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f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<p><span class="application">nsupdate</span> — Dynamic DNS update utility</p>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">nsupdate</code> [<code class="option">-d</code>] [<code class="option">-D</code>] [<code class="option">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></code>] [[<code class="option">-g</code>] | [<code class="option">-o</code>] | [<code class="option">-l</code>] | [<code class="option">-y <em class="replaceable"><code>[<span class="optional">hmac:</span>]keyname:secret</code></em></code>] | [<code class="option">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>keyfile</code></em></code>]] [<code class="option">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>timeout</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>udptimeout</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>udpretries</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-R <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-v</code>] [<code class="option">-T</code>] [<code class="option">-P</code>] [<code class="option">-V</code>] [filename]</p></div>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<p><span class="command"><strong>nsupdate</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is used to submit Dynamic DNS Update requests as defined in RFC 2136
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to a name server.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This allows resource records to be added or removed from a zone
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce without manually editing the zone file.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce A single update request can contain requests to add or remove more than
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce resource record.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Zones that are under dynamic control via
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="command"><strong>nsupdate</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce or a DHCP server should not be edited by hand.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Manual edits could
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce conflict with dynamic updates and cause data to be lost.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The resource records that are dynamically added or removed with
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="command"><strong>nsupdate</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce have to be in the same zone.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Requests are sent to the zone's master server.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This is identified by the MNAME field of the zone's SOA record.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Transaction signatures can be used to authenticate the Dynamic
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce DNS updates. These use the TSIG resource record type described
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce in RFC 2845 or the SIG(0) record described in RFC 2535 and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce RFC 2931 or GSS-TSIG as described in RFC 3645.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce TSIG relies on
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce a shared secret that should only be known to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="command"><strong>nsupdate</strong></span> and the name server.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce For instance, suitable <span class="type">key</span> and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="type">server</span> statements would be added to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code> so that the name server
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce can associate the appropriate secret key and algorithm with
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the IP address of the client application that will be using
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce TSIG authentication. You can use <span class="command"><strong>ddns-confgen</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to generate suitable configuration fragments.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="command"><strong>nsupdate</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce uses the <code class="option">-y</code> or <code class="option">-k</code> options
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to provide the TSIG shared secret. These options are mutually exclusive.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce SIG(0) uses public key cryptography.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce To use a SIG(0) key, the public key must be stored in a KEY
ab19d688255b3a333a41b4ebe6f4213538e89c2aEric Luce record in a zone served by the name server.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce GSS-TSIG uses Kerberos credentials. Standard GSS-TSIG mode
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is switched on with the <code class="option">-g</code> flag. A
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce non-standards-compliant variant of GSS-TSIG used by Windows
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce 2000 can be switched on with the <code class="option">-o</code> flag.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Debug mode. This provides tracing information about the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce update requests that are made and the replies received
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce from the name server.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Extra debug mode.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>keyfile</code></em></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The file containing the TSIG authentication key.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Keyfiles may be in two formats: a single file containing
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce a <code class="filename">named.conf</code>-format <span class="command"><strong>key</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce statement, which may be generated automatically by
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="command"><strong>ddns-confgen</strong></span>, or a pair of files whose names are
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce of the format <code class="filename">K{name}.+157.+{random}.key</code> and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="filename">K{name}.+157.+{random}.private</code>, which can be
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce generated by <span class="command"><strong>dnssec-keygen</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The <code class="option">-k</code> may also be used to specify a SIG(0) key used
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce to authenticate Dynamic DNS update requests. In this case, the key
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce specified is not an HMAC-MD5 key.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Local-host only mode. This sets the server address to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce localhost (disabling the <span class="command"><strong>server</strong></span> so that the server
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce address cannot be overridden). Connections to the local server will
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce use a TSIG key found in <code class="filename">/var/run/named/session.key</code>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce which is automatically generated by <span class="command"><strong>named</strong></span> if any
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce local master zone has set <span class="command"><strong>update-policy</strong></span> to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="command"><strong>local</strong></span>. The location of this key file can be
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce overridden with the <code class="option">-k</code> option.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Set the logging debug level. If zero, logging is disabled.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Set the port to use for connections to a name server. The
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce default is 53.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Print the list of private BIND-specific resource record
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce types whose format is understood
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce by <span class="command"><strong>nsupdate</strong></span>. See also
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>udpretries</code></em></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The number of UDP retries. The default is 3. If zero, only
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce one update request will be made.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term">-R <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Where to obtain randomness. If the operating system
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce does not provide a <code class="filename">/dev/random</code> or
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce equivalent device, the default source of randomness is keyboard
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce input. <code class="filename">randomdev</code> specifies the name of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce a character device or file containing random data to be used
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce instead of the default. The special value
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="filename">keyboard</code> indicates that keyboard input
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce should be used. This option may be specified multiple times.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>timeout</code></em></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The maximum time an update request can take before it is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce aborted. The default is 300 seconds. Zero can be used to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce disable the timeout.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Print the list of IANA standard resource record types
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce whose format is understood by <span class="command"><strong>nsupdate</strong></span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="command"><strong>nsupdate</strong></span> will exit after the lists are
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce printed. The <code class="option">-T</code> option can be combined
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Other types can be entered using "TYPEXXXXX" where "XXXXX" is the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce decimal value of the type with no leading zeros. The rdata,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce if present, will be parsed using the UNKNOWN rdata format,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce (<backslash> <hash> <space> <length>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <space> <hexstring>).
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>udptimeout</code></em></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The UDP retry interval. The default is 3 seconds. If zero,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the interval will be computed from the timeout interval and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce number of UDP retries.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Use TCP even for small update requests.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce By default, <span class="command"><strong>nsupdate</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce uses UDP to send update requests to the name server unless they are too
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce large to fit in a UDP request in which case TCP will be used.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce TCP may be preferable when a batch of update requests is made.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Print the version number and exit.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term">-y <em class="replaceable"><code>[<span class="optional">hmac:</span>]keyname:secret</code></em></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Literal TSIG authentication key.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <em class="parameter"><code>keyname</code></em> is the name of the key, and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <em class="parameter"><code>secret</code></em> is the base64 encoded shared secret.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <em class="parameter"><code>hmac</code></em> is the name of the key algorithm;
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce valid choices are <code class="literal">hmac-md5</code>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="literal">hmac-sha1</code>, <code class="literal">hmac-sha224</code>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="literal">hmac-sha256</code>, <code class="literal">hmac-sha384</code>, or
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="literal">hmac-sha512</code>. If <em class="parameter"><code>hmac</code></em>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is not specified, the default is <code class="literal">hmac-md5</code>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce or if MD5 was disabled <code class="literal">hmac-sha256</code>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce NOTE: Use of the <code class="option">-y</code> option is discouraged because the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce shared secret is supplied as a command line argument in clear text.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This may be visible in the output from
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">ps</span>(1)</span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce or in a history file maintained by the user's shell.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<p><span class="command"><strong>nsupdate</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce reads input from
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce or standard input.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Each command is supplied on exactly one line of input.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Some commands are for administrative purposes.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The others are either update instructions or prerequisite checks on the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce contents of the zone.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce These checks set conditions that some name or set of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce resource records (RRset) either exists or is absent from the zone.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce These conditions must be met if the entire update request is to succeed.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Updates will be rejected if the tests for the prerequisite conditions
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Every update request consists of zero or more prerequisites
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce and zero or more updates.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This allows a suitably authenticated update request to proceed if some
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce specified resource records are present or missing from the zone.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce A blank input line (or the <span class="command"><strong>send</strong></span> command)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce accumulated commands to be sent as one Dynamic DNS update request to the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce name server.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The command formats and their meaning are as follows:
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="command"><strong>server</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce {servername}
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Sends all dynamic update requests to the name server
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <em class="parameter"><code>servername</code></em>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce When no server statement is provided,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="command"><strong>nsupdate</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce will send updates to the master server of the correct zone.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The MNAME field of that zone's SOA record will identify the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce server for that zone.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is the port number on
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <em class="parameter"><code>servername</code></em>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce where the dynamic update requests get sent.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If no port number is specified, the default DNS port number of
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="command"><strong>local</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Sends all dynamic update requests using the local
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce When no local statement is provided,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="command"><strong>nsupdate</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce will send updates using an address and port chosen by the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce can additionally be used to make requests come from a specific
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If no port number is specified, the system will assign one.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="command"><strong>zone</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Specifies that all updates are to be made to the zone
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce statement is provided,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="command"><strong>nsupdate</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce will attempt determine the correct zone to update based on the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce rest of the input.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="command"><strong>class</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Specify the default class.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If no <em class="parameter"><code>class</code></em> is specified, the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce default class is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Specify the default time to live for records to be added.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The value <em class="parameter"><code>none</code></em> will clear the default
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [hmac:] {keyname}
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Specifies that all updates are to be TSIG-signed using the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <em class="parameter"><code>keyname</code></em> <em class="parameter"><code>secret</code></em> pair.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If <em class="parameter"><code>hmac</code></em> is specified, then it sets the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce signing algorithm in use; the default is
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="literal">hmac-md5</code> or if MD5 was disabled
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="literal">hmac-sha256</code>. The <span class="command"><strong>key</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce command overrides any key specified on the command line via
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <code class="option">-y</code> or <code class="option">-k</code>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="command"><strong>gsstsig</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Use GSS-TSIG to sign the updated. This is equivalent to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce specifying <code class="option">-g</code> on the command line.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="command"><strong>oldgsstsig</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Use the Windows 2000 version of GSS-TSIG to sign the updated.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This is equivalent to specifying <code class="option">-o</code> on the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce command line.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="command"><strong>realm</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce When using GSS-TSIG use <em class="parameter"><code>realm_name</code></em> rather
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce than the default realm in <code class="filename">krb5.conf</code>. If no
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce realm is specified the saved realm is cleared.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="command"><strong>check-names</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Turn on or off check-names processing on records to
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce be added. Check-names has no effect on prerequisites
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce or records to be deleted. By default check-names
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce processing is on. If check-names processing fails
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce the record will not be added to the UPDATE message.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="command"><strong>[<span class="optional">prereq</span>] nxdomain</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce {domain-name}
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Requires that no resource record of any type exists with name
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <em class="parameter"><code>domain-name</code></em>.
ab19d688255b3a333a41b4ebe6f4213538e89c2aEric Luce <span class="command"><strong>[<span class="optional">prereq</span>] yxdomain</strong></span>
ab19d688255b3a333a41b4ebe6f4213538e89c2aEric Luce {domain-name}
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Requires that
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <em class="parameter"><code>domain-name</code></em>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce exists (has as at least one resource record, of any type).
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="command"><strong>[<span class="optional">prereq</span>] nxrrset</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce {domain-name}
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Requires that no resource record exists of the specified
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <em class="parameter"><code>domain-name</code></em>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is omitted, IN (internet) is assumed.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="command"><strong>[<span class="optional">prereq</span>] yxrrset</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce {domain-name}
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This requires that a resource record of the specified
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <em class="parameter"><code>domain-name</code></em>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is omitted, IN (internet) is assumed.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="command"><strong>[<span class="optional">prereq</span>] yxrrset</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce {domain-name}
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce from each set of prerequisites of this form
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce sharing a common
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <em class="parameter"><code>domain-name</code></em>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce are combined to form a set of RRs. This set of RRs must
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce exactly match the set of RRs existing in the zone at the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <em class="parameter"><code>domain-name</code></em>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce are written in the standard text representation of the resource
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="command"><strong>[<span class="optional">update</span>] del[<span class="optional">ete</span>]</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce {domain-name}
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce [type [data...]]
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Deletes any resource records named
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <em class="parameter"><code>domain-name</code></em>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is provided, only matching resource records will be removed.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The internet class is assumed if
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is not supplied. The
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce is ignored, and is only allowed for compatibility.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="command"><strong>[<span class="optional">update</span>] add</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce {domain-name}
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Adds a new resource record with the specified
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="command"><strong>show</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Displays the current message, containing all of the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce prerequisites and
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce updates specified since the last send.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="command"><strong>send</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Sends the current message. This is equivalent to entering a
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="command"><strong>answer</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Displays the answer.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="command"><strong>debug</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Turn on debugging.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="command"><strong>version</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Print version number.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="command"><strong>help</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Print a list of commands.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Lines beginning with a semicolon are comments and are ignored.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The examples below show how
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="command"><strong>nsupdate</strong></span>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce could be used to insert and delete resource records from the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Notice that the input in each example contains a trailing blank line so
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce a group of commands are sent as one dynamic update request to the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce master name server for
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce> update delete oldhost.example.com A
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce> update add newhost.example.com 86400 A 172.16.1.1
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce Any A records for
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce are deleted.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce And an A record for
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce with IP address 172.16.1.1 is added.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The newly-added record has a 1 day TTL (86400 seconds).
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce> prereq nxdomain nickname.example.com
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce> update add nickname.example.com 86400 CNAME somehost.example.com
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The prerequisite condition gets the name server to check that there
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce are no resource records of any type for
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If there are, the update request fails.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce If this name does not exist, a CNAME for it is added.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This ensures that when the CNAME is added, it cannot conflict with the
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce long-standing rule in RFC 1034 that a name must not exist as any other
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce record type if it exists as a CNAME.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce (The rule has been updated for DNSSEC in RFC 2535 to allow CNAMEs to have
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce RRSIG, DNSKEY and NSEC records.)
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist">
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><code class="constant">/etc/resolv.conf</code></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce used to identify default name server
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><code class="constant">/var/run/named/session.key</code></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce sets the default TSIG key for use in local-only mode
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><code class="constant">K{name}.+157.+{random}.key</code></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce base-64 encoding of HMAC-MD5 key created by
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">dnssec-keygen</span>(8)</span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<dt><span class="term"><code class="constant">K{name}.+157.+{random}.private</code></span></dt>
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce base-64 encoding of HMAC-MD5 key created by
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">dnssec-keygen</span>(8)</span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named</span>(8)</span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">ddns-confgen</span>(8)</span>,
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">dnssec-keygen</span>(8)</span>.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce The TSIG key is redundantly stored in two separate files.
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce This is a consequence of nsupdate using the DST library
f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce for its cryptographic operations, and may change in future
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f293a69bcd1c1dd7bdac8f4102fc2398b9e475c8Eric Luce<p xmlns:db="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" style="text-align: center;">BIND 9.11.0rc1</p>