man.named.html revision edaa0648858316d9f4ad2a4093f16e05dbf2fe50
1c57c3f79db0bf0358bbe6d7b5ad650c0c852f4bTinderbox User - Copyright (C) 2004-2012 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
5347c0fcb04eaea19d9f39795646239f487c6207Tinderbox User - Copyright (C) 2000-2003 Internet Software Consortium.
5347c0fcb04eaea19d9f39795646239f487c6207Tinderbox User - Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
1c57c3f79db0bf0358bbe6d7b5ad650c0c852f4bTinderbox User - purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
8c225507766814e78e168b17a24b8a47ca7f8c37Tinderbox User - copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
1c57c3f79db0bf0358bbe6d7b5ad650c0c852f4bTinderbox User - THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ISC DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH
1c57c3f79db0bf0358bbe6d7b5ad650c0c852f4bTinderbox User - REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
1c57c3f79db0bf0358bbe6d7b5ad650c0c852f4bTinderbox User - AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL ISC BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT,
fd2597f75693a2279fdf588bd40dfe2407c42028Tinderbox User - INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM
1c57c3f79db0bf0358bbe6d7b5ad650c0c852f4bTinderbox User - LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE
7911e6f9de303bca5a3d8b34f4330c8f7cecffaeTinderbox User - OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
7911e6f9de303bca5a3d8b34f4330c8f7cecffaeTinderbox User - PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
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7911e6f9de303bca5a3d8b34f4330c8f7cecffaeTinderbox User<tr><th colspan="3" align="center"><span class="application">named</span></th></tr>
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7911e6f9de303bca5a3d8b34f4330c8f7cecffaeTinderbox User<a name="man.named"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
33c9436ef1a43d3c0fc3d9be9b4b0509daa83223Tinderbox User<p><span class="application">named</span> — Internet domain name server</p>
33c9436ef1a43d3c0fc3d9be9b4b0509daa83223Tinderbox User<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">named</code> [<code class="option">-4</code>] [<code class="option">-6</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine-name</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f</code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-m <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-s</code>] [<code class="option">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-U <em class="replaceable"><code>#listeners</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-v</code>] [<code class="option">-V</code>] [<code class="option">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em></code>]</p></div>
363b21045b718d06d414784c96193dc9a233e8c5Tinderbox User<p><span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
363b21045b718d06d414784c96193dc9a233e8c5Tinderbox User is a Domain Name System (DNS) server,
33c9436ef1a43d3c0fc3d9be9b4b0509daa83223Tinderbox User part of the BIND 9 distribution from ISC. For more
363b21045b718d06d414784c96193dc9a233e8c5Tinderbox User information on the DNS, see RFCs 1033, 1034, and 1035.
363b21045b718d06d414784c96193dc9a233e8c5Tinderbox User When invoked without arguments, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
33c9436ef1a43d3c0fc3d9be9b4b0509daa83223Tinderbox User read the default configuration file
33c9436ef1a43d3c0fc3d9be9b4b0509daa83223Tinderbox User <code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code>, read any initial
33c9436ef1a43d3c0fc3d9be9b4b0509daa83223Tinderbox User data, and listen for queries.
33c9436ef1a43d3c0fc3d9be9b4b0509daa83223Tinderbox User Use IPv4 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv6.
33c9436ef1a43d3c0fc3d9be9b4b0509daa83223Tinderbox User <code class="option">-4</code> and <code class="option">-6</code> are mutually
0da02c26a6631c25f075a8e4ac6de9e58f49a0c2Tinderbox User Use IPv6 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv4.
8a48b6b9b6fa8486f24b22d1972b2b6ebb36a4a4Tinderbox User <code class="option">-4</code> and <code class="option">-6</code> are mutually
8a48b6b9b6fa8486f24b22d1972b2b6ebb36a4a4Tinderbox User<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em></span></dt>
8a48b6b9b6fa8486f24b22d1972b2b6ebb36a4a4Tinderbox User Use <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em> as the
8a48b6b9b6fa8486f24b22d1972b2b6ebb36a4a4Tinderbox User configuration file instead of the default,
8a48b6b9b6fa8486f24b22d1972b2b6ebb36a4a4Tinderbox User <code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code>. To
7911e6f9de303bca5a3d8b34f4330c8f7cecffaeTinderbox User ensure that reloading the configuration file continues
3ca1a32241189d1e02e59f6b56399eb9b40f2aafTinderbox User to work after the server has changed its working
3ca1a32241189d1e02e59f6b56399eb9b40f2aafTinderbox User directory due to to a possible
3ca1a32241189d1e02e59f6b56399eb9b40f2aafTinderbox User <code class="option">directory</code> option in the configuration
3ca1a32241189d1e02e59f6b56399eb9b40f2aafTinderbox User file, <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em> should be
3ca1a32241189d1e02e59f6b56399eb9b40f2aafTinderbox User an absolute pathname.
7911e6f9de303bca5a3d8b34f4330c8f7cecffaeTinderbox User<dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em></span></dt>
8a48b6b9b6fa8486f24b22d1972b2b6ebb36a4a4Tinderbox User Set the daemon's debug level to <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em>.
8a48b6b9b6fa8486f24b22d1972b2b6ebb36a4a4Tinderbox User Debugging traces from <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> become
8a48b6b9b6fa8486f24b22d1972b2b6ebb36a4a4Tinderbox User more verbose as the debug level increases.
7911e6f9de303bca5a3d8b34f4330c8f7cecffaeTinderbox User<dt><span class="term">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine-name</code></em></span></dt>
7911e6f9de303bca5a3d8b34f4330c8f7cecffaeTinderbox User Use a crypto hardware (OpenSSL engine) for the crypto operations
a1ff871f78b7d907d6fc3a382beea2a640fe8423Tinderbox User it supports, for instance re-signing with private keys from
3ca1a32241189d1e02e59f6b56399eb9b40f2aafTinderbox User a secure key store. When compiled with PKCS#11 support
363b21045b718d06d414784c96193dc9a233e8c5Tinderbox User <em class="replaceable"><code>engine-name</code></em>
3ca1a32241189d1e02e59f6b56399eb9b40f2aafTinderbox User defaults to pkcs11, the empty name resets it to no engine.
363b21045b718d06d414784c96193dc9a233e8c5Tinderbox User Run the server in the foreground (i.e. do not daemonize).
14a656f94b1fd0ababd84a772228dfa52276ba15Evan Hunt Run the server in the foreground and force all logging
550d3276d0490c4918f089ccb1528a3eb0951b0aTinderbox User<dt><span class="term">-m <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></span></dt>
550d3276d0490c4918f089ccb1528a3eb0951b0aTinderbox User Turn on memory usage debugging flags. Possible flags are
550d3276d0490c4918f089ccb1528a3eb0951b0aTinderbox User <em class="replaceable"><code>usage</code></em>,
550d3276d0490c4918f089ccb1528a3eb0951b0aTinderbox User <em class="replaceable"><code>trace</code></em>,
550d3276d0490c4918f089ccb1528a3eb0951b0aTinderbox User <em class="replaceable"><code>record</code></em>,
51da15c88648a9e47d0cddff4b2b782665e99401Tinderbox User <em class="replaceable"><code>size</code></em>, and
7911e6f9de303bca5a3d8b34f4330c8f7cecffaeTinderbox User <em class="replaceable"><code>mctx</code></em>.
51da15c88648a9e47d0cddff4b2b782665e99401Tinderbox User These correspond to the ISC_MEM_DEBUGXXXX flags described in
51da15c88648a9e47d0cddff4b2b782665e99401Tinderbox User <code class="filename"><isc/mem.h></code>.
7911e6f9de303bca5a3d8b34f4330c8f7cecffaeTinderbox User<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em></span></dt>
51da15c88648a9e47d0cddff4b2b782665e99401Tinderbox User Create <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em> worker threads
51da15c88648a9e47d0cddff4b2b782665e99401Tinderbox User to take advantage of multiple CPUs. If not specified,
51da15c88648a9e47d0cddff4b2b782665e99401Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will try to determine the
51da15c88648a9e47d0cddff4b2b782665e99401Tinderbox User number of CPUs present and create one thread per CPU.
51da15c88648a9e47d0cddff4b2b782665e99401Tinderbox User If it is unable to determine the number of CPUs, a
51da15c88648a9e47d0cddff4b2b782665e99401Tinderbox User single worker thread will be created.
51da15c88648a9e47d0cddff4b2b782665e99401Tinderbox User<dt><span class="term">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></span></dt>
111d5ef471ecec90671f480afd8f93e550a80917Tinderbox User Listen for queries on port <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em>. If not
111d5ef471ecec90671f480afd8f93e550a80917Tinderbox User specified, the default is port 53.
111d5ef471ecec90671f480afd8f93e550a80917Tinderbox User Write memory usage statistics to <code class="filename">stdout</code> on exit.
d605cf32834fd19b7d16848655cdb5e458f34aa5Tinderbox User<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
d605cf32834fd19b7d16848655cdb5e458f34aa5Tinderbox User This option is mainly of interest to BIND 9 developers
d605cf32834fd19b7d16848655cdb5e458f34aa5Tinderbox User and may be removed or changed in a future release.
d605cf32834fd19b7d16848655cdb5e458f34aa5Tinderbox User<dt><span class="term">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em></span></dt>
7911e6f9de303bca5a3d8b34f4330c8f7cecffaeTinderbox User Allow <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> to use up to
7911e6f9de303bca5a3d8b34f4330c8f7cecffaeTinderbox User <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em> sockets.
d253648fe3331622cebea02d60aaecca3082d78dTinderbox User<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
d253648fe3331622cebea02d60aaecca3082d78dTinderbox User This option should be unnecessary for the vast majority
d253648fe3331622cebea02d60aaecca3082d78dTinderbox User The use of this option could even be harmful because the
d253648fe3331622cebea02d60aaecca3082d78dTinderbox User specified value may exceed the limitation of the
d253648fe3331622cebea02d60aaecca3082d78dTinderbox User underlying system API.
d253648fe3331622cebea02d60aaecca3082d78dTinderbox User It is therefore set only when the default configuration
d253648fe3331622cebea02d60aaecca3082d78dTinderbox User causes exhaustion of file descriptors and the
d253648fe3331622cebea02d60aaecca3082d78dTinderbox User operational environment is known to support the
d253648fe3331622cebea02d60aaecca3082d78dTinderbox User specified number of sockets.
d253648fe3331622cebea02d60aaecca3082d78dTinderbox User Note also that the actual maximum number is normally a little
d253648fe3331622cebea02d60aaecca3082d78dTinderbox User fewer than the specified value because
b1331a6b3dbc156a418049b8562a3f6105f2b227Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> reserves some file descriptors
b1331a6b3dbc156a418049b8562a3f6105f2b227Tinderbox User for its internal use.
b1331a6b3dbc156a418049b8562a3f6105f2b227Tinderbox User<dt><span class="term">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
b1331a6b3dbc156a418049b8562a3f6105f2b227Tinderbox User to <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em> after
d253648fe3331622cebea02d60aaecca3082d78dTinderbox User processing the command line arguments, but before
d253648fe3331622cebea02d60aaecca3082d78dTinderbox User reading the configuration file.
d253648fe3331622cebea02d60aaecca3082d78dTinderbox User<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
dfae459e8c4f794f8a239e74aa9d5e11cce6ea5bTinderbox User This option should be used in conjunction with the
bfb7b680bf88c1fdd9949197b71c512c532280a4Tinderbox User <code class="option">-u</code> option, as chrooting a process
bfb7b680bf88c1fdd9949197b71c512c532280a4Tinderbox User running as root doesn't enhance security on most
bfb7b680bf88c1fdd9949197b71c512c532280a4Tinderbox User systems; the way <code class="function">chroot(2)</code> is
bfb7b680bf88c1fdd9949197b71c512c532280a4Tinderbox User defined allows a process with root privileges to
bfb7b680bf88c1fdd9949197b71c512c532280a4Tinderbox User escape a chroot jail.
bfb7b680bf88c1fdd9949197b71c512c532280a4Tinderbox User<dt><span class="term">-U <em class="replaceable"><code>#listeners</code></em></span></dt>
dfae459e8c4f794f8a239e74aa9d5e11cce6ea5bTinderbox User Use <em class="replaceable"><code>#listeners</code></em>
dfae459e8c4f794f8a239e74aa9d5e11cce6ea5bTinderbox User worker threads to listen for incoming UDP packets on each
dfae459e8c4f794f8a239e74aa9d5e11cce6ea5bTinderbox User address. If not specified, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will
3ca1a32241189d1e02e59f6b56399eb9b40f2aafTinderbox User use all of the worker threads for this purpose; the
3ca1a32241189d1e02e59f6b56399eb9b40f2aafTinderbox User <code class="option">-U</code> option allows the number to be
3ca1a32241189d1e02e59f6b56399eb9b40f2aafTinderbox User decreased but not increased.
dfae459e8c4f794f8a239e74aa9d5e11cce6ea5bTinderbox User<dt><span class="term">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></span></dt>
bfb7b680bf88c1fdd9949197b71c512c532280a4Tinderbox User to <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em> after completing
bfb7b680bf88c1fdd9949197b71c512c532280a4Tinderbox User privileged operations, such as creating sockets that
bfb7b680bf88c1fdd9949197b71c512c532280a4Tinderbox User listen on privileged ports.
14a656f94b1fd0ababd84a772228dfa52276ba15Evan Hunt<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
f14ce68ee54a5a4587fbde4ffacb117946df2d73Tinderbox User On Linux, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> uses the kernel's
f14ce68ee54a5a4587fbde4ffacb117946df2d73Tinderbox User capability mechanism to drop all root privileges
f14ce68ee54a5a4587fbde4ffacb117946df2d73Tinderbox User except the ability to <code class="function">bind(2)</code> to
f14ce68ee54a5a4587fbde4ffacb117946df2d73Tinderbox User privileged port and set process resource limits.
f14ce68ee54a5a4587fbde4ffacb117946df2d73Tinderbox User Unfortunately, this means that the <code class="option">-u</code>
f14ce68ee54a5a4587fbde4ffacb117946df2d73Tinderbox User option only works when <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is
f14ce68ee54a5a4587fbde4ffacb117946df2d73Tinderbox User on kernel 2.2.18 or later, or kernel 2.3.99-pre3 or
f14ce68ee54a5a4587fbde4ffacb117946df2d73Tinderbox User later, since previous kernels did not allow privileges
0d6a6642b2be93cffa651c54a9b8810dd2d31392Tinderbox User to be retained after <code class="function">setuid(2)</code>.
0d6a6642b2be93cffa651c54a9b8810dd2d31392Tinderbox User Report the version number and exit.
abe69df9a7de5cda07a2b8e19e8b7c981bcd7a9dTinderbox User Report the version number and build options, and exit.
abe69df9a7de5cda07a2b8e19e8b7c981bcd7a9dTinderbox User<dt><span class="term">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em></span></dt>
abe69df9a7de5cda07a2b8e19e8b7c981bcd7a9dTinderbox User Load data from <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em> into the
abe69df9a7de5cda07a2b8e19e8b7c981bcd7a9dTinderbox User cache of the default view.
abe69df9a7de5cda07a2b8e19e8b7c981bcd7a9dTinderbox User<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
164ade1482251e1da962b42e5bf0d3aa02a11e03Tinderbox User This option must not be used. It is only of interest
164ade1482251e1da962b42e5bf0d3aa02a11e03Tinderbox User to BIND 9 developers and may be removed or changed in a
164ade1482251e1da962b42e5bf0d3aa02a11e03Tinderbox User future release.
c48fdfda7a8ae8973aadfeb88cbeaab013024a6cTinderbox User In routine operation, signals should not be used to control
c48fdfda7a8ae8973aadfeb88cbeaab013024a6cTinderbox User the nameserver; <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span> should be used
164ade1482251e1da962b42e5bf0d3aa02a11e03Tinderbox User Force a reload of the server.
111d5ef471ecec90671f480afd8f93e550a80917Tinderbox User<dt><span class="term">SIGINT, SIGTERM</span></dt>
111d5ef471ecec90671f480afd8f93e550a80917Tinderbox User Shut down the server.
111d5ef471ecec90671f480afd8f93e550a80917Tinderbox User The result of sending any other signals to the server is undefined.
a0fb6a0980359165a4459723f52d5d7b5725f9c6Tinderbox User<a name="id2661706"></a><h2>CONFIGURATION</h2>
a0fb6a0980359165a4459723f52d5d7b5725f9c6Tinderbox User The <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> configuration file is too complex
a0fb6a0980359165a4459723f52d5d7b5725f9c6Tinderbox User to describe in detail here. A complete description is provided
a0fb6a0980359165a4459723f52d5d7b5725f9c6Tinderbox User <em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>.
8c7245514646663b25d8b186186ebede41903fa3Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> inherits the <code class="function">umask</code>
8c7245514646663b25d8b186186ebede41903fa3Tinderbox User (file creation mode mask) from the parent process. If files
8c7245514646663b25d8b186186ebede41903fa3Tinderbox User created by <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>, such as journal files,
8c7245514646663b25d8b186186ebede41903fa3Tinderbox User need to have custom permissions, the <code class="function">umask</code>
8c7245514646663b25d8b186186ebede41903fa3Tinderbox User should be set explicitly in the script used to start the
8c7245514646663b25d8b186186ebede41903fa3Tinderbox User <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> process.
421ba11f3f07cbcb12c288ef7f4e7bad13fcc28fTinderbox User<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code></span></dt>
421ba11f3f07cbcb12c288ef7f4e7bad13fcc28fTinderbox User The default configuration file.
99b30e26a6beb9092557cc9e5370b517309bff6eTinderbox User<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/var/run/named/named.pid</code></span></dt>
3b15473cedf41d48904f5b07bdc5e87afff6b58cTinderbox User The default process-id file.
99b30e26a6beb9092557cc9e5370b517309bff6eTinderbox User <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named-checkconf</span>(8)</span>,
99b30e26a6beb9092557cc9e5370b517309bff6eTinderbox User <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named-checkzone</span>(8)</span>,
99b30e26a6beb9092557cc9e5370b517309bff6eTinderbox User <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">rndc</span>(8)</span>,
99b30e26a6beb9092557cc9e5370b517309bff6eTinderbox User <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">lwresd</span>(8)</span>,
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