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ea9ad77838dce923ced1df2ac09a7f0226363593Christian Maeder<title>Glossary - Apache HTTP Server</title>
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e849958012c0bd2bfa751f6ec264b3ecb680c00aChristian Maeder<p class="menu"><a href="/mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="/mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="/faq/">FAQ</a> | <a href="/glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="/sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p>
5e605dc61ff9ec5724c319603905dc9b0dccc05fChristian Maeder<p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.3</p>
5e605dc61ff9ec5724c319603905dc9b0dccc05fChristian Maeder<img alt="" src="/images/feather.gif" /></div>
3b31ee94edcb328d2aa02ddcfa8a2e227d4c98edChristian Maeder<div class="up"><a href="./"><img title="<-" alt="<-" src="/images/left.gif" /></a></div>
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder<a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs/">Documentation</a> > <a href="./">Version 2.3</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Glossary</h1>
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5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder <p>This glossary defines some of the common terminology related to Apache in
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder particular, and web serving in general. More information on each concept
2eb84fc82d3ffa9116bc471fda3742bd9e5a24bbChristian Maeder is provided in the links.</p>
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder<div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="/images/up.gif" /></a></div>
ad270004874ce1d0697fb30d7309f180553bb315Christian Maeder<h2><a name="definitions" id="definitions">Definitions</a></h2>
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder <dt><a name="accesscontrol" id="accesscontrol">Access Control</a></dt>
9963c741a47c42d2dedc6e4589c1b197129a6239Christian Maeder <dd>The restriction of access to network realms. In an Apache context
e849958012c0bd2bfa751f6ec264b3ecb680c00aChristian Maeder usually the restriction of access to certain <em>URLs</em>.<br /> See: <a href="howto/auth.html">Authentication, Authorization, and Access
9c07aad044613547d61ab235665c08adcef03a1cChristian Maeder <dt><a name="algorithm" id="algorithm">Algorithm</a></dt>
782d5365e084a40e4f717dafbe00fc41476a7cfeChristian Maeder <dd>An unambiguous formula or set of rules for solving a problem in a finite
782d5365e084a40e4f717dafbe00fc41476a7cfeChristian Maeder number of steps. Algorithms for encryption are usually called
5e605dc61ff9ec5724c319603905dc9b0dccc05fChristian Maeder <dt><a name="apacheextensiontool" id="apacheextensiontool">APache
e849958012c0bd2bfa751f6ec264b3ecb680c00aChristian Maeder eXtension Tool</a> <a name="apxs" id="apxs">(apxs)</a></dt>
782d5365e084a40e4f717dafbe00fc41476a7cfeChristian Maeder <dd>A perl script that aids in compiling <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#module" title="see glossary">module</a> sources into Dynamic Shared Objects
782d5365e084a40e4f717dafbe00fc41476a7cfeChristian Maeder (<a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#dso" title="see glossary">DSO</a>s) and helps install them in the
782d5365e084a40e4f717dafbe00fc41476a7cfeChristian Maeder Apache Web server.<br />
9c07aad044613547d61ab235665c08adcef03a1cChristian Maeder See: Manual Page: <code class="program"><a href="/programs/apxs.html">apxs</a></code>
a008ea3d3b5667969f058f75e9919f9b9c26260fChristian Maeder <dt><a name="apacheportableruntime" id="apacheportableruntime">Apache Portable Runtime</a> <a name="apr" id="apr">(APR)</a></dt>
5e605dc61ff9ec5724c319603905dc9b0dccc05fChristian Maeder <dd>A set of libraries providing many of the basic interfaces
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder between the server and the operating system. APR is developed
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder parallel to the Apache HTTP Server as an independent project.<br />
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder See: <a href="http://apr.apache.org/">Apache Portable Runtime
5e605dc61ff9ec5724c319603905dc9b0dccc05fChristian Maeder <dt><a name="authentication" id="authentication">Authentication</a></dt>
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder <dd>The positive identification of a network entity such as a server, a
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder client, or a user.<br />
5e605dc61ff9ec5724c319603905dc9b0dccc05fChristian Maeder See: <a href="howto/auth.html">Authentication, Authorization, and Access
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder <dt><a name="certificate" id="certificate">Certificate</a></dt>
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder <dd>A data record used for authenticating network entities such
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder as a server or a client. A certificate contains X.509 information pieces
5e605dc61ff9ec5724c319603905dc9b0dccc05fChristian Maeder about its owner (called the subject) and the signing <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#certificationauthority" title="see glossary">Certification Authority</a> (called
e849958012c0bd2bfa751f6ec264b3ecb680c00aChristian Maeder the issuer), plus the owner's <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#publickey" title="see glossary">public
5e605dc61ff9ec5724c319603905dc9b0dccc05fChristian Maeder key</a> and the
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder signature made by the CA. Network entities verify these signatures
5e605dc61ff9ec5724c319603905dc9b0dccc05fChristian Maeder using CA certificates.<br />
e849958012c0bd2bfa751f6ec264b3ecb680c00aChristian Maeder <dt><a name="certificatsigningrequest" id="certificatsigningrequest">Certificate Signing Request</a>
e849958012c0bd2bfa751f6ec264b3ecb680c00aChristian Maeder <dd>An unsigned <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#certificate" title="see glossary">certificate</a> for
5e605dc61ff9ec5724c319603905dc9b0dccc05fChristian Maeder submission to a <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#certificationauthority" title="see glossary">Certification
e849958012c0bd2bfa751f6ec264b3ecb680c00aChristian Maeder Authority</a>, which signs it with the <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#privatekey" title="see glossary">Private Key</a> of their CA
5e605dc61ff9ec5724c319603905dc9b0dccc05fChristian Maeder <em>Certificate</em>. Once the CSR is signed, it becomes a real
c7f5076658d72ea340d7fd8a648908f961af682dChristian Maeder certificate.<br />
5e605dc61ff9ec5724c319603905dc9b0dccc05fChristian Maeder <dt><a name="certificationauthority" id="certificationauthority">Certification Authority</a>
e849958012c0bd2bfa751f6ec264b3ecb680c00aChristian Maeder <dd>A trusted third party whose purpose is to sign certificates for network
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder entities it has authenticated using secure means. Other network entities
5e605dc61ff9ec5724c319603905dc9b0dccc05fChristian Maeder can check the signature to verify that a CA has authenticated the bearer
e849958012c0bd2bfa751f6ec264b3ecb680c00aChristian Maeder of a certificate.<br />
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder <dt><a name="cipher" id="cipher">Cipher</a></dt>
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder <dd>An algorithm or system for data encryption. Examples are DES, IDEA, RC4,
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder <dt><a name="ciphertext" id="ciphertext">Ciphertext</a></dt>
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder <dd>The result after <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#plaintext" title="see glossary">Plaintext</a> is
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder passed through a <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#cipher" title="see glossary">Cipher</a>.<br /> See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder <dt><a name="commongatewayinterface" id="commongatewayinterface">Common
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder Gateway Interface</a> <a name="cgi" id="cgi">(CGI)</a></dt>
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder <dd>A standard definition for an interface between a web server and an
5e605dc61ff9ec5724c319603905dc9b0dccc05fChristian Maeder external program that allows the external program to service requests.
e849958012c0bd2bfa751f6ec264b3ecb680c00aChristian Maeder The interface was originally defined by <a href="http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi/overview.html">NCSA</a> but there
5e605dc61ff9ec5724c319603905dc9b0dccc05fChristian Maeder is also an <a href="http://www.w3.org/CGI/">RFC project</a>.<br />
e849958012c0bd2bfa751f6ec264b3ecb680c00aChristian Maeder See: <a href="howto/cgi.html">Dynamic Content with CGI</a>
5e605dc61ff9ec5724c319603905dc9b0dccc05fChristian Maeder <dt><a name="configurationdirective" id="configurationdirective">Configuration Directive</a></dt>
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder <dd>See: <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#directive" title="see glossary">Directive</a></dd>
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder <dt><a name="configurationfile" id="configurationfile">Configuration
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder <dd>A text file containing <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#directive" title="see glossary">Directives</a>
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder that control the configuration of Apache.<br />
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder See: <a href="configuring.html">Configuration Files</a>
5e605dc61ff9ec5724c319603905dc9b0dccc05fChristian Maeder <dt><a name="connect" id="connect">CONNECT</a></dt>
5e605dc61ff9ec5724c319603905dc9b0dccc05fChristian Maeder <dd>An HTTP <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#method" title="see glossary">method</a> for proxying raw data
5e605dc61ff9ec5724c319603905dc9b0dccc05fChristian Maeder channels over HTTP. It can be used to encapsulate other protocols, such as
812ee1f62e0e0e7235f3c05b41a0b173497b54ffChristian Maeder the SSL protocol.
eed6203a39f88e398d86431a66d367036a3d17baChristian Maeder <dt><a name="context" id="context">Context</a></dt>
feb3da029bdab54fe36ff704ca242ab4536b3bc1Christian Maeder <dd>An area in the <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#configurationfile" title="see glossary">configuration
eed6203a39f88e398d86431a66d367036a3d17baChristian Maeder files</a> where certain types of <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#directive" title="see glossary">directives</a> are allowed.<br />
9963c741a47c42d2dedc6e4589c1b197129a6239Christian Maeder See: <a href="mod/directive-dict.html#Context">Terms Used to Describe
71de4b92b1ca12890a9e7bc5b0301455da3e052fChristian Maeder Apache Directives</a>
71de4b92b1ca12890a9e7bc5b0301455da3e052fChristian Maeder <dt><a name="digitalsignature" id="digitalsignature">Digital
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder <dd>An encrypted text block that validates a certificate or other file. A
9963c741a47c42d2dedc6e4589c1b197129a6239Christian Maeder <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#certificationauthority" title="see glossary">Certification Authority</a>
46199904d5e648bc1a25108f60a94078ffb99b30Christian Maeder creates a signature by generating a hash of the <em>Public Key</em>
b1c32a0faa63e0c13687f36a2faae5969ec0a9d5Christian Maeder embedded in a <em>Certificate</em>, then encrypting the hash with its own
1012fdd997ea1f35eee2ccdd4015199f09f18fe9Christian Maeder <em>Private Key</em>. Only the CA's public key can decrypt the signature,
46199904d5e648bc1a25108f60a94078ffb99b30Christian Maeder verifying that the CA has authenticated the network entity that owns the
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder <dt><a name="directive" id="directive">Directive</a></dt>
35c791e6c59ef269ec639360dc94943e264d3ad1Christian Maeder <dd>A configuration command that controls one or more aspects of Apache's
35c791e6c59ef269ec639360dc94943e264d3ad1Christian Maeder behavior. Directives are placed in the <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#configurationfile" title="see glossary">Configuration File</a><br />
35c791e6c59ef269ec639360dc94943e264d3ad1Christian Maeder See: <a href="mod/directives.html">Directive Index</a>
35c791e6c59ef269ec639360dc94943e264d3ad1Christian Maeder <dt><a name="dynamicsharedobject" id="dynamicsharedobject">Dynamic
35c791e6c59ef269ec639360dc94943e264d3ad1Christian Maeder Shared Object</a> <a name="dso" id="dso">(DSO)</a></dt>
35c791e6c59ef269ec639360dc94943e264d3ad1Christian Maeder <dd><a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#module" title="see glossary">Modules</a> compiled separately from the
35c791e6c59ef269ec639360dc94943e264d3ad1Christian Maeder Apache <code class="program"><a href="/programs/httpd.html">httpd</a></code> binary that can be loaded on-demand.<br />
35c791e6c59ef269ec639360dc94943e264d3ad1Christian Maeder See: <a href="dso.html">Dynamic Shared Object Support</a>
35c791e6c59ef269ec639360dc94943e264d3ad1Christian Maeder <dt><a name="environmentvariable" id="environmentvariable">Environment
35c791e6c59ef269ec639360dc94943e264d3ad1Christian Maeder Variable</a> <a name="env-variable" id="env-variable">(env-variable)</a></dt>
35c791e6c59ef269ec639360dc94943e264d3ad1Christian Maeder <dd>Named variables managed by the operating system shell and used to store
35c791e6c59ef269ec639360dc94943e264d3ad1Christian Maeder information and communicate between programs. Apache also contains
35c791e6c59ef269ec639360dc94943e264d3ad1Christian Maeder internal variables that are referred to as environment variables, but are
a3000204685374be86c84d76323d95d86e4735acChristian Maeder stored in internal Apache structures, rather than in the shell
35c791e6c59ef269ec639360dc94943e264d3ad1Christian Maeder environment.<br />
35c791e6c59ef269ec639360dc94943e264d3ad1Christian Maeder See: <a href="env.html">Environment Variables in Apache</a>
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder <dt><a name="export-crippled" id="export-crippled">Export-Crippled</a></dt>
46199904d5e648bc1a25108f60a94078ffb99b30Christian Maeder <dd>Diminished in cryptographic strength (and security) in order to comply
e849958012c0bd2bfa751f6ec264b3ecb680c00aChristian Maeder with the United States' Export Administration Regulations (EAR).
46199904d5e648bc1a25108f60a94078ffb99b30Christian Maeder Export-crippled cryptographic software is limited to a small key size,
e849958012c0bd2bfa751f6ec264b3ecb680c00aChristian Maeder resulting in <em>Ciphertext</em> which usually can be decrypted by brute
a3000204685374be86c84d76323d95d86e4735acChristian Maeder <dt><a name="filter" id="filter">Filter</a></dt>
9c07aad044613547d61ab235665c08adcef03a1cChristian Maeder <dd>A process that is applied to data that is sent or received by the
9c07aad044613547d61ab235665c08adcef03a1cChristian Maeder server. Input filters process data sent by the client to the server,
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder while output filters process documents on the server before they are sent
9c07aad044613547d61ab235665c08adcef03a1cChristian Maeder to the client. For example, the <code>INCLUDES</code> output filter
9c07aad044613547d61ab235665c08adcef03a1cChristian Maeder processes documents for <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#ssi" title="see glossary">Server Side
46199904d5e648bc1a25108f60a94078ffb99b30Christian Maeder <dt><a name="fully-qualifieddomain-name" id="fully-qualifieddomain-name">Fully-Qualified Domain-Name</a>
46199904d5e648bc1a25108f60a94078ffb99b30Christian Maeder <dd>The unique name of a network entity, consisting of a hostname and a
9c07aad044613547d61ab235665c08adcef03a1cChristian Maeder domain name that can resolve to an IP address. For example,
9c07aad044613547d61ab235665c08adcef03a1cChristian Maeder <code>www</code> is a hostname, <code>example.com</code> is a domain name,
9c07aad044613547d61ab235665c08adcef03a1cChristian Maeder and <code>www.example.com</code> is a fully-qualified domain name.
9c07aad044613547d61ab235665c08adcef03a1cChristian Maeder <dt><a name="handler" id="handler">Handler</a></dt>
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder <dd>An internal Apache representation of the action to be performed when a
46199904d5e648bc1a25108f60a94078ffb99b30Christian Maeder file is called. Generally, files have implicit handlers, based on the file
46199904d5e648bc1a25108f60a94078ffb99b30Christian Maeder type. Normally, all files are simply served by the server, but certain
e849958012c0bd2bfa751f6ec264b3ecb680c00aChristian Maeder file types are "handled" separately. For example, the
46199904d5e648bc1a25108f60a94078ffb99b30Christian Maeder <code>cgi-script</code> handler designates files to be processed as
46199904d5e648bc1a25108f60a94078ffb99b30Christian Maeder <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#cgi" title="see glossary">CGIs</a>.<br />
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder See: <a href="handler.html">Apache's Handler Use</a>
42c01284bba8d7c8d995c8dfb96ace57d28ed1bcTill Mossakowski <dd>A mathematical one-way, irreversible algorithm generating a string with
4693c24801d551cade06e8ff7b4b9f3a8abe12b4Christian Maeder fixed-length from another string of any length. Different input strings
42c01284bba8d7c8d995c8dfb96ace57d28ed1bcTill Mossakowski will usually produce different hashes (depending on the hash function).
ca0d4947f7b0fdcbf7eac627659e6cff6d3863baChristian Maeder <dt><a name="header" id="header">Header</a></dt>
74085f08cdbbfd79fe5f9c6a455ed0b0cadcf145Christian Maeder <dd>The part of the <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#http" title="see glossary">HTTP</a> request and
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder response that is sent before the actual content, and that contains
74085f08cdbbfd79fe5f9c6a455ed0b0cadcf145Christian Maeder meta-information describing the content.
4693c24801d551cade06e8ff7b4b9f3a8abe12b4Christian Maeder <dt><a name="htaccess" id="htaccess">.htaccess</a></dt>
e849958012c0bd2bfa751f6ec264b3ecb680c00aChristian Maeder <dd>A <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#configurationfile" title="see glossary">configuration file</a> that
4693c24801d551cade06e8ff7b4b9f3a8abe12b4Christian Maeder is placed inside the web tree and applies configuration <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#directive" title="see glossary">directives</a> to the directory where it is
a255351561838b3743d03c1629d335cfb8b83804Christian Maeder placed and all sub-directories. Despite its name, this file can hold
74085f08cdbbfd79fe5f9c6a455ed0b0cadcf145Christian Maeder almost any type of directive, not just access-control directives.<br />
74085f08cdbbfd79fe5f9c6a455ed0b0cadcf145Christian Maeder See: <a href="configuring.html">Configuration Files</a>
64c3ee43f3cbacbeffb633103ffe6269f2177485Christian Maeder <dt><a name="httpd.conf" id="httpd.conf">httpd.conf</a></dt>
9963c741a47c42d2dedc6e4589c1b197129a6239Christian Maeder <dd>The main Apache <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#configurationfile" title="see glossary">configuration
9963c741a47c42d2dedc6e4589c1b197129a6239Christian Maeder file</a>. The default location is
9963c741a47c42d2dedc6e4589c1b197129a6239Christian Maeder <code>/usr/local/apache2/conf/httpd.conf</code>, but it may be moved using
9963c741a47c42d2dedc6e4589c1b197129a6239Christian Maeder run-time or compile-time configuration.<br />
9963c741a47c42d2dedc6e4589c1b197129a6239Christian Maeder See: <a href="configuring.html">Configuration Files</a>
a255351561838b3743d03c1629d335cfb8b83804Christian Maeder <dt><a name="hypertexttransferprotocol" id="hypertexttransferprotocol">HyperText Transfer Protocol</a>
5e605dc61ff9ec5724c319603905dc9b0dccc05fChristian Maeder <dd>The standard transmission protocol used on the World Wide Web. Apache
4693c24801d551cade06e8ff7b4b9f3a8abe12b4Christian Maeder implements version 1.1 of the protocol, referred to as HTTP/1.1 and
5e605dc61ff9ec5724c319603905dc9b0dccc05fChristian Maeder defined by <a href="http://ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt">RFC 2616</a>.
5e605dc61ff9ec5724c319603905dc9b0dccc05fChristian Maeder <dt><a name="https" id="https">HTTPS</a></dt>
87ce48cde10c6835b292e39b43331a5ed94e9b6eChristian Maeder <dd>The HyperText Transfer Protocol (Secure), the standard encrypted
87ce48cde10c6835b292e39b43331a5ed94e9b6eChristian Maeder communication mechanism on the World Wide Web. This is actually just HTTP
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder over <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#ssl" title="see glossary">SSL</a>.<br />
64c3ee43f3cbacbeffb633103ffe6269f2177485Christian Maeder <dt><a name="method" id="method">Method</a></dt>
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder <dd>In the context of <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#http" title="see glossary">HTTP</a>, an action to
64c3ee43f3cbacbeffb633103ffe6269f2177485Christian Maeder perform on a resource, specified on the request line by the client. Some
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder of the methods available in HTTP are <code>GET</code>, <code>POST</code>,
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder <dt><a name="messagedigest" id="messagedigest">Message Digest</a></dt>
a255351561838b3743d03c1629d335cfb8b83804Christian Maeder <dd>A hash of a message, which can be used to verify that the contents of
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder the message have not been altered in transit.<br />
87ce48cde10c6835b292e39b43331a5ed94e9b6eChristian Maeder <dt><a name="mime-type" id="mime-type">MIME-type</a></dt>
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder <dd>A way to describe the kind of document being transmitted. Its name
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder comes from that fact that its format is borrowed from the Multipurpose
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder Internet Mail Extensions. It consists of a major type and a minor type,
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder separated by a slash. Some examples are <code>text/html</code>,
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder <code>image/gif</code>, and <code>application/octet-stream</code>. In
d645eac2b9bf2e1a458b25982051276232670f09Christian Maeder HTTP, the MIME-type is transmitted in the <code>Content-Type</code>
d645eac2b9bf2e1a458b25982051276232670f09Christian Maeder <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#header" title="see glossary">header</a>.<br />
d645eac2b9bf2e1a458b25982051276232670f09Christian Maeder See: <a href="mod/mod_mime.html">mod_mime</a>
d645eac2b9bf2e1a458b25982051276232670f09Christian Maeder <dt><a name="module" id="module">Module</a></dt>
d645eac2b9bf2e1a458b25982051276232670f09Christian Maeder <dd>An independent part of a program. Much of Apache's functionality is
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder contained in modules that you can choose to include or exclude. Modules
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder that are compiled into the Apache <code class="program"><a href="/programs/httpd.html">httpd</a></code> binary are
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder called <dfn>static modules</dfn>, while modules that are stored
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder separately and can be optionally loaded at run-time are called
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder <dfn>dynamic modules</dfn> or <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#dso" title="see glossary">DSOs</a>.
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder Modules that are included by default
64c3ee43f3cbacbeffb633103ffe6269f2177485Christian Maeder are called <dfn>base modules</dfn>. Many modules are available for Apache
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder that are not distributed as part of the Apache HTTP Server <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#tarball" title="see glossary">tarball</a>. These are referred to as
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder <dt><a name="modulemagicnumber" id="modulemagicnumber">Module Magic
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder Number</a> (<a name="mmn" id="mmn">MMN</a>)</dt>
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder <dd>Module Magic Number is a constant defined in the Apache source code that
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder is associated with binary compatibility of modules. It is changed when
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder internal Apache structures, function calls and other significant parts of
87ce48cde10c6835b292e39b43331a5ed94e9b6eChristian Maeder API change in such a way that binary compatibility cannot be guaranteed
87ce48cde10c6835b292e39b43331a5ed94e9b6eChristian Maeder any more. On MMN change, all third party modules have to be at least
87ce48cde10c6835b292e39b43331a5ed94e9b6eChristian Maeder recompiled, sometimes even slightly changed in order to work with the new
87ce48cde10c6835b292e39b43331a5ed94e9b6eChristian Maeder version of Apache.
3f0cd3e73a8aa47bb586b69fe5f7fa450000ecfdChristian Maeder <dt><a name="openssl" id="openssl">OpenSSL</a></dt>
e849958012c0bd2bfa751f6ec264b3ecb680c00aChristian Maeder <dd>The Open Source toolkit for SSL/TLS<br />
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder See <a href="http://www.openssl.org/">http://www.openssl.org/</a>#
e849958012c0bd2bfa751f6ec264b3ecb680c00aChristian Maeder <dt><a name="passphrase" id="passphrase">Pass Phrase</a></dt>
ca0d4947f7b0fdcbf7eac627659e6cff6d3863baChristian Maeder <dd>The word or phrase that protects private key files. It prevents
5e605dc61ff9ec5724c319603905dc9b0dccc05fChristian Maeder unauthorized users from encrypting them. Usually it's just the secret
5e605dc61ff9ec5724c319603905dc9b0dccc05fChristian Maeder encryption/decryption key used for <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#cipher" title="see glossary">Ciphers</a>.<br />
e849958012c0bd2bfa751f6ec264b3ecb680c00aChristian Maeder <dt><a name="plaintext" id="plaintext">Plaintext</a></dt>
5e605dc61ff9ec5724c319603905dc9b0dccc05fChristian Maeder <dt><a name="privatekey" id="privatekey">Private Key</a></dt>
74085f08cdbbfd79fe5f9c6a455ed0b0cadcf145Christian Maeder <dd>The secret key in a <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#publickeycryptography" title="see glossary">Public Key
dcb9ff0e2c2379735acce7073196508d455e0b01Christian Maeder Cryptography</a> system, used to decrypt incoming messages and
9256f871e7dd915ccfb5969e2117f054306cd366Christian Maeder sign outgoing ones.<br />
e849958012c0bd2bfa751f6ec264b3ecb680c00aChristian Maeder <dt><a name="proxy" id="proxy">Proxy</a></dt>
ca0d4947f7b0fdcbf7eac627659e6cff6d3863baChristian Maeder <dd>An intermediate server that sits between the client and the <em>origin
5e605dc61ff9ec5724c319603905dc9b0dccc05fChristian Maeder server</em>. It accepts requests from clients, transmits those requests
5e605dc61ff9ec5724c319603905dc9b0dccc05fChristian Maeder on to the origin server, and then returns the response from the origin
5e605dc61ff9ec5724c319603905dc9b0dccc05fChristian Maeder server to the client. If several clients request the same content, the
a255351561838b3743d03c1629d335cfb8b83804Christian Maeder proxy can deliver that content from its cache, rather than requesting it
690f3a0b5f77633547e0a797c96b005a5f6ae56cChristian Maeder from the origin server each time, thereby reducing response time.<br />
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder See: <a href="mod/mod_proxy.html">mod_proxy</a>
9c07aad044613547d61ab235665c08adcef03a1cChristian Maeder <dt><a name="publickey" id="publickey">Public Key</a></dt>
9c07aad044613547d61ab235665c08adcef03a1cChristian Maeder <dd>The publicly available key in a <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#publickeycryptography" title="see glossary">Public Key Cryptography</a> system,
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder used to encrypt messages bound for its owner and to decrypt signatures
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder made by its owner.<br />
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder <dt><a name="publickeycryptography" id="publickeycryptography">Public Key Cryptography</a></dt>
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder <dd>The study and application of asymmetric encryption systems, which use
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder one key for encryption and another for decryption. A corresponding pair of
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder such keys constitutes a key pair. Also called Asymmetric Cryptography.
64c3ee43f3cbacbeffb633103ffe6269f2177485Christian Maeder <dt><a name="regularexpresion" id="regularexpresion">Regular Expression</a>
0af0cffad0fea46df86ff9a9b1d490247871719aChristian Maeder <a name="regex" id="regex">(Regex)</a></dt>
64c3ee43f3cbacbeffb633103ffe6269f2177485Christian Maeder <dd>A way of describing a pattern in text - for example, "all the words that
64c3ee43f3cbacbeffb633103ffe6269f2177485Christian Maeder begin with the letter A" or "every 10-digit phone number" or even "Every
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder sentence with two commas in it, and no capital letter Q". Regular
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder expressions are useful in Apache because they let you apply certain
5cc369fbceee1b13bd0f06e43620c46541d1d4f8Christian Maeder attributes against collections of files or resources in very flexible ways
a255351561838b3743d03c1629d335cfb8b83804Christian Maeder - for example, all .gif and .jpg files under any "images" directory could
64c3ee43f3cbacbeffb633103ffe6269f2177485Christian Maeder be written as "<code>/images/.*(jpg|gif)$</code>". In places where
64c3ee43f3cbacbeffb633103ffe6269f2177485Christian Maeder regular expressions are used to replace strings, the special variables
a255351561838b3743d03c1629d335cfb8b83804Christian Maeder $1 ... $9 contain backreferences to the grouped parts (in parentheses) of
64c3ee43f3cbacbeffb633103ffe6269f2177485Christian Maeder the matched expression. The special variable $0 contains a backerference
64c3ee43f3cbacbeffb633103ffe6269f2177485Christian Maeder to the whole matched expression. To write a literal dollar sign in a
a255351561838b3743d03c1629d335cfb8b83804Christian Maeder replacement string, it can be escaped with a backslash. Historically, the
64c3ee43f3cbacbeffb633103ffe6269f2177485Christian Maeder variable & could be used as alias for $0 in some places. This is no
64c3ee43f3cbacbeffb633103ffe6269f2177485Christian Maeder longer possible since version 2.3.6. Apache uses Perl Compatible Regular
a255351561838b3743d03c1629d335cfb8b83804Christian Maeder Expressions provided by the <a href="http://www.pcre.org/">PCRE</a>
a255351561838b3743d03c1629d335cfb8b83804Christian Maeder library. You can find more documentation about PCRE's regular expression
64c3ee43f3cbacbeffb633103ffe6269f2177485Christian Maeder syntax at that site, or at
64c3ee43f3cbacbeffb633103ffe6269f2177485Christian Maeder <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCRE">Wikipedia</a>.
64c3ee43f3cbacbeffb633103ffe6269f2177485Christian Maeder <dt><a name="reverseproxy" id="reverseproxy">Reverse Proxy</a></dt>
64c3ee43f3cbacbeffb633103ffe6269f2177485Christian Maeder <dd>A <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#proxy" title="see glossary">proxy</a> server that appears to the client
a255351561838b3743d03c1629d335cfb8b83804Christian Maeder as if it is an <em>origin server</em>. This is useful to hide the real
64c3ee43f3cbacbeffb633103ffe6269f2177485Christian Maeder origin server from the client for security reasons, or to load balance.
64c3ee43f3cbacbeffb633103ffe6269f2177485Christian Maeder <dt><a name="securesocketslayer" id="securesocketslayer">Secure Sockets
64c3ee43f3cbacbeffb633103ffe6269f2177485Christian Maeder Layer</a> <a name="ssl" id="ssl">(SSL)</a></dt>
a255351561838b3743d03c1629d335cfb8b83804Christian Maeder <dd>A protocol created by Netscape Communications Corporation for general
64c3ee43f3cbacbeffb633103ffe6269f2177485Christian Maeder communication authentication and encryption over TCP/IP networks. The most
64c3ee43f3cbacbeffb633103ffe6269f2177485Christian Maeder popular usage is <em>HTTPS</em>, i.e. the HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
a255351561838b3743d03c1629d335cfb8b83804Christian Maeder over SSL.<br />
a255351561838b3743d03c1629d335cfb8b83804Christian Maeder <dt><a name="servernameindication" id="servernameindication">Server Name
a255351561838b3743d03c1629d335cfb8b83804Christian Maeder Indication</a> <a name="sni" id="sni">(SNI)</a></dt>
64c3ee43f3cbacbeffb633103ffe6269f2177485Christian Maeder <dd>An SSL function that allows passing the desired server
64c3ee43f3cbacbeffb633103ffe6269f2177485Christian Maeder hostname in the initial SSL handshake message, so that the web
a255351561838b3743d03c1629d335cfb8b83804Christian Maeder server can select the correct virtual host configuration to use
64c3ee43f3cbacbeffb633103ffe6269f2177485Christian Maeder in processing the SSL handshake. It was added to SSL starting
a255351561838b3743d03c1629d335cfb8b83804Christian Maeder with the TLS extensions, RFC 3546. <br />
7d13f393d82fc9e02d741927fad70d6be96081e2Christian Maeder See: <a href="ssl/ssl_faq.html">the SSL FAQ</a>
64c3ee43f3cbacbeffb633103ffe6269f2177485Christian Maeder and <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3546.txt">RFC 3546</a>
64c3ee43f3cbacbeffb633103ffe6269f2177485Christian Maeder <dt><a name="serversideincludes" id="serversideincludes">Server Side
64c3ee43f3cbacbeffb633103ffe6269f2177485Christian Maeder Includes</a> <a name="ssi" id="ssi">(SSI)</a></dt>
a255351561838b3743d03c1629d335cfb8b83804Christian Maeder <dd>A technique for embedding processing directives inside HTML files.<br />
64c3ee43f3cbacbeffb633103ffe6269f2177485Christian Maeder See: <a href="howto/ssi.html">Introduction to Server Side Includes</a>
74085f08cdbbfd79fe5f9c6a455ed0b0cadcf145Christian Maeder <dt><a name="session" id="session">Session</a></dt>
64c3ee43f3cbacbeffb633103ffe6269f2177485Christian Maeder <dd>The context information of a communication in general.</dd>
a255351561838b3743d03c1629d335cfb8b83804Christian Maeder <dt><a name="ssleay" id="ssleay">SSLeay</a></dt>
190828a6ce12ff8c502e3d7303dcc0d70db49b6cChristian Maeder <dd>The original SSL/TLS implementation library developed by Eric A.
informal term for what is formally called a <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#uniformresourceidentifier" title="see glossary">Uniform Resource Identifier</a>.
<dt><a name="uniformresourceidentifier" id="uniformresourceidentifier">Uniform Resource Identifier</a>
resource. It is formally defined by <a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt">RFC 2396</a>. URIs used on the
world-wide web are commonly referred to as <a class="glossarylink" href="/glossary.html#url" title="see glossary">URLs</a>.
Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) which is used for SSL/TLS authentication.<br /> See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a>
<p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="/de/glossary.html" hreflang="de" rel="alternate" title="Deutsch"> de </a> |
<p class="apache">Copyright 2010 The Apache Software Foundation.<br />Licensed under the <a href="http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0">Apache License, Version 2.0</a>.</p>
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