many examples of common uses of mod_rewrite,
4a1711ab536d965e63d7be80e29f912287fe70b2rbowenincluding detailed descriptions of how each works.</p>
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen<note type="warning">Note that many of these examples won't work unchanged in your
4a1711ab536d965e63d7be80e29f912287fe70b2rbowenparticular server configuration, so it's important that you understand
4a1711ab536d965e63d7be80e29f912287fe70b2rbowenthem, rather than merely cutting and pasting the examples into your
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowenconfiguration.</note>
4a1711ab536d965e63d7be80e29f912287fe70b2rbowen<seealso><a href="/mod/mod_rewrite.html">Module documentation</a></seealso>
4a1711ab536d965e63d7be80e29f912287fe70b2rbowen<seealso><a href="intro.html">mod_rewrite introduction</a></seealso>
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen <p>Assume we have recently renamed the page
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen <code>foo.html</code> to <code>bar.html</code> and now want
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen to provide the old URL for backward compatibility. However,
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen we want that users of the old URL even not recognize that
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen the pages was renamed - that is, we don't want the address to
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen change in their browser.</p>
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen <p>We rewrite the old URL to the new one internally via the
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen following rule:</p>
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowenRewriteEngine on
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowenRewriteRule ^<strong>/old</strong>\.html$ <strong>/new</strong>.html [PT]
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen <p>Assume again that we have recently renamed the page
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen <code>foo.html</code> to <code>bar.html</code> and now want
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen to provide the old URL for backward compatibility. But this
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen time we want that the users of the old URL get hinted to
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen the new one, i.e. their browsers Location field should
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen change, too.</p>
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen <p>We force a HTTP redirect to the new URL which leads to a
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen change of the browsers and thus the users view:</p>
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowenRewriteEngine on
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowenRewriteRule ^<strong>/foo</strong>\.html$ <strong>bar</strong>.html [<strong>R</strong>]
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen href="#old-to-new-intern">internal</a> example above, we can simply
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen use the Redirect directive. mod_rewrite was used in that earlier
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen example in order to hide the redirect from the client:</p>
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen <p>How can we transform a static page
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen <code>foo.cgi</code> in a seamless way, i.e. without notice
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen <p>We just rewrite the URL to the CGI-script and force the
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen handler to be <strong>cgi-script</strong> so that it is
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen executed as a CGI program.
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen internally leads to the invocation of
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowenRewriteEngine on
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowenRewriteBase /~quux/
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowenRewriteRule ^foo\.<strong>html</strong>$ foo.<strong>cgi</strong> [H=<strong>cgi-script</strong>]
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen <title>Backward Compatibility for file extension change</title>
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen <p>How can we make URLs backward compatible (still
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen existing virtually) after migrating <code>document.YYYY</code>
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen to <code>document.XXXX</code>, e.g. after translating a
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen bunch of <code>.html</code> files to <code>.php</code>?</p>
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen <p>We rewrite the name to its basename and test for
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen existence of the new extension. If it exists, we take
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen that name, else we rewrite the URL to its original state.</p>
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen# backward compatibility ruleset for
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen# when and only when document.php exists
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowenRewriteEngine on
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowenRewriteCond $1.php -f
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowenRewriteCond $1.html !-f
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowenRewriteRule ^(.*).html$ $1.php
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen <p>This example uses an often-overlooked feature of mod_rewrite,
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen by taking advantage of the order of execution of the ruleset. In
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen particular, mod_rewrite evaluates the left-hand-side of the
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen RewriteRule before it evaluates the RewriteCond directives.
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen Consequently, $1 is already defined by the time the RewriteRule
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen directives are evaluated. This allows us to test for the existence
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen of the the original (<code>document.html</code>) and target
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen (<code>document.php</code>) files using the same base filename.</p>
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen<section id="canonicalhost"><title>Canonical Hostnames</title>
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen <dd>The goal of this rule is to force the use of a particular
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen hostname, in preference to other hostnames which may be used to
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen reach the same site. For example, if you wish to force the use
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen <strong>example.com</strong>, you might use a variant of the
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen following recipe.</dd>
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowenRewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^www\.example\.com [NC]
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowenRewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^$
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowenRewriteCond %{SERVER_PORT} !^80$
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowenRewriteRule ^/?(.*) http://www.example.com:%{SERVER_PORT}/$1 [L,R,NE]
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowenRewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^www\.example\.com [NC]
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowenRewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^$
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowenRewriteRule ^/?(.*) http://www.example.com/$1 [L,R,NE]
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen If you wanted to do this generically for all domain names - that
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen is, if you want to redirect <strong>example.com</strong> to
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen <strong>www.example.com</strong> for all possible values of
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen <strong>example.com</strong>, you could use the following
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen recipe:</p>
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowenRewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^www\. [NC]
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowenRewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^$
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowenRewriteRule ^/?(.*) http://www.%{HTTP_HOST}/$1 [L,R,NE]
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen <p>These rulesets will work either in your main server configuration
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen file, or in a <code>.htaccess</code> file placed in the <directive
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen module="core">DocumentRoot</directive> of the server.</p>
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen <title>Search for pages in more than one directory</title>
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen <p>A particular resource might exist in one of several places, and
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen we want to look in those places for the resource when it is
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen requested. Perhaps we've recently rearranged our directory
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen structure, dividing content into several locations.</p>
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen <p>The following ruleset searches in two directories to find the
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen resource, and, if not finding it in either place, will attempt to
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen just serve it out of the location requested.</p>
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowenRewriteEngine on
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen# first try to find it in dir1/...
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen# ...and if found stop and be happy:
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowenRewriteCond %{DOCUMENT_ROOT}/<strong>dir1</strong>/%{REQUEST_URI} -f
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowenRewriteRule ^(.+) %{DOCUMENT_ROOT}/<strong>dir1</strong>/$1 [L]
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen# second try to find it in dir2/...
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen# ...and if found stop and be happy:
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowenRewriteCond %{DOCUMENT_ROOT}/<strong>dir2</strong>/%{REQUEST_URI} -f
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowenRewriteRule ^(.+) %{DOCUMENT_ROOT}/<strong>dir2</strong>/$1 [L]
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen# else go on for other Alias or ScriptAlias directives,
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowenRewriteRule ^(.+) - [PT]
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowen <title>Redirecting to Geographically Distributed Servers</title>
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowen <p>We have numerous mirrors of our website, and want to redirect
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowen people to the one that is located in the country where they are
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowen located.</p>
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowen <p>Looking at the hostname of the requesting client, we determine
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowen which country they are coming from. If we can't do a lookup on their
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowen IP address, we fall back to a default server.</p>
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowen <p>We'll use <directive module="mod_rewrite">RewriteMap</directive>
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowen directive to build a list of servers that we wish to use.</p>
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowenHostnameLookups on
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowenRewriteEngine on
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowenRewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} ([a-z]+)$ [NC]
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowenRewriteRule ^(.*)$ ${multiplex:<strong>%1</strong>|www.example.com}$1 [R,L]
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowen## map.mirrors -- Multiplexing Map
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowen a significant performance hit.</note>
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowen <p>The <directive module="mod_rewrite">RewriteCond</directive>
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowen directive captures the last portion of the hostname of the
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowen requesting client - the country code - and the following RewriteRule
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowen uses that value to look up the appropriate mirror host in the map
4a1711ab536d965e63d7be80e29f912287fe70b2rbowen</manualpage>