<H2>C Language</H2>

An ANSI standard C compiler and library are assumed. Feel free to use any

ANSI C feature.<P>

<H2>Warnings</H2>

Given a reasonable set of things to warn about (e.g. -W -Wall for gcc), the

goal is to compile with no warnings.

<H2>C Source Code</H2>

<H3>Copyright</H3>

All source files should have a copyright. The copyright year(s)

should be kept current. The files and the copyright year(s) should be

listed in util/copyrights.<P>

<H3>Line Formatting</H3>

<H4>Indentation</H4>

Use tabs. Spaces are only allowed when needed to line up a continued

expression. In the following example, spaces used for indentation are

indicated with "_":

<PRE><CODE>

printf("this is going to be %s very long %s statement\n",

_______"a", "printf");

</CODE></PRE>

<H4>Vertical Whitespace</H4>

Vertical whitespace is also encouraged for improved code legibility by

grouping closely related statements and then separating them with a

single empty line. There should not, however, be more than one empty

adjacent line anywhere.

<H4>Line Length</H4>

Lines should not be longer than 79 characters, even if it requires

violating the indentation rules to do so. Since ANSI is assumed, the

best way to deal with strings that extend past column 79 is to break

them into two or more sections separated from each other by a newline

and indentation:

<PRE><CODE>

puts("This string got very far to the "

"left and wrapped. ANSI catenation "

"rules will turn this into one "

"long string.");

</CODE></PRE>

<H3>Comments</H3>

Comments should be used anytime they improve the readability of the code.<P>

Comments may be single-line or multiline. A single-line comment should be

at the end of the line if there is other text on the line, and should start

in the same column as other nearby end-of-line comments. The comment

should be at the same indentation level as the text it is referring to.

Multiline comments should start with "/*" on a line by itself. Subsequent

lines should have " *" lined-up with the "*" above. The end of the comment

should be " */" on a line by itself, again with the "*" lined-up with the

one above. Comments should start with a capital letter and end with a

period.<P>

Good:<P>

<PRE><CODE>

/*

* Private variables.

*/

static int a /* Description of 'a'. */

static int b /* Description of 'b'. */

static char * c /* Description of 'c'. */

</CODE></PRE>

The following lint and lint-like comments should be used where appropriate:

<PRE><CODE>

/* ARGSUSED */

/* FALLTHROUGH */

/* NOTREACHED */

/* VARARGS */

</CODE></PRE>

<H3>.h files</H3>

.h files should not rely on other files having been included. .h

files should prevent multiple inclusion. The OS is assumed to prevent

multiple inclusion of its .h files.<P>

.h files that define modules should have a structure like the

following. Note that <isc/lang.h> should be included by any public

header file to get the ISC_LANG_BEGINDECLS and ISC_LANG_ENDDECLS

macros used so the correct name-mangling happens for function

declarations when C++ programs include the file. <isc/lang.h> should

be included for private header files or for public files that do not

declare any functions.<P>

<PRE><CODE>

/*

* Copyright (C) 1998 Internet Software Consortium.

*

* Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any

* purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above

* copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.

*

* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND INTERNET SOFTWARE CONSORTIUM DISCLAIMS

* ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES

* OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL INTERNET SOFTWARE

* CONSORTIUM BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL

* DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR

* PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS

* ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS

* SOFTWARE.

*/

#ifndef ISC_WHATEVER_H

#define ISC_WHATEVER_H 1

/*****

***** Module Info

*****/

/*

* (Module name here.)

*

* (One line description here.)

*

* (Extended description and notes here.)

*

* MP:

* (Information about multiprocessing considerations here, e.g. locking

* requirements.)

*

* Reliability:

* (Any reliability concerns should be mentioned here.)

*

* Resources:

* (A rough guide to how resources are used by this module.)

*

* Security:

* (Any security issues are discussed here.)

*

* Standards:

* (Any standards relevant to the module are listed here.)

*/

/***

*** Imports

***/

/* #includes here. */

#include &lt;isc/lang.h&gt;

/***

*** Types

***/

/* (Type definitions here.) */

/***

*** Functions

***/

ISC_LANG_BEGINDECLS

/* (Function declarations here, with full prototypes.) */

ISC_LANG_ENDDECLS

#endif /* ISC_WHATEVER_H */

</CODE></PRE>

<H3>C Source</H3>

<H4>Including Interfaces (.h files)</H4>

The first file to be included in a C source file must be config.h.

The config.h file must never be included by any public header file

(that is, any header file that will be installed by "make install").

Try to include only necessary files, not everything under the sun.<P>

Operating-system-specific files should not be included by most modules.<P>

Include UNIX "sys" .h files before ordinary C includes.<P>

<H4>Statements</H4>

There should be at most one statement per line. The comma operator

should not be used to form compound statements.<P>

Bad:<P>

<PRE><CODE>

if (i > 0) {

printf("yes\n"); i = 0; j = 0;

x = 4, y *= 2;

}

</CODE></PRE>

<H4>Functions</H4>

The use of ANSI C function prototypes is required.<P>

The return type of the function should be listed on a line by itself when

specifying the implementation of the function. The opening curly brace should

occur on the same line as the argument list, unless the argument list is

more than one line long.<P>

Good:<P>

<PRE><CODE>

static inline void

f(int i) {

/* whatever */

}

int

g(int i, /* other args here */

int last_argument)

{

return (i * i);

}

</CODE></PRE>

To suppress compiler warnings, unused function arguments are declared

using the <CODE>UNUSED()</CODE> macro.<P>

In the function body, local variable declarations are followed by any

<CODE>REQUIRE()</CODE>s, <CODE>UNUSED()</CODE> declarations, and other

code, in this order. These sections are separated by blank lines.<P>

<H4>Curly Braces</H4>

Curly Braces do not get their own indentation.

An opening brace does not start a new line. The statements enclosed

by the braces should not be on the same line as the opening or closing

brace. A closing brace should be the only thing on the line, unless

it's part of an else clause.<P>

Generally speaking, when a control statement (<CODE>if, for</CODE> or

<CODE>while</CODE>) has only a single action associated with it, then no

bracing is used around the statement. Exceptions include when the

compiler would complain about an ambiguous else clause, or when extra

bracing improves the readability (a judgement call biased toward not

having the braces).<P>

Good:<P>

<PRE><CODE>

static void

f(int i) {

if (i > 0) {

printf("yes\n");

i = 0;

} else

printf("no\n");

}

</CODE></PRE>

Bad:<P>

<PRE><CODE>

void f(int i)

{

if(i<0){i=0;printf("was negative\n");}

if (i > 0)

{

printf("yes\n");

i = 0;

}}

</CODE></PRE>

<H4>Spaces</H4>

<UL>

<LI>Do put a space between operators like '=', '+', '==', etc.

<LI>Do put a space after ','.

<LI>Do put a space after ';' in a 'for' statement.

<LI>Do put a space after 'return', and also parenthesize the return value.

</UL>

<UL>

<LI>Do not put a space between a variable or function name and '(' or '['.

<LI>Do not put a space after the "sizeof" operator name, and also

parenthesize its argument, as in <CODE>malloc(4 * sizeof(long))</CODE>.

<LI>Do not put a space immediately after a '(' or immediately before a ')',

unless it improves readability. The same goes for '[' and ']'.

<LI>Do not put a space before '++' or '--' when used in

post-increment/decrement mode, or after them when used in

pre-increment/decrement mode.

<LI>Do not put a space before ';' when terminating a statement or in a 'for'

statement.

<LI>Do not put a space after '*' when used to dereference a pointer, or on

either side of '->'.

<LI>Do not put a space after '~'.

<LI>The '|' operator may either have a space on both sides or it may have no

spaces.

<LI>Do not put a space after a cast.

</UL>

<H4>Return Values</H4>

If a function returns a value, it should be cast to (void) if you don't

care what the value is, except for <CODE>printf</CODE> and its variants,

<CODE>fputc</CODE>, <CODE>fwrite</CODE> (when writing text),

<CODE>fflush</CODE>,

<CODE>memcpy</CODE>, <CODE>memmove</CODE>, <CODE>memset</CODE>,

<CODE>strcpy</CODE>, <CODE>strncpy</CODE>, and <CODE>strcat</CODE>.

<P>

Certain functions return values or not depending on the operating

system or even compiler flags; these include

these include <CODE>openlog</CODE> and <CODE>srandom</CODE>.

The return value of these should not be used nor cast to (void).

<P>

All error conditions must be handled.<P>

Mixing of error status and valid results within a single type should be

avoided.<P>

Good:

<PRE><CODE>

os_descriptor_t s;

os_result_t result;

result = os_socket_create(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0, &s);

if (result != OS_R_SUCCESS) {

/* Do something about the error. */

return;

}

</CODE></PRE>

Not so good:

<PRE><CODE>

int s;

/*

* Obviously using interfaces like socket() (below) is allowed

* since otherwise you couldn't call operating system routines; the

* point is not to write more interfaces like them.

*/

s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);

if (s < 0) {

/* Do something about the error using errno. */

return;

}

</CODE></PRE>

<H4>Integral Types</H4>

Careful thought should be given to whether an integral type should be

signed or unsigned, and to whether a specific size is required. "int"

should be used for generic variables (e.g. iteration counters, array

subscripts). Other than for generic variables, if a negative value isn't

meaningful, the variable should be unsigned. Assignments and

comparisons between signed and unsigned integers should be avoided;

suppressing the warnings with casts is not desireable.<P>

<H4>Casting</H4>

Casting should be avoided when possible. When it is necessary, there

should be no space between the cast and what is being cast.<P>

Bad (obviously for more than one reason ...):

<PRE><CODE>

(void) malloc(SMBUF);

</CODE></PRE>

<H4>Clear Success or Failure</H4>

A function should report success or failure, and do so accurately. It

should never fail silently. Use of Design by Contract can help here.<P>

When a function is designed to return results to the caller by

assigning to caller variables through pointer arguments, it should

perform the assignment only if it succeeds and leave the variables

unmodified if it fails.<P>

<H4>Testing Bits</H4>

Bit testing should be as follows:<P>

Good:

<PRE><CODE>

/* Test if flag set. */

if ((flags & FOO) != 0) {

}

/* Test if flag clear. */

if ((flags & BAR) == 0) {

}

/* Test if both flags set. */

if ((flags & (FOO|BAR)) == (FOO|BAR)) {

}

</CODE></PRE>

Bad:

<PRE><CODE>

/* Test if flag set. */

if (flags & FOO) {

}

/* Test if flag clear. */

if (! (flags & BAR)) {

}

</CODE></PRE>

<H4>Pointers</H4>

<H5>Null Pointer</H5>

The null pointer value should be referred to with "NULL", not with "0".

Testing to see whether a pointer is NULL should be explicit.<P>

Good:

<PRE><CODE>

char *c = NULL;

/* ... */

if (c == NULL) {

/* Do something. */

}

</CODE></PRE>

<H5>Invalidating Pointers</H5>

When the data a pointer points to has been freed, or is otherwise no longer

valid, the pointer should be set to NULL unless the pointer is part of a

structure which is itself going to be freed immediately.<P>

Good:

<PRE><CODE>

char *text;

/* text is initialized here. */

free(text);

text = NULL;

</CODE></PRE>

<H4>Testing for Zero or Non-zero</H4>

Explicit testing against zero is required for numeric, non-boolean variables.

<P>

Good:

<PRE><CODE>

int i = 10;

/* ... */

if (i != 0) {

/* Do something. */

}

</CODE></PRE>

Bad:

<PRE><CODE>

int i = 10;

/* ... */

if (i) {

/* Do something. */

}

</CODE></PRE>

<H4>The Ternary Operator</H4>

The ?: operator should mostly be avoided. It is tolerated when

deciding what value to pass as a parameter to a function, such as

frequently happens with printf, and also when a simple (non-compound)

value is being used in assignment or as part of a calculation.

In particular, using the ternary operator to specify a return value is

verboten.<P>

Good:

<PRE><CODE>

printf("%c is%s a number.\n", c, isdigit(c) ? "" " NOT");

l = (l1 < l2) ? l1 : l2;

if (gp.length + (go < 16384 ? 2 : 3) >= name->length) {

...

}

</CODE></PRE>

Bad:

<PRE><CODE>

return (success ? ISC_R_SUCESS : ISC_R_FAILURE);

</CODE></PRE>

<H4>Assignment in Parameters</H4>

Variables should not have their values assigned or changed when being

passed as parameters, except perhaps for the increment and decrement

operators.<P>

Bad:

<PRE><CODE>

malloc(size = 20);

</CODE></PRE>

Ok:

<PRE><CODE>

fputc(c++, stdout);

</CODE></PRE>

<H3>Namespace</H3>

<H4>Public Interfaces</H4>

All public interfaces to functions, macros, typedefs, and

variables provided by the library, should use names of the form

{library}_{module}_{what}, such as:

<PRE><CODE>

isc_buffer_t /* typedef */

dns_name_setbuffer(name, buffer) /* function */

ISC_LIST_HEAD(list) /* macro */

isc_commandline_argument /* variable */

</CODE></PRE>

however, structures which are typedef'd generally have the name of the

typedef sans the final _t:

<PRE><CODE>

struct dns_rbtnode {

/* ... members ... */

}

</CODE></PRE>

Generally speaking macros are defined with all capital letters, but

this is not universally consistent (eg, numerous isc_buffer_{foo}

macros).<P>

The {module} and {what} segments of the name do not have underscores

separating natural word elements, as demonstrated in

isc_commandline_argument and dns_name_setbuffer above. The {module}

part is usually the same as the basename of the source file, but

sometimes other {module} interfaces appear within one file, such as

dns_label_* interfaces in lib/dns/name.c. However, in the public

libraries the file name must be the same as some module interface

provided by the file; e.g., dns_rbt_* interfaces would not be declared

in a file named redblack.c (in lieu of any other dns_redblack_*

interfaces in the file).<P>

The one notable exception to this naming rule is the interfaces

provided by <isc/util.h>. There's a large caveat associated with the

public description of this file that it is hazardous to use because it

pollutes the general namespace.<P>

<H4>Shared Private Interfaces</H4>

When a module provides an interface for internal use by other modules

in the library, it should use the same naming convention

described for the public interfaces, except {library} and {module}

are separated by a double-underscore. This indicates that the name is

internal, its API is not as formal as the public API, and thus it

might change without any sort of notice.

<H3>Initialization</H3>

When an object is allocated from the heap, all fields in the object must be

initialized.<P>

<H3>Dead Code Pruning</H3>

Source which becomes obsolete should be removed, not just disabled with

#if 0 ... #endif.<P>

<H3>Log messages</H3>

Error and warning messages should be logged through the logging

system. Debugging printfs may be used during development, but

must be removed when the debugging is finished. The

<CODE>UNEXPECTED_ERROR()</CODE> macro is obsolete and

should not be used in new code.<P>

Log messages do not start with a capital letter, nor do they end

in a period.<P>

When variable text such as a file name or domain name occurs

as part of an English phrase, it should be enclosed in single

quotes, as in <CODE>"zone '%s' is lame"</CODE>.<P>

When the variable text forms a separate phrase, such as when it

separated from the rest of the message by a colon, it can be left

unquoted. E.g., <CODE>isc_log_write(... "open: %s: %s", filename,

isc_result_totext(result));</CODE><P>

Function names, line numbers, memory addresses, and other references

to program internals may be used in debugging messages and in

messages to report programming errors detected at runtime.

They may not be used in messages that indicate errors in the

program's inputs or operation.<P>

<H2>Perl source code</H2>

Perl must not be required for building, installing, or using the BIND 9

name server. It may be used for things like test scripts and optional

server add-on components.<P>

Perl 5 is assumed; Perl scripts do not need to work in Perl 4.<P>

Perl source code should follow the conventions for C source code

where applicable.<P>