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ce9621257ef9e54c1bbe5ad8a5f445a1f211c2dcnd<p class="menu"><a href="/mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="/mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="/faq/">FAQ</a> | <a href="/glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="/sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p>
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ce9621257ef9e54c1bbe5ad8a5f445a1f211c2dcnd<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="./">Version 2.3</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Glossary</h1>
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67139e2d50d1e11558d87f7042f61cb04bb0d1d2jim <p>This glossary defines some of the common terminology related to Apache in
1660a5facf5797acb7aa1300f5ef86756a0bf493jorton particular, and web serving in general. More information on each concept
1660a5facf5797acb7aa1300f5ef86756a0bf493jorton is provided in the links.</p>
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cc003103e52ff9d5fe9bed567ef9438613ab4fbfrse<h2><a name="definitions" id="definitions">Definitions</a></h2>
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse <dt><a name="accesscontrol" id="accesscontrol">Access Control</a></dt>
71c00f988beb28388702e14cb7fe06f08bd792bbdougm <dd>The restriction of access to network realms. In an Apache context
71c00f988beb28388702e14cb7fe06f08bd792bbdougm usually the restriction of access to certain <em>URLs</em>.<br /> See: <a href="howto/auth.html">Authentication, Authorization, and Access
71c00f988beb28388702e14cb7fe06f08bd792bbdougm Control</a>
71c00f988beb28388702e14cb7fe06f08bd792bbdougm <dt><a name="algorithm" id="algorithm">Algorithm</a></dt>
71c00f988beb28388702e14cb7fe06f08bd792bbdougm <dd>An unambiguous formula or set of rules for solving a problem in a finite
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse number of steps. Algorithms for encryption are usually called
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse <dt><a name="apacheextensiontool" id="apacheextensiontool">APache
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse eXtension Tool</a> <a name="apxs" id="apxs">(apxs)</a></dt>
d1bb6e2664788e0437acc18e877562c9a796d7cerse <dd>A perl script that aids in compiling <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#module" title="see glossary">module</a> sources into Dynamic Shared Objects
cc003103e52ff9d5fe9bed567ef9438613ab4fbfrse (<a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#dso" title="see glossary">DSO</a>s) and helps install them in the
cc003103e52ff9d5fe9bed567ef9438613ab4fbfrse Apache Web server.<br />
cc003103e52ff9d5fe9bed567ef9438613ab4fbfrse See: Manual Page: <code class="program"><a href="/programs/apxs.html">apxs</a></code>
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse <dt><a name="apacheportableruntime" id="apacheportableruntime">Apache Portable Runtime</a> <a name="apr" id="apr">(APR)</a></dt>
7988a91d9a1c6413f2c1a2138847f513d20de856fuankg <dd>A set of libraries providing many of the basic interfaces
7988a91d9a1c6413f2c1a2138847f513d20de856fuankg between the server and the operating system. APR is developed
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse parallel to the Apache HTTP Server as an independent project.<br />
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse See: <a href="http://apr.apache.org/">Apache Portable Runtime
7988a91d9a1c6413f2c1a2138847f513d20de856fuankg Project</a>
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse <dt><a name="authentication" id="authentication">Authentication</a></dt>
7988a91d9a1c6413f2c1a2138847f513d20de856fuankg <dd>The positive identification of a network entity such as a server, a
cc003103e52ff9d5fe9bed567ef9438613ab4fbfrse client, or a user.<br />
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse See: <a href="howto/auth.html">Authentication, Authorization, and Access
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse Control</a>
cc003103e52ff9d5fe9bed567ef9438613ab4fbfrse <dt><a name="certificate" id="certificate">Certificate</a></dt>
cc003103e52ff9d5fe9bed567ef9438613ab4fbfrse <dd>A data record used for authenticating network entities such
cc003103e52ff9d5fe9bed567ef9438613ab4fbfrse as a server or a client. A certificate contains X.509 information pieces
e726f34f8da08c01ee8bc90904b26196b69c8587wrowe about its owner (called the subject) and the signing <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#certificationauthority" title="see glossary">Certification Authority</a> (called
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse the issuer), plus the owner's <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#publickey" title="see glossary">public
7988a91d9a1c6413f2c1a2138847f513d20de856fuankg key</a> and the
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse signature made by the CA. Network entities verify these signatures
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse using CA certificates.<br />
7988a91d9a1c6413f2c1a2138847f513d20de856fuankg <dt><a name="certificatsigningrequest" id="certificatsigningrequest">Certificate Signing Request</a>
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse <dd>An unsigned <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#certificate" title="see glossary">certificate</a> for
7988a91d9a1c6413f2c1a2138847f513d20de856fuankg submission to a <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#certificationauthority" title="see glossary">Certification
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse Authority</a>, which signs it with the <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#privatekey" title="see glossary">Private Key</a> of their CA
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse <em>Certificate</em>. Once the CSR is signed, it becomes a real
7988a91d9a1c6413f2c1a2138847f513d20de856fuankg certificate.<br />
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse <dt><a name="certificationauthority" id="certificationauthority">Certification Authority</a>
7988a91d9a1c6413f2c1a2138847f513d20de856fuankg <dd>A trusted third party whose purpose is to sign certificates for network
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse entities it has authenticated using secure means. Other network entities
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse can check the signature to verify that a CA has authenticated the bearer
7988a91d9a1c6413f2c1a2138847f513d20de856fuankg of a certificate.<br />
e335319a08e12eb7daff9afa80e985dc53f652b8jorton <dd>An algorithm or system for data encryption. Examples are DES, IDEA, RC4,
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse <dt><a name="ciphertext" id="ciphertext">Ciphertext</a></dt>
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse <dd>The result after <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#plaintext" title="see glossary">Plaintext</a> is
7988a91d9a1c6413f2c1a2138847f513d20de856fuankg passed through a <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#cipher" title="see glossary">Cipher</a>.<br /> See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
7988a91d9a1c6413f2c1a2138847f513d20de856fuankg <dt><a name="commongatewayinterface" id="commongatewayinterface">Common
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse Gateway Interface</a> <a name="cgi" id="cgi">(CGI)</a></dt>
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse <dd>A standard definition for an interface between a web server and an
7988a91d9a1c6413f2c1a2138847f513d20de856fuankg external program that allows the external program to service requests.
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse The interface was originally defined by <a href="http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi/overview.html">NCSA</a> but there
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse is also an <a href="http://www.w3.org/CGI/">RFC project</a>.<br />
7988a91d9a1c6413f2c1a2138847f513d20de856fuankg See: <a href="howto/cgi.html">Dynamic Content with CGI</a>
7988a91d9a1c6413f2c1a2138847f513d20de856fuankg <dt><a name="configurationdirective" id="configurationdirective">Configuration Directive</a></dt>
7efe7de73c89c26518714a504359244d03cfbbc5jorton <dd>See: <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#directive" title="see glossary">Directive</a></dd>
f84d3d83a741c21154d42e0ebdec9b9b37efeedcjorton <dt><a name="configurationfile" id="configurationfile">Configuration
3c36b0324c8486306904c84eb0264affc45ed56cwrowe <dd>A text file containing <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#directive" title="see glossary">Directives</a>
3c36b0324c8486306904c84eb0264affc45ed56cwrowe that control the configuration of Apache.<br />
3c36b0324c8486306904c84eb0264affc45ed56cwrowe See: <a href="configuring.html">Configuration Files</a>
e8f95a682820a599fe41b22977010636be5c2717jim <dd>An HTTP <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#method" title="see glossary">method</a> for proxying raw data
cc003103e52ff9d5fe9bed567ef9438613ab4fbfrse channels over HTTP. It can be used to encapsulate other protocols, such as
cc003103e52ff9d5fe9bed567ef9438613ab4fbfrse the SSL protocol.
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse <dd>An area in the <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#configurationfile" title="see glossary">configuration
cc003103e52ff9d5fe9bed567ef9438613ab4fbfrse files</a> where certain types of <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#directive" title="see glossary">directives</a> are allowed.<br />
7988a91d9a1c6413f2c1a2138847f513d20de856fuankg See: <a href="mod/directive-dict.html#Context">Terms Used to Describe
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse Apache Directives</a>
8fdc55d1624c714391fe1f93ebafe98ace427f4adougm <dt><a name="digitalsignature" id="digitalsignature">Digital
7988a91d9a1c6413f2c1a2138847f513d20de856fuankg <dd>An encrypted text block that validates a certificate or other file. A
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#certificationauthority" title="see glossary">Certification Authority</a>
cc003103e52ff9d5fe9bed567ef9438613ab4fbfrse creates a signature by generating a hash of the <em>Public Key</em>
7988a91d9a1c6413f2c1a2138847f513d20de856fuankg embedded in a <em>Certificate</em>, then encrypting the hash with its own
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse <em>Private Key</em>. Only the CA's public key can decrypt the signature,
cc003103e52ff9d5fe9bed567ef9438613ab4fbfrse verifying that the CA has authenticated the network entity that owns the
a72de14bfdbf0be9d935be9bdc2df631ca5e032bdougm <dt><a name="directive" id="directive">Directive</a></dt>
a72de14bfdbf0be9d935be9bdc2df631ca5e032bdougm <dd>A configuration command that controls one or more aspects of Apache's
7988a91d9a1c6413f2c1a2138847f513d20de856fuankg behavior. Directives are placed in the <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#configurationfile" title="see glossary">Configuration File</a><br />
a72de14bfdbf0be9d935be9bdc2df631ca5e032bdougm See: <a href="mod/directives.html">Directive Index</a>
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse <dt><a name="dynamicsharedobject" id="dynamicsharedobject">Dynamic
7988a91d9a1c6413f2c1a2138847f513d20de856fuankg <dd><a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#module" title="see glossary">Modules</a> compiled separately from the
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse Apache <code class="program"><a href="/programs/httpd.html">httpd</a></code> binary that can be loaded on-demand.<br />
cc003103e52ff9d5fe9bed567ef9438613ab4fbfrse See: <a href="dso.html">Dynamic Shared Object Support</a>
8f2700898323915da289644dc1f3ee11a5e5b4earpluem <dt><a name="environmentvariable" id="environmentvariable">Environment
8f2700898323915da289644dc1f3ee11a5e5b4earpluem Variable</a> <a name="env-variable" id="env-variable">(env-variable)</a></dt>
8f2700898323915da289644dc1f3ee11a5e5b4earpluem <dd>Named variables managed by the operating system shell and used to store
cc003103e52ff9d5fe9bed567ef9438613ab4fbfrse information and communicate between programs. Apache also contains
cc003103e52ff9d5fe9bed567ef9438613ab4fbfrse internal variables that are referred to as environment variables, but are
cc003103e52ff9d5fe9bed567ef9438613ab4fbfrse stored in internal Apache structures, rather than in the shell
cc003103e52ff9d5fe9bed567ef9438613ab4fbfrse environment.<br />
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse See: <a href="env.html">Environment Variables in Apache</a>
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse <dt><a name="export-crippled" id="export-crippled">Export-Crippled</a></dt>
cc003103e52ff9d5fe9bed567ef9438613ab4fbfrse <dd>Diminished in cryptographic strength (and security) in order to comply
cc003103e52ff9d5fe9bed567ef9438613ab4fbfrse with the United States' Export Administration Regulations (EAR).
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse Export-crippled cryptographic software is limited to a small key size,
0839d91ee551a0e19ea9577bb00976b97308dfddmartin resulting in <em>Ciphertext</em> which usually can be decrypted by brute
cc003103e52ff9d5fe9bed567ef9438613ab4fbfrse force.<br />
cc003103e52ff9d5fe9bed567ef9438613ab4fbfrse <dd>A process that is applied to data that is sent or received by the
39c7699ec0799d394d3f67145d4a12ed82f587b8jorton server. Input filters process data sent by the client to the server,
7988a91d9a1c6413f2c1a2138847f513d20de856fuankg while output filters process documents on the server before they are sent
39c7699ec0799d394d3f67145d4a12ed82f587b8jorton to the client. For example, the <code>INCLUDES</code> output filter
39c7699ec0799d394d3f67145d4a12ed82f587b8jorton processes documents for <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#ssi" title="see glossary">Server Side
89b8bbc89404e7071e573c4f0a17f528996e855djorton <dt><a name="fully-qualifieddomain-name" id="fully-qualifieddomain-name">Fully-Qualified Domain-Name</a>
89b8bbc89404e7071e573c4f0a17f528996e855djorton <dd>The unique name of a network entity, consisting of a hostname and a
89b8bbc89404e7071e573c4f0a17f528996e855djorton domain name that can resolve to an IP address. For example,
89b8bbc89404e7071e573c4f0a17f528996e855djorton <code>www</code> is a hostname, <code>example.com</code> is a domain name,
89b8bbc89404e7071e573c4f0a17f528996e855djorton and <code>www.example.com</code> is a fully-qualified domain name.
89b8bbc89404e7071e573c4f0a17f528996e855djorton <dd>An internal Apache representation of the action to be performed when a
89b8bbc89404e7071e573c4f0a17f528996e855djorton file is called. Generally, files have implicit handlers, based on the file
89b8bbc89404e7071e573c4f0a17f528996e855djorton type. Normally, all files are simply served by the server, but certain
89b8bbc89404e7071e573c4f0a17f528996e855djorton file types are "handled" separately. For example, the
89b8bbc89404e7071e573c4f0a17f528996e855djorton <code>cgi-script</code> handler designates files to be processed as
89b8bbc89404e7071e573c4f0a17f528996e855djorton <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#cgi" title="see glossary">CGIs</a>.<br />
89b8bbc89404e7071e573c4f0a17f528996e855djorton <dd>A mathematical one-way, irreversible algorithm generating a string with
89b8bbc89404e7071e573c4f0a17f528996e855djorton fixed-length from another string of any length. Different input strings
89b8bbc89404e7071e573c4f0a17f528996e855djorton will usually produce different hashes (depending on the hash function).
89b8bbc89404e7071e573c4f0a17f528996e855djorton <dd>The part of the <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#http" title="see glossary">HTTP</a> request and
89b8bbc89404e7071e573c4f0a17f528996e855djorton response that is sent before the actual content, and that contains
89b8bbc89404e7071e573c4f0a17f528996e855djorton meta-information describing the content.
e6e65585927961caf45d4e9e932bb1f4e9e89ca1jerenkrantz <dd>A <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#configurationfile" title="see glossary">configuration file</a> that
e8f95a682820a599fe41b22977010636be5c2717jim is placed inside the web tree and applies configuration <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#directive" title="see glossary">directives</a> to the directory where it is
e6e65585927961caf45d4e9e932bb1f4e9e89ca1jerenkrantz placed and all sub-directories. Despite its name, this file can hold
e8f95a682820a599fe41b22977010636be5c2717jim almost any type of directive, not just access-control directives.<br />
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse <dt><a name="httpd.conf" id="httpd.conf">httpd.conf</a></dt>
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse <dd>The main Apache <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#configurationfile" title="see glossary">configuration
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse file</a>. The default location is
2b7078b0c4fd5b6054f6f2d4f626177844f5c6f7wrowe <code>/usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.conf</code>, but it may be moved using
2b7078b0c4fd5b6054f6f2d4f626177844f5c6f7wrowe run-time or compile-time configuration.<br />
2b7078b0c4fd5b6054f6f2d4f626177844f5c6f7wrowe See: <a href="configuring.html">Configuration Files</a>
239dd0cf663713025d4451ddd465685021007d82wrowe <dt><a name="hypertexttransferprotocol" id="hypertexttransferprotocol">HyperText Transfer Protocol</a>
2b7078b0c4fd5b6054f6f2d4f626177844f5c6f7wrowe <dd>The standard transmission protocol used on the World Wide Web. Apache
2b7078b0c4fd5b6054f6f2d4f626177844f5c6f7wrowe implements version 1.1 of the protocol, referred to as HTTP/1.1 and
2b7078b0c4fd5b6054f6f2d4f626177844f5c6f7wrowe defined by <a href="http://ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt">RFC 2616</a>.
2b7078b0c4fd5b6054f6f2d4f626177844f5c6f7wrowe <dd>The HyperText Transfer Protocol (Secure), the standard encrypted
2b7078b0c4fd5b6054f6f2d4f626177844f5c6f7wrowe communication mechanism on the World Wide Web. This is actually just HTTP
2b7078b0c4fd5b6054f6f2d4f626177844f5c6f7wrowe over <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#ssl" title="see glossary">SSL</a>.<br />
56bd16e394f49423a22aa82643eb27f26db2c748jorton <dd>In the context of <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#http" title="see glossary">HTTP</a>, an action to
56bd16e394f49423a22aa82643eb27f26db2c748jorton perform on a resource, specified on the request line by the client. Some
56bd16e394f49423a22aa82643eb27f26db2c748jorton of the methods available in HTTP are <code>GET</code>, <code>POST</code>,
a73ec375db18806018eabc968baa85b250bbbf5djorton <dt><a name="messagedigest" id="messagedigest">Message Digest</a></dt>
a73ec375db18806018eabc968baa85b250bbbf5djorton <dd>A hash of a message, which can be used to verify that the contents of
a73ec375db18806018eabc968baa85b250bbbf5djorton the message have not been altered in transit.<br />
e8f95a682820a599fe41b22977010636be5c2717jim <dt><a name="mime-type" id="mime-type">MIME-type</a></dt>
2b7078b0c4fd5b6054f6f2d4f626177844f5c6f7wrowe <dd>A way to describe the kind of document being transmitted. Its name
2b7078b0c4fd5b6054f6f2d4f626177844f5c6f7wrowe comes from that fact that its format is borrowed from the Multipurpose
2b7078b0c4fd5b6054f6f2d4f626177844f5c6f7wrowe Internet Mail Extensions. It consists of a major type and a minor type,
239dd0cf663713025d4451ddd465685021007d82wrowe separated by a slash. Some examples are <code>text/html</code>,
2b7078b0c4fd5b6054f6f2d4f626177844f5c6f7wrowe <code>image/gif</code>, and <code>application/octet-stream</code>. In
d1bb6e2664788e0437acc18e877562c9a796d7cerse HTTP, the MIME-type is transmitted in the <code>Content-Type</code>
71c00f988beb28388702e14cb7fe06f08bd792bbdougm <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#header" title="see glossary">header</a>.<br />
b5451913a64155af2eab4f12ecbaf16e15acafc3wrowe <dd>An independent part of a program. Much of Apache's functionality is
b5451913a64155af2eab4f12ecbaf16e15acafc3wrowe contained in modules that you can choose to include or exclude. Modules
8aced0b621ea45e8621c7073b0bfbe5ea91c2329wrowe that are compiled into the Apache <code class="program"><a href="/programs/httpd.html">httpd</a></code> binary are
239dd0cf663713025d4451ddd465685021007d82wrowe called <dfn>static modules</dfn>, while modules that are stored
b5451913a64155af2eab4f12ecbaf16e15acafc3wrowe separately and can be optionally loaded at run-time are called
239dd0cf663713025d4451ddd465685021007d82wrowe <dfn>dynamic modules</dfn> or <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#dso" title="see glossary">DSOs</a>.
93350a0dfa22a2c523cdcbad3357327013ecc145martin Modules that are included by default
2c038bf2465bf2150c396f4e67f68ebc5bb9e6e9wrowe are called <dfn>base modules</dfn>. Many modules are available for Apache
b5451913a64155af2eab4f12ecbaf16e15acafc3wrowe that are not distributed as part of the Apache HTTP Server <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#tarball" title="see glossary">tarball</a>. These are referred to as
e13735ceb2025ea8ed0c530093e13fe57b62f1efwrowe <dt><a name="modulemagicnumber" id="modulemagicnumber">Module Magic
e13735ceb2025ea8ed0c530093e13fe57b62f1efwrowe <dd>Module Magic Number is a constant defined in the Apache source code that
e13735ceb2025ea8ed0c530093e13fe57b62f1efwrowe is associated with binary compatibility of modules. It is changed when
8aced0b621ea45e8621c7073b0bfbe5ea91c2329wrowe internal Apache structures, function calls and other significant parts of
2b7078b0c4fd5b6054f6f2d4f626177844f5c6f7wrowe API change in such a way that binary compatibility cannot be guaranteed
2b7078b0c4fd5b6054f6f2d4f626177844f5c6f7wrowe any more. On MMN change, all third party modules have to be at least
2b7078b0c4fd5b6054f6f2d4f626177844f5c6f7wrowe recompiled, sometimes even slightly changed in order to work with the new
2b7078b0c4fd5b6054f6f2d4f626177844f5c6f7wrowe version of Apache.
8dc154408549195c828b823e9dc7396f107f2512jorton See <a href="http://www.openssl.org/">http://www.openssl.org/</a>#
417f504d4d11631c0d062be85347f82a26c88677aaron <dt><a name="passphrase" id="passphrase">Pass Phrase</a></dt>
417f504d4d11631c0d062be85347f82a26c88677aaron <dd>The word or phrase that protects private key files. It prevents
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse unauthorized users from encrypting them. Usually it's just the secret
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse encryption/decryption key used for <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#cipher" title="see glossary">Ciphers</a>.<br />
9cb81d96f6b556cec1aa456191f43f7932aabaaedougm <dt><a name="plaintext" id="plaintext">Plaintext</a></dt>
9cb81d96f6b556cec1aa456191f43f7932aabaaedougm <dt><a name="privatekey" id="privatekey">Private Key</a></dt>
9cb81d96f6b556cec1aa456191f43f7932aabaaedougm <dd>The secret key in a <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#publickeycryptography" title="see glossary">Public Key
9cb81d96f6b556cec1aa456191f43f7932aabaaedougm Cryptography</a> system, used to decrypt incoming messages and
9cb81d96f6b556cec1aa456191f43f7932aabaaedougm sign outgoing ones.<br />
9cb81d96f6b556cec1aa456191f43f7932aabaaedougm <dd>An intermediate server that sits between the client and the <em>origin
9cb81d96f6b556cec1aa456191f43f7932aabaaedougm server</em>. It accepts requests from clients, transmits those requests
9cb81d96f6b556cec1aa456191f43f7932aabaaedougm on to the origin server, and then returns the response from the origin
9cb81d96f6b556cec1aa456191f43f7932aabaaedougm server to the client. If several clients request the same content, the
9cb81d96f6b556cec1aa456191f43f7932aabaaedougm proxy can deliver that content from its cache, rather than requesting it
807c9f7266ad3a966b6714fe578f3c9da1ca868brpluem from the origin server each time, thereby reducing response time.<br />
9cb81d96f6b556cec1aa456191f43f7932aabaaedougm <dt><a name="publickey" id="publickey">Public Key</a></dt>
cde1010d880fb6230f80c9d697842ea0b1cb79c7dougm <dd>The publicly available key in a <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#publickeycryptography" title="see glossary">Public Key Cryptography</a> system,
2261f694ce2fc09f9df6c65bd8e1f4230313696bjorton used to encrypt messages bound for its owner and to decrypt signatures
2261f694ce2fc09f9df6c65bd8e1f4230313696bjorton made by its owner.<br />
cde1010d880fb6230f80c9d697842ea0b1cb79c7dougm <dt><a name="publickeycryptography" id="publickeycryptography">Public Key Cryptography</a></dt>
cde1010d880fb6230f80c9d697842ea0b1cb79c7dougm <dd>The study and application of asymmetric encryption systems, which use
9cb81d96f6b556cec1aa456191f43f7932aabaaedougm one key for encryption and another for decryption. A corresponding pair of
621bd763d2e4d32f19013ac8b76b375b5a01851fdougm such keys constitutes a key pair. Also called Asymmetric Cryptography.
621bd763d2e4d32f19013ac8b76b375b5a01851fdougm <dt><a name="regularexpresion" id="regularexpresion">Regular Expression</a>
807c9f7266ad3a966b6714fe578f3c9da1ca868brpluem <dd>A way of describing a pattern in text - for example, "all the words that
621bd763d2e4d32f19013ac8b76b375b5a01851fdougm begin with the letter A" or "every 10-digit phone number" or even "Every
807c9f7266ad3a966b6714fe578f3c9da1ca868brpluem sentence with two commas in it, and no capital letter Q". Regular
621bd763d2e4d32f19013ac8b76b375b5a01851fdougm expressions are useful in Apache because they let you apply certain
807c9f7266ad3a966b6714fe578f3c9da1ca868brpluem attributes against collections of files or resources in very flexible ways
807c9f7266ad3a966b6714fe578f3c9da1ca868brpluem - for example, all .gif and .jpg files under any "images" directory could
807c9f7266ad3a966b6714fe578f3c9da1ca868brpluem be written as "<code>/images/.*(jpg|gif)$</code>". In places where
807c9f7266ad3a966b6714fe578f3c9da1ca868brpluem regular expressions are used to replace strings, the special variables
807c9f7266ad3a966b6714fe578f3c9da1ca868brpluem $1 ... $9 contain backreferences to the grouped parts (in parentheses) of
807c9f7266ad3a966b6714fe578f3c9da1ca868brpluem the matched expression. The special variable $0 contains a backerference
ccbf65bf19ac58a396133923aee4597e0870ec47bnicholes to the whole matched expression. To write a literal dollar sign in a
621bd763d2e4d32f19013ac8b76b375b5a01851fdougm replacement string, it can be escaped with a backslash. Historically, the
621bd763d2e4d32f19013ac8b76b375b5a01851fdougm variable & could be used as alias for $0 in some places. This is no
621bd763d2e4d32f19013ac8b76b375b5a01851fdougm longer possible since version 2.3.6. Apache uses Perl Compatible Regular
621bd763d2e4d32f19013ac8b76b375b5a01851fdougm Expressions provided by the <a href="http://www.pcre.org/">PCRE</a>
621bd763d2e4d32f19013ac8b76b375b5a01851fdougm library. You can find more documentation about PCRE's regular expression
621bd763d2e4d32f19013ac8b76b375b5a01851fdougm syntax at that site, or at
9cb81d96f6b556cec1aa456191f43f7932aabaaedougm <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCRE">Wikipedia</a>.
9cb81d96f6b556cec1aa456191f43f7932aabaaedougm <dt><a name="reverseproxy" id="reverseproxy">Reverse Proxy</a></dt>
4ede070ca63bd4c48045e35a7192582769770290jorton <dd>A <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#proxy" title="see glossary">proxy</a> server that appears to the client
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse as if it is an <em>origin server</em>. This is useful to hide the real
807c9f7266ad3a966b6714fe578f3c9da1ca868brpluem origin server from the client for security reasons, or to load balance.
469549ac22c6f7b9ecdd9df2565925563e4df84djwoolley <dt><a name="securesocketslayer" id="securesocketslayer">Secure Sockets
807c9f7266ad3a966b6714fe578f3c9da1ca868brpluem <dd>A protocol created by Netscape Communications Corporation for general
a943533fd4d91d114af622731a405407990c4fb1rse communication authentication and encryption over TCP/IP networks. The most
9cb81d96f6b556cec1aa456191f43f7932aabaaedougm popular usage is <em>HTTPS</em>, i.e. the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
9cb81d96f6b556cec1aa456191f43f7932aabaaedougm over SSL.<br />
807c9f7266ad3a966b6714fe578f3c9da1ca868brpluem <dt><a name="servernameindication" id="servernameindication">Server Name
807c9f7266ad3a966b6714fe578f3c9da1ca868brpluem <dd>An SSL function that allows passing the desired server
807c9f7266ad3a966b6714fe578f3c9da1ca868brpluem hostname in the initial SSL handshake message, so that the web
807c9f7266ad3a966b6714fe578f3c9da1ca868brpluem server can select the correct virtual host configuration to use
9cb81d96f6b556cec1aa456191f43f7932aabaaedougm in processing the SSL handshake. It was added to SSL starting
9cb81d96f6b556cec1aa456191f43f7932aabaaedougm with the TLS extensions, RFC 3546. <br />
a943533fd4d91d114af622731a405407990c4fb1rse and <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3546.txt">RFC 3546</a>
a943533fd4d91d114af622731a405407990c4fb1rse <dt><a name="serversideincludes" id="serversideincludes">Server Side
9cb81d96f6b556cec1aa456191f43f7932aabaaedougm <dd>A technique for embedding processing directives inside HTML files.<br />
2261f694ce2fc09f9df6c65bd8e1f4230313696bjorton See: <a href="howto/ssi.html">Introduction to Server Side Includes</a>
71c00f988beb28388702e14cb7fe06f08bd792bbdougm <dd>The context information of a communication in general.</dd>
a943533fd4d91d114af622731a405407990c4fb1rse <dd>The original SSL/TLS implementation library developed by Eric A.
f4c472b8dce3c2e559232dbb5b27ed2466922ea4jerenkrantz <dt><a name="symmetriccryptophraphy" id="symmetriccryptophraphy">Symmetric
469549ac22c6f7b9ecdd9df2565925563e4df84djwoolley <dd>The study and application of <em>Ciphers</em> that use a single secret key
d0ba3b97557d47323bd055fb4002ed7692f703b9jerenkrantz for both encryption and decryption operations.<br />
71c00f988beb28388702e14cb7fe06f08bd792bbdougm <dd>A package of files gathered together using the <code>tar</code> utility.
a943533fd4d91d114af622731a405407990c4fb1rse Apache distributions are stored in compressed tar archives or using
71c00f988beb28388702e14cb7fe06f08bd792bbdougm <dt><a name="transportlayersecurity" id="transportlayersecurity">Transport
a943533fd4d91d114af622731a405407990c4fb1rse Layer Security</a> <a name="tls" id="tls">(TLS)</a></dt>
d28d7091912b3d911bdbe18df2d37d315681054bdougm <dd>The successor protocol to SSL, created by the Internet Engineering Task
a943533fd4d91d114af622731a405407990c4fb1rse Force (IETF) for general communication authentication and encryption over
931b4fd1cc9dd3da096c45f4bf7ddcc14e0985c1dougm TCP/IP networks. TLS version 1 is nearly identical with SSL version 3.<br />
a943533fd4d91d114af622731a405407990c4fb1rse <dt><a name="uniformresourcelocator" id="uniformresourcelocator">Uniform
a943533fd4d91d114af622731a405407990c4fb1rse Resource Locator</a> <a name="url" id="url">(URL)</a></dt>
a943533fd4d91d114af622731a405407990c4fb1rse <dd>The name/address of a resource on the Internet. This is the common
c947acd3d1a604a0acad6a53ef685312d4410fc5dougm informal term for what is formally called a <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#uniformresourceidentifier" title="see glossary">Uniform Resource Identifier</a>.
a943533fd4d91d114af622731a405407990c4fb1rse URLs are usually made up of a scheme, like <code>http</code> or
a943533fd4d91d114af622731a405407990c4fb1rse <code>https</code>, a hostname, and a path. A URL for this page might
4ede070ca63bd4c48045e35a7192582769770290jorton be <code>http://httpd.apache.org/docs/trunk/glossary.html</code>.
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse <dt><a name="uniformresourceidentifier" id="uniformresourceidentifier">Uniform Resource Identifier</a>
7b6ba9c468f26bdb3492d5e8cb79628a3b04e8c8wrowe <dd>A compact string of characters for identifying an abstract or physical
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse resource. It is formally defined by <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt">RFC 2396</a>. URIs used on the
a943533fd4d91d114af622731a405407990c4fb1rse world-wide web are commonly referred to as <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#url" title="see glossary">URLs</a>.
a943533fd4d91d114af622731a405407990c4fb1rse <dt><a name="virtualhosting" id="virtualhosting">Virtual Hosting</a></dt>
71c00f988beb28388702e14cb7fe06f08bd792bbdougm <dd>Serving multiple websites using a single instance of Apache. <em>IP
a943533fd4d91d114af622731a405407990c4fb1rse virtual hosting</em> differentiates between websites based on their IP
a943533fd4d91d114af622731a405407990c4fb1rse address, while <em>name-based virtual hosting</em> uses only the name of the
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse host and can therefore host many sites on the same IP address.<br />
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse See: <a href="vhosts/">Apache Virtual Host documentation</a>
a943533fd4d91d114af622731a405407990c4fb1rse <dd>An authentication certificate scheme recommended by the International
2f32a3d146dc55d81b31660386e17c3b83ad61b8bnicholes Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) which is used for SSL/TLS authentication.<br /> See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="/de/glossary.html" hreflang="de" rel="alternate" title="Deutsch"> de </a> |
7933d4a963def02417113b6798d87a36395053b0rse<a href="/en/glossary.html" title="English"> en </a> |
e726f34f8da08c01ee8bc90904b26196b69c8587wrowe<a href="/es/glossary.html" hreflang="es" rel="alternate" title="Espa�ol"> es </a> |
e726f34f8da08c01ee8bc90904b26196b69c8587wrowe<a href="/fr/glossary.html" hreflang="fr" rel="alternate" title="Fran�ais"> fr </a> |
807c9f7266ad3a966b6714fe578f3c9da1ca868brpluem<a href="/ja/glossary.html" hreflang="ja" rel="alternate" title="Japanese"> ja </a> |
e726f34f8da08c01ee8bc90904b26196b69c8587wrowe<a href="/ko/glossary.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean"> ko </a> |
e726f34f8da08c01ee8bc90904b26196b69c8587wrowe<a href="/tr/glossary.html" hreflang="tr" rel="alternate" title="T�rk�e"> tr </a></p>
807c9f7266ad3a966b6714fe578f3c9da1ca868brpluem<p class="apache">Copyright 2010 The Apache Software Foundation.<br />Licensed under the <a href="http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0">Apache License, Version 2.0</a>.</p>
807c9f7266ad3a966b6714fe578f3c9da1ca868brpluem<p class="menu"><a href="/mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="/mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="/faq/">FAQ</a> | <a href="/glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="/sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p></div>