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4a1711ab536d965e63d7be80e29f912287fe70b2rbowen<title>Redirecting and Remapping with mod_rewrite</title>
4a1711ab536d965e63d7be80e29f912287fe70b2rbowen<p>This document supplements the <module>mod_rewrite</module>
4a1711ab536d965e63d7be80e29f912287fe70b2rbowen<a href="/mod/mod_rewrite.html">reference documentation</a>. It describes
4a1711ab536d965e63d7be80e29f912287fe70b2rbowenhow you can use <module>mod_rewrite</module> to redirect and remap
4a1711ab536d965e63d7be80e29f912287fe70b2rbowenrequest. This includes many examples of common uses of mod_rewrite,
4a1711ab536d965e63d7be80e29f912287fe70b2rbowenincluding detailed descriptions of how each works.</p>
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen<note type="warning">Note that many of these examples won't work unchanged in your
4a1711ab536d965e63d7be80e29f912287fe70b2rbowenparticular server configuration, so it's important that you understand
4a1711ab536d965e63d7be80e29f912287fe70b2rbowenthem, rather than merely cutting and pasting the examples into your
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowenconfiguration.</note>
4a1711ab536d965e63d7be80e29f912287fe70b2rbowen<seealso><a href="/mod/mod_rewrite.html">Module documentation</a></seealso>
4a1711ab536d965e63d7be80e29f912287fe70b2rbowen<seealso><a href="intro.html">mod_rewrite introduction</a></seealso>
4a1711ab536d965e63d7be80e29f912287fe70b2rbowen<!--<seealso><a href="remapping.html">Redirection and remapping</a></seealso>-->
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen<seealso><a href="access.html">Controlling access</a></seealso>
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen<seealso><a href="vhosts.html">Virtual hosts</a></seealso>
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen<seealso><a href="rewritemap.html">Using RewriteMap</a></seealso>
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen<seealso><a href="advanced.html">Advanced techniques and tricks</a></seealso>
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen<seealso><a href="avoid.html">When not to use mod_rewrite</a></seealso>
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen <p>Assume we have recently renamed the page
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen <code>foo.html</code> to <code>bar.html</code> and now want
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen to provide the old URL for backward compatibility. However,
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen we want that users of the old URL even not recognize that
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen the pages was renamed - that is, we don't want the address to
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen change in their browser.</p>
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen <p>We rewrite the old URL to the new one internally via the
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen following rule:</p>
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowenRewriteEngine on<br />
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowenRewriteRule ^<strong>/old</strong>\.html$ <strong>/new</strong>.html [PT]
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen <p>Assume again that we have recently renamed the page
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen <code>foo.html</code> to <code>bar.html</code> and now want
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen to provide the old URL for backward compatibility. But this
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen time we want that the users of the old URL get hinted to
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen the new one, i.e. their browsers Location field should
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen change, too.</p>
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen <p>We force a HTTP redirect to the new URL which leads to a
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen change of the browsers and thus the users view:</p>
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowenRewriteEngine on<br />
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowenRewriteRule ^<strong>/foo</strong>\.html$ <strong>bar</strong>.html [<strong>R</strong>]
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen href="#old-to-new-intern">internal</a> example above, we can simply
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen use the Redirect directive. mod_rewrite was used in that earlier
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen example in order to hide the redirect from the client:</p>
67398034ea8b919da6274d4e178661559e1eb1e2rbowen <p>If a resource has moved to another server, you may wish to have
67398034ea8b919da6274d4e178661559e1eb1e2rbowen URLs continue to work for a time on the old server while people
67398034ea8b919da6274d4e178661559e1eb1e2rbowen update their bookmarks.</p>
67398034ea8b919da6274d4e178661559e1eb1e2rbowen <p>You can use <module>mod_rewrite</module> to redirect these URLs
67398034ea8b919da6274d4e178661559e1eb1e2rbowen to the new server, but you might also consider using the Redirect
67398034ea8b919da6274d4e178661559e1eb1e2rbowen or RedirectMatch directive.</p>
67398034ea8b919da6274d4e178661559e1eb1e2rbowenRewriteEngine on<br />
67398034ea8b919da6274d4e178661559e1eb1e2rbowenRewriteRule ^/docs/(.+) http://new.example.com/docs/$1 [R,L]
67398034ea8b919da6274d4e178661559e1eb1e2rbowenRedirectMatch ^/docs/(.*) http://new.example.com/docs/$1
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen <p>How can we transform a static page
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen <code>foo.cgi</code> in a seamless way, i.e. without notice
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen <p>We just rewrite the URL to the CGI-script and force the
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen handler to be <strong>cgi-script</strong> so that it is
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen executed as a CGI program.
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen internally leads to the invocation of
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowenRewriteEngine on<br />
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowenRewriteBase /~quux/<br />
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowenRewriteRule ^foo\.<strong>html</strong>$ foo.<strong>cgi</strong> [H=<strong>cgi-script</strong>]
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen <title>Backward Compatibility for file extension change</title>
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen <p>How can we make URLs backward compatible (still
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen existing virtually) after migrating <code>document.YYYY</code>
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen to <code>document.XXXX</code>, e.g. after translating a
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen bunch of <code>.html</code> files to <code>.php</code>?</p>
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen <p>We rewrite the name to its basename and test for
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen existence of the new extension. If it exists, we take
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen that name, else we rewrite the URL to its original state.</p>
67398034ea8b919da6274d4e178661559e1eb1e2rbowen# backward compatibility ruleset for<br />
67398034ea8b919da6274d4e178661559e1eb1e2rbowenRewriteEngine on<br />
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen</Directory>
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen <p>This example uses an often-overlooked feature of mod_rewrite,
67398034ea8b919da6274d4e178661559e1eb1e2rbowen by taking advantage of the order of execution of the ruleset. In
73036acae345bfcd48167c09e7ee2f0f0a19df8arbowen particular, mod_rewrite evaluates the left-hand-side of the
73036acae345bfcd48167c09e7ee2f0f0a19df8arbowen RewriteRule before it evaluates the RewriteCond directives.
73036acae345bfcd48167c09e7ee2f0f0a19df8arbowen Consequently, $1 is already defined by the time the RewriteCond
73036acae345bfcd48167c09e7ee2f0f0a19df8arbowen directives are evaluated. This allows us to test for the existence
73036acae345bfcd48167c09e7ee2f0f0a19df8arbowen of the original (<code>document.html</code>) and target
73036acae345bfcd48167c09e7ee2f0f0a19df8arbowen (<code>document.php</code>) files using the same base filename.</p>
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen <p>This ruleset is designed to use in a per-directory context (In a
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen <Directory> block or in a .htaccess file), so that the
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen <code>-f</code> checks are looking at the correct directory path.
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen You may need to set a <directive
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen module="mod_rewite">RewriteBase</directive> directive to specify the
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen directory base that you're working in.</p>
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen <dd>The goal of this rule is to force the use of a particular
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen hostname, in preference to other hostnames which may be used to
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen reach the same site. For example, if you wish to force the use
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen <strong>example.com</strong>, you might use a variant of the
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen following recipe.</dd>
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen<p>The very best way to solve this doesn't involve mod_rewrite at all,
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowenbut rather uses the <directive module="alias">Redirect</directive>
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowendirective placed in a virtual host for the non-canonical
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowenhostname(s).</p>
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen<VirtualHost *:80><br />
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen</VirtualHost><br />
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen<VirtualHost *:80><br />
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen</VirtualHost>
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen<p>You can alternatively accomplish this using the
1a1f0f42c4b3840641897888fec7792af8ba384frbowen<directive module="core" type="section">If</directive>
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowendirective:</p>
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen<p>Or, for example, to redirect a portion of your site to HTTPS, you
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowenmight do the following:</p>
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen<If "%{SERVER_PROTOCOL} != 'HTTPS'"><br />
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen<p>If, for whatever reason, you still want to use <code>mod_rewrite</code>
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen- if, for example, you need this to work with a larger set of RewriteRules -
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowenyou might use one of the recipes below.</p>
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowenRewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^www\.example\.com [NC]<br />
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowenRewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^$<br />
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowenRewriteCond %{SERVER_PORT} !^80$<br />
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowenRewriteRule ^/?(.*) http://www.example.com:%{SERVER_PORT}/$1 [L,R,NE]
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowenRewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^www\.example\.com [NC]<br />
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowenRewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^$<br />
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowenRewriteRule ^/?(.*) http://www.example.com/$1 [L,R,NE]
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen If you wanted to do this generically for all domain names - that
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen is, if you want to redirect <strong>example.com</strong> to
13e125c14cbafff43783b7f3aed11de6d4cb5b14rbowen <strong>www.example.com</strong> for all possible values of
4a1711ab536d965e63d7be80e29f912287fe70b2rbowen <strong>example.com</strong>, you could use the following
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowen recipe:</p>
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowenRewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^www\. [NC]<br />
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowenRewriteCond %{HTTP_HOST} !^$<br />
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowenRewriteRule ^/?(.*) http://www.%{HTTP_HOST}/$1 [L,R,NE]
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowen <p>These rulesets will work either in your main server configuration
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowen file, or in a <code>.htaccess</code> file placed in the <directive
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowen module="core">DocumentRoot</directive> of the server.</p>
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowen <title>Search for pages in more than one directory</title>
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowen <p>A particular resource might exist in one of several places, and
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowen we want to look in those places for the resource when it is
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowen requested. Perhaps we've recently rearranged our directory
4634fe331f9689ad14057c5ca77d285b50ce08c4rbowen structure, dividing content into several locations.</p>
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowen <p>The following ruleset searches in two directories to find the
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowen resource, and, if not finding it in either place, will attempt to
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowen just serve it out of the location requested.</p>
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowenRewriteEngine on<br />
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowen# first try to find it in dir1/...<br />
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowenRewriteCond %{DOCUMENT_ROOT}/<strong>dir1</strong>/%{REQUEST_URI} -f<br />
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowenRewriteRule ^(.+) %{DOCUMENT_ROOT}/<strong>dir1</strong>/$1 [L]<br />
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowen# second try to find it in dir2/...<br />
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowenRewriteCond %{DOCUMENT_ROOT}/<strong>dir2</strong>/%{REQUEST_URI} -f<br />
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowenRewriteRule ^(.+) %{DOCUMENT_ROOT}/<strong>dir2</strong>/$1 [L]<br />
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowen# else go on for other Alias or ScriptAlias directives,<br />
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowen# etc.<br />
aa3ddf73a3cb180f88a18742f363f2cb9a0c5cderbowenRewriteRule ^ - [PT]
32e1018ca3ab0e0bd089fd38ce8d97bb7a607639rbowen <title>Redirecting to Geographically Distributed Servers</title>
32e1018ca3ab0e0bd089fd38ce8d97bb7a607639rbowen <p>We have numerous mirrors of our website, and want to redirect
32e1018ca3ab0e0bd089fd38ce8d97bb7a607639rbowen people to the one that is located in the country where they are
32e1018ca3ab0e0bd089fd38ce8d97bb7a607639rbowen located.</p>
32e1018ca3ab0e0bd089fd38ce8d97bb7a607639rbowen <p>Looking at the hostname of the requesting client, we determine
32e1018ca3ab0e0bd089fd38ce8d97bb7a607639rbowen which country they are coming from. If we can't do a lookup on their
32e1018ca3ab0e0bd089fd38ce8d97bb7a607639rbowen IP address, we fall back to a default server.</p>
32e1018ca3ab0e0bd089fd38ce8d97bb7a607639rbowen <p>We'll use a <directive module="mod_rewrite">RewriteMap</directive>
32e1018ca3ab0e0bd089fd38ce8d97bb7a607639rbowen directive to build a list of servers that we wish to use.</p>
32e1018ca3ab0e0bd089fd38ce8d97bb7a607639rbowenHostnameLookups on<br />
32e1018ca3ab0e0bd089fd38ce8d97bb7a607639rbowenRewriteEngine on<br />
32e1018ca3ab0e0bd089fd38ce8d97bb7a607639rbowenRewriteCond %{REMOTE_HOST} ([a-z]+)$ [NC]<br />
32e1018ca3ab0e0bd089fd38ce8d97bb7a607639rbowenRewriteRule ^/(.*)$ ${multiplex:<strong>%1</strong>|http://www.example.com/}$1 [R,L]
856d8f134df3b2d23a76717121e042877f85ae3brbowen a significant performance hit.</note>
856d8f134df3b2d23a76717121e042877f85ae3brbowen <p>The <directive module="mod_rewrite">RewriteCond</directive>
856d8f134df3b2d23a76717121e042877f85ae3brbowen directive captures the last portion of the hostname of the
856d8f134df3b2d23a76717121e042877f85ae3brbowen requesting client - the country code - and the following RewriteRule
856d8f134df3b2d23a76717121e042877f85ae3brbowen uses that value to look up the appropriate mirror host in the map
856d8f134df3b2d23a76717121e042877f85ae3brbowen <p>We wish to provide different content based on the browser, or
856d8f134df3b2d23a76717121e042877f85ae3brbowen user-agent, which is requesting the content.</p>
856d8f134df3b2d23a76717121e042877f85ae3brbowen <p>We have to decide, based on the HTTP header "User-Agent",
856d8f134df3b2d23a76717121e042877f85ae3brbowen which content to serve. The following config
856d8f134df3b2d23a76717121e042877f85ae3brbowen does the following: If the HTTP header "User-Agent"
856d8f134df3b2d23a76717121e042877f85ae3brbowen rewriting stops. If the browser is "Lynx" or "Mozilla" of
856d8f134df3b2d23a76717121e042877f85ae3brbowen version 1 or 2, the URL becomes <code>foo.20.html</code>.
856d8f134df3b2d23a76717121e042877f85ae3brbowen All other browsers receive page <code>foo.32.html</code>.
856d8f134df3b2d23a76717121e042877f85ae3brbowen This is done with the following ruleset:</p>
4a1711ab536d965e63d7be80e29f912287fe70b2rbowenRewriteCond %{HTTP_USER_AGENT} ^<strong>Mozilla/3</strong>.*<br />
RedirectMatch ^/$ http://example.com/about/
RewriteRule (.*) index.php?$1 [PT,QSA]