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c3c6770e537ea916265c78d0294ad108233e17c1Michael Sawyer<!--
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e2f470bebb3a0c107bc4ac86c6920c21e50e83e0Brian Wellington</div>
e2f470bebb3a0c107bc4ac86c6920c21e50e83e0Brian Wellington<div class="refentry" lang="en">
e2f470bebb3a0c107bc4ac86c6920c21e50e83e0Brian Wellington<a name="man.named"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
ac21f918f23ce95fd5be807428ee9e2c42319878Evan Hunt<div class="refnamediv">
2c089bf6d24936de631a57b4958ba6b8b5e3b23dMark Andrews<h2>Name</h2>
2c089bf6d24936de631a57b4958ba6b8b5e3b23dMark Andrews<p><span class="application">named</span> &#8212; Internet domain name server</p>
ac21f918f23ce95fd5be807428ee9e2c42319878Evan Hunt</div>
ac21f918f23ce95fd5be807428ee9e2c42319878Evan Hunt<div class="refsynopsisdiv">
9069215eac23e32f4ef1c8e44ad7ff2865cfcdacEvan Hunt<h2>Synopsis</h2>
9069215eac23e32f4ef1c8e44ad7ff2865cfcdacEvan Hunt<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">named</code> [<code class="option">-4</code>] [<code class="option">-6</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-D <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine-name</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f</code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-m <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-s</code>] [<code class="option">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-U <em class="replaceable"><code>#listeners</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-v</code>] [<code class="option">-V</code>] [<code class="option">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em></code>]</p></div>
c3c6770e537ea916265c78d0294ad108233e17c1Michael Sawyer</div>
c3c6770e537ea916265c78d0294ad108233e17c1Michael Sawyer<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
c3c6770e537ea916265c78d0294ad108233e17c1Michael Sawyer<a name="id2643534"></a><h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
2c15fcdeac4c2402258867fbac24d7475ef98259Mark Andrews<p><span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
9069215eac23e32f4ef1c8e44ad7ff2865cfcdacEvan Hunt is a Domain Name System (DNS) server,
9069215eac23e32f4ef1c8e44ad7ff2865cfcdacEvan Hunt part of the BIND 9 distribution from ISC. For more
9069215eac23e32f4ef1c8e44ad7ff2865cfcdacEvan Hunt information on the DNS, see RFCs 1033, 1034, and 1035.
9069215eac23e32f4ef1c8e44ad7ff2865cfcdacEvan Hunt </p>
9069215eac23e32f4ef1c8e44ad7ff2865cfcdacEvan Hunt<p>
9069215eac23e32f4ef1c8e44ad7ff2865cfcdacEvan Hunt When invoked without arguments, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
35f6a21f5f8114542c050bfcb484b39ce513d4bdEvan Hunt will
35f6a21f5f8114542c050bfcb484b39ce513d4bdEvan Hunt read the default configuration file
35f6a21f5f8114542c050bfcb484b39ce513d4bdEvan Hunt <code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code>, read any initial
35f6a21f5f8114542c050bfcb484b39ce513d4bdEvan Hunt data, and listen for queries.
35f6a21f5f8114542c050bfcb484b39ce513d4bdEvan Hunt </p>
35f6a21f5f8114542c050bfcb484b39ce513d4bdEvan Hunt</div>
35f6a21f5f8114542c050bfcb484b39ce513d4bdEvan Hunt<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
35f6a21f5f8114542c050bfcb484b39ce513d4bdEvan Hunt<a name="id2643702"></a><h2>OPTIONS</h2>
35f6a21f5f8114542c050bfcb484b39ce513d4bdEvan Hunt<div class="variablelist"><dl>
9069215eac23e32f4ef1c8e44ad7ff2865cfcdacEvan Hunt<dt><span class="term">-4</span></dt>
9069215eac23e32f4ef1c8e44ad7ff2865cfcdacEvan Hunt<dd><p>
9069215eac23e32f4ef1c8e44ad7ff2865cfcdacEvan Hunt Use IPv4 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv6.
9069215eac23e32f4ef1c8e44ad7ff2865cfcdacEvan Hunt <code class="option">-4</code> and <code class="option">-6</code> are mutually
9069215eac23e32f4ef1c8e44ad7ff2865cfcdacEvan Hunt exclusive.
222d38735f97f771054e223b03f84c5858252332Evan Hunt </p></dd>
c3c6770e537ea916265c78d0294ad108233e17c1Michael Sawyer<dt><span class="term">-6</span></dt>
c3c6770e537ea916265c78d0294ad108233e17c1Michael Sawyer<dd><p>
c5272fb3303425f794dab68f734f6a2a45dce01eMichael Sawyer Use IPv6 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv4.
ac21f918f23ce95fd5be807428ee9e2c42319878Evan Hunt <code class="option">-4</code> and <code class="option">-6</code> are mutually
2c089bf6d24936de631a57b4958ba6b8b5e3b23dMark Andrews exclusive.
2c089bf6d24936de631a57b4958ba6b8b5e3b23dMark Andrews </p></dd>
ac21f918f23ce95fd5be807428ee9e2c42319878Evan Hunt<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em></span></dt>
ac21f918f23ce95fd5be807428ee9e2c42319878Evan Hunt<dd><p>
c5272fb3303425f794dab68f734f6a2a45dce01eMichael Sawyer Use <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em> as the
c5272fb3303425f794dab68f734f6a2a45dce01eMichael Sawyer configuration file instead of the default,
c5272fb3303425f794dab68f734f6a2a45dce01eMichael Sawyer <code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code>. To
2c15fcdeac4c2402258867fbac24d7475ef98259Mark Andrews ensure that reloading the configuration file continues
c5272fb3303425f794dab68f734f6a2a45dce01eMichael Sawyer to work after the server has changed its working
c5272fb3303425f794dab68f734f6a2a45dce01eMichael Sawyer directory due to to a possible
ac21f918f23ce95fd5be807428ee9e2c42319878Evan Hunt <code class="option">directory</code> option in the configuration
c5272fb3303425f794dab68f734f6a2a45dce01eMichael Sawyer file, <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em> should be
a69070d8fab55dbc63ba9f96c9d3e34f0ea9119aMark Andrews an absolute pathname.
a69070d8fab55dbc63ba9f96c9d3e34f0ea9119aMark Andrews </p></dd>
a69070d8fab55dbc63ba9f96c9d3e34f0ea9119aMark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em></span></dt>
a69070d8fab55dbc63ba9f96c9d3e34f0ea9119aMark Andrews<dd><p>
a69070d8fab55dbc63ba9f96c9d3e34f0ea9119aMark Andrews Set the daemon's debug level to <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em>.
a69070d8fab55dbc63ba9f96c9d3e34f0ea9119aMark Andrews Debugging traces from <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> become
a69070d8fab55dbc63ba9f96c9d3e34f0ea9119aMark Andrews more verbose as the debug level increases.
a69070d8fab55dbc63ba9f96c9d3e34f0ea9119aMark Andrews </p></dd>
a69070d8fab55dbc63ba9f96c9d3e34f0ea9119aMark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-D <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em></span></dt>
a69070d8fab55dbc63ba9f96c9d3e34f0ea9119aMark Andrews<dd><p>
7318bbc26262a66a0d740ceefed769961ef7e476Evan Hunt Specifies a string that is used to identify a instance of
7318bbc26262a66a0d740ceefed769961ef7e476Evan Hunt <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> in a process listing. The contents
7318bbc26262a66a0d740ceefed769961ef7e476Evan Hunt of <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> are
7318bbc26262a66a0d740ceefed769961ef7e476Evan Hunt not examined.
7318bbc26262a66a0d740ceefed769961ef7e476Evan Hunt </p></dd>
7318bbc26262a66a0d740ceefed769961ef7e476Evan Hunt<dt><span class="term">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine-name</code></em></span></dt>
7318bbc26262a66a0d740ceefed769961ef7e476Evan Hunt<dd>
7318bbc26262a66a0d740ceefed769961ef7e476Evan Hunt<p>
7318bbc26262a66a0d740ceefed769961ef7e476Evan Hunt When applicable, specifies the hardware to use for
de5890da9b87cb4b91aca033db0e25b1fdb68c77Evan Hunt cryptographic operations, such as a secure key store used
de5890da9b87cb4b91aca033db0e25b1fdb68c77Evan Hunt for signing.
de5890da9b87cb4b91aca033db0e25b1fdb68c77Evan Hunt </p>
de5890da9b87cb4b91aca033db0e25b1fdb68c77Evan Hunt<p>
de5890da9b87cb4b91aca033db0e25b1fdb68c77Evan Hunt When BIND is built with OpenSSL PKCS#11 support, this defaults
de5890da9b87cb4b91aca033db0e25b1fdb68c77Evan Hunt to the string "pkcs11", which identifies an OpenSSL engine
de5890da9b87cb4b91aca033db0e25b1fdb68c77Evan Hunt that can drive a cryptographic accelerator or hardware service
de5890da9b87cb4b91aca033db0e25b1fdb68c77Evan Hunt module. When BIND is built with native PKCS#11 cryptography
2c089bf6d24936de631a57b4958ba6b8b5e3b23dMark Andrews (--enable-native-pkcs11), it defaults to the path of the PKCS#11
2c089bf6d24936de631a57b4958ba6b8b5e3b23dMark Andrews provider library specified via "--with-pkcs11".
2c089bf6d24936de631a57b4958ba6b8b5e3b23dMark Andrews </p>
2c089bf6d24936de631a57b4958ba6b8b5e3b23dMark Andrews</dd>
2c089bf6d24936de631a57b4958ba6b8b5e3b23dMark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-f</span></dt>
2c089bf6d24936de631a57b4958ba6b8b5e3b23dMark Andrews<dd><p>
2c089bf6d24936de631a57b4958ba6b8b5e3b23dMark Andrews Run the server in the foreground (i.e. do not daemonize).
2c089bf6d24936de631a57b4958ba6b8b5e3b23dMark Andrews </p></dd>
2c089bf6d24936de631a57b4958ba6b8b5e3b23dMark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-g</span></dt>
2c089bf6d24936de631a57b4958ba6b8b5e3b23dMark Andrews<dd><p>
de5890da9b87cb4b91aca033db0e25b1fdb68c77Evan Hunt Run the server in the foreground and force all logging
74717eef53ba5d6aefc80eb262bbb090ff4bb3b5Mark Andrews to <code class="filename">stderr</code>.
74717eef53ba5d6aefc80eb262bbb090ff4bb3b5Mark Andrews </p></dd>
74717eef53ba5d6aefc80eb262bbb090ff4bb3b5Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-m <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></span></dt>
74717eef53ba5d6aefc80eb262bbb090ff4bb3b5Mark Andrews<dd><p>
74717eef53ba5d6aefc80eb262bbb090ff4bb3b5Mark Andrews Turn on memory usage debugging flags. Possible flags are
74717eef53ba5d6aefc80eb262bbb090ff4bb3b5Mark Andrews <em class="replaceable"><code>usage</code></em>,
<em class="replaceable"><code>trace</code></em>,
<em class="replaceable"><code>record</code></em>,
<em class="replaceable"><code>size</code></em>, and
<em class="replaceable"><code>mctx</code></em>.
These correspond to the ISC_MEM_DEBUGXXXX flags described in
<code class="filename">&lt;isc/mem.h&gt;</code>.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Create <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em> worker threads
to take advantage of multiple CPUs. If not specified,
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will try to determine the
number of CPUs present and create one thread per CPU.
If it is unable to determine the number of CPUs, a
single worker thread will be created.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Listen for queries on port <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em>. If not
specified, the default is port 53.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-s</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Write memory usage statistics to <code class="filename">stdout</code> on exit.
</p>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>
This option is mainly of interest to BIND 9 developers
and may be removed or changed in a future release.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Allow <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> to use up to
<em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em> sockets.
</p>
<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
<p>
This option should be unnecessary for the vast majority
of users.
The use of this option could even be harmful because the
specified value may exceed the limitation of the
underlying system API.
It is therefore set only when the default configuration
causes exhaustion of file descriptors and the
operational environment is known to support the
specified number of sockets.
Note also that the actual maximum number is normally a little
fewer than the specified value because
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> reserves some file descriptors
for its internal use.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Chroot
to <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em> after
processing the command line arguments, but before
reading the configuration file.
</p>
<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
<p>
This option should be used in conjunction with the
<code class="option">-u</code> option, as chrooting a process
running as root doesn't enhance security on most
systems; the way <code class="function">chroot(2)</code> is
defined allows a process with root privileges to
escape a chroot jail.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-U <em class="replaceable"><code>#listeners</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Use <em class="replaceable"><code>#listeners</code></em>
worker threads to listen for incoming UDP packets on each
address. If not specified, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will
use the number of detected CPUs. If <code class="option">-n</code>
has been set to a higher value than the number of CPUs,
then <code class="option">-U</code> may be increased as high as that
value, but no higher.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Setuid
to <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em> after completing
privileged operations, such as creating sockets that
listen on privileged ports.
</p>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>
On Linux, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> uses the kernel's
capability mechanism to drop all root privileges
except the ability to <code class="function">bind(2)</code> to
a
privileged port and set process resource limits.
Unfortunately, this means that the <code class="option">-u</code>
option only works when <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is
run
on kernel 2.2.18 or later, or kernel 2.3.99-pre3 or
later, since previous kernels did not allow privileges
to be retained after <code class="function">setuid(2)</code>.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-v</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Report the version number and exit.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-V</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Report the version number and build options, and exit.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Load data from <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em> into the
cache of the default view.
</p>
<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
<p>
This option must not be used. It is only of interest
to BIND 9 developers and may be removed or changed in a
future release.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2681319"></a><h2>SIGNALS</h2>
<p>
In routine operation, signals should not be used to control
the nameserver; <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span> should be used
instead.
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term">SIGHUP</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Force a reload of the server.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">SIGINT, SIGTERM</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Shut down the server.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
<p>
The result of sending any other signals to the server is undefined.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2681369"></a><h2>CONFIGURATION</h2>
<p>
The <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> configuration file is too complex
to describe in detail here. A complete description is provided
in the
<em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>.
</p>
<p>
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> inherits the <code class="function">umask</code>
(file creation mode mask) from the parent process. If files
created by <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>, such as journal files,
need to have custom permissions, the <code class="function">umask</code>
should be set explicitly in the script used to start the
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> process.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2681555"></a><h2>FILES</h2>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The default configuration file.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/var/run/named/named.pid</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The default process-id file.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2681598"></a><h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
<p><em class="citetitle">RFC 1033</em>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC 1034</em>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC 1035</em>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named-checkconf</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named-checkzone</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">rndc</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">lwresd</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named.conf</span>(5)</span>,
<em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2681669"></a><h2>AUTHOR</h2>
<p><span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</span>
</p>
</div>
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