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9afcd92352224325ed65919f69f7f58282fc6623Andreas Gustafsson<div class="refentry" lang="en">
9afcd92352224325ed65919f69f7f58282fc6623Andreas Gustafsson<a name="man.named"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
9afcd92352224325ed65919f69f7f58282fc6623Andreas Gustafsson<div class="refnamediv">
bf6d2e39124ab3d51c253f7acad9a4abef059be6Bob Halley<h2>Name</h2>
bf6d2e39124ab3d51c253f7acad9a4abef059be6Bob Halley<p><span class="application">named</span> &#8212; Internet domain name server</p>
ab023a65562e62b85a824509d829b6fad87e00b1Rob Austein</div>
26d20cd51c968e111b4122536825368a17b5ca82Brian Wellington<div class="refsynopsisdiv">
26d20cd51c968e111b4122536825368a17b5ca82Brian Wellington<h2>Synopsis</h2>
26d20cd51c968e111b4122536825368a17b5ca82Brian Wellington<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">named</code> [<code class="option">-4</code>] [<code class="option">-6</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-D <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine-name</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f</code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>logfile</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-M <em class="replaceable"><code>option</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-m <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-s</code>] [<code class="option">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-U <em class="replaceable"><code>#listeners</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-v</code>] [<code class="option">-V</code>] [<code class="option">-X <em class="replaceable"><code>lock-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em></code>]</p></div>
26d20cd51c968e111b4122536825368a17b5ca82Brian Wellington</div>
26d20cd51c968e111b4122536825368a17b5ca82Brian Wellington<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
26d20cd51c968e111b4122536825368a17b5ca82Brian Wellington<a name="id2654152"></a><h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
01956482905dd861a9b07d417d469955466b728dDamien Neil<p><span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil is a Domain Name System (DNS) server,
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil part of the BIND 9 distribution from ISC. For more
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil information on the DNS, see RFCs 1033, 1034, and 1035.
b2a6ebf1bd4dad1410afba9012a61d87090f03adDamien Neil </p>
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil<p>
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil When invoked without arguments, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
ab023a65562e62b85a824509d829b6fad87e00b1Rob Austein will
ab023a65562e62b85a824509d829b6fad87e00b1Rob Austein read the default configuration file
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil <code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code>, read any initial
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil data, and listen for queries.
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil </p>
26d20cd51c968e111b4122536825368a17b5ca82Brian Wellington</div>
26d20cd51c968e111b4122536825368a17b5ca82Brian Wellington<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil<a name="id2654183"></a><h2>OPTIONS</h2>
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil<div class="variablelist"><dl>
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil<dt><span class="term">-4</span></dt>
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil<dd><p>
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil Use IPv4 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv6.
8f7b56e275abdaaec08ccac32ffc6174841ae60eMichael Graff <code class="option">-4</code> and <code class="option">-6</code> are mutually
8f7b56e275abdaaec08ccac32ffc6174841ae60eMichael Graff exclusive.
8f7b56e275abdaaec08ccac32ffc6174841ae60eMichael Graff </p></dd>
8f7b56e275abdaaec08ccac32ffc6174841ae60eMichael Graff<dt><span class="term">-6</span></dt>
bf6d2e39124ab3d51c253f7acad9a4abef059be6Bob Halley<dd><p>
18d0b5e54be891a1aa938c165b6d439859121ec8Mark Andrews Use IPv6 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv4.
18d0b5e54be891a1aa938c165b6d439859121ec8Mark Andrews <code class="option">-4</code> and <code class="option">-6</code> are mutually
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil exclusive.
8f7b56e275abdaaec08ccac32ffc6174841ae60eMichael Graff </p></dd>
26d20cd51c968e111b4122536825368a17b5ca82Brian Wellington<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em></span></dt>
26d20cd51c968e111b4122536825368a17b5ca82Brian Wellington<dd><p>
26d20cd51c968e111b4122536825368a17b5ca82Brian Wellington Use <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em> as the
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil configuration file instead of the default,
26d20cd51c968e111b4122536825368a17b5ca82Brian Wellington <code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code>. To
bf6d2e39124ab3d51c253f7acad9a4abef059be6Bob Halley ensure that reloading the configuration file continues
bf6d2e39124ab3d51c253f7acad9a4abef059be6Bob Halley to work after the server has changed its working
bf6d2e39124ab3d51c253f7acad9a4abef059be6Bob Halley directory due to to a possible
26d20cd51c968e111b4122536825368a17b5ca82Brian Wellington <code class="option">directory</code> option in the configuration
26d20cd51c968e111b4122536825368a17b5ca82Brian Wellington file, <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em> should be
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil an absolute pathname.
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil </p></dd>
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil<dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em></span></dt>
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil<dd><p>
bf6d2e39124ab3d51c253f7acad9a4abef059be6Bob Halley Set the daemon's debug level to <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em>.
bf6d2e39124ab3d51c253f7acad9a4abef059be6Bob Halley Debugging traces from <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> become
bf6d2e39124ab3d51c253f7acad9a4abef059be6Bob Halley more verbose as the debug level increases.
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil </p></dd>
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil<dt><span class="term">-D <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em></span></dt>
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil<dd><p>
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil Specifies a string that is used to identify a instance of
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> in a process listing. The contents
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil of <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> are
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil not examined.
f671a5c51cc59e266620c0c4026b054908fdd80cBob Halley </p></dd>
e4b9761b0ef03597c35d1ef1d86e12514c621f90Michael Graff<dt><span class="term">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine-name</code></em></span></dt>
f671a5c51cc59e266620c0c4026b054908fdd80cBob Halley<dd>
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil<p>
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil When applicable, specifies the hardware to use for
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil cryptographic operations, such as a secure key store used
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil for signing.
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil </p>
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil<p>
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil When BIND is built with OpenSSL PKCS#11 support, this defaults
bf6d2e39124ab3d51c253f7acad9a4abef059be6Bob Halley to the string "pkcs11", which identifies an OpenSSL engine
bf6d2e39124ab3d51c253f7acad9a4abef059be6Bob Halley that can drive a cryptographic accelerator or hardware service
bf6d2e39124ab3d51c253f7acad9a4abef059be6Bob Halley module. When BIND is built with native PKCS#11 cryptography
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil (--enable-native-pkcs11), it defaults to the path of the PKCS#11
bf6d2e39124ab3d51c253f7acad9a4abef059be6Bob Halley provider library specified via "--with-pkcs11".
26d20cd51c968e111b4122536825368a17b5ca82Brian Wellington </p>
26d20cd51c968e111b4122536825368a17b5ca82Brian Wellington</dd>
26d20cd51c968e111b4122536825368a17b5ca82Brian Wellington<dt><span class="term">-f</span></dt>
26d20cd51c968e111b4122536825368a17b5ca82Brian Wellington<dd><p>
26d20cd51c968e111b4122536825368a17b5ca82Brian Wellington Run the server in the foreground (i.e. do not daemonize).
26d20cd51c968e111b4122536825368a17b5ca82Brian Wellington </p></dd>
26d20cd51c968e111b4122536825368a17b5ca82Brian Wellington<dt><span class="term">-g</span></dt>
26d20cd51c968e111b4122536825368a17b5ca82Brian Wellington<dd><p>
26d20cd51c968e111b4122536825368a17b5ca82Brian Wellington Run the server in the foreground and force all logging
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil to <code class="filename">stderr</code>.
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil </p></dd>
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil<dt><span class="term">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>logfile</code></em></span></dt>
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil<dd><p>
e9453d609db9aed9efd2bb4fd287ff3ad11da0b2Damien Neil Log to the file <code class="option">logfile</code> by default
26d20cd51c968e111b4122536825368a17b5ca82Brian Wellington instead of the system log.
26d20cd51c968e111b4122536825368a17b5ca82Brian Wellington </p></dd>
26d20cd51c968e111b4122536825368a17b5ca82Brian Wellington<dt><span class="term">-M <em class="replaceable"><code>option</code></em></span></dt>
26d20cd51c968e111b4122536825368a17b5ca82Brian Wellington<dd><p>
8f7b56e275abdaaec08ccac32ffc6174841ae60eMichael Graff Sets the default memory context options. Currently
8f7b56e275abdaaec08ccac32ffc6174841ae60eMichael Graff the only supported option is
8f7b56e275abdaaec08ccac32ffc6174841ae60eMichael Graff <em class="replaceable"><code>external</code></em>,
26d20cd51c968e111b4122536825368a17b5ca82Brian Wellington which causes the internal memory manager to be bypassed
26d20cd51c968e111b4122536825368a17b5ca82Brian Wellington in favor of system-provided memory allocation functions.
18d0b5e54be891a1aa938c165b6d439859121ec8Mark Andrews </p></dd>
bf6d2e39124ab3d51c253f7acad9a4abef059be6Bob Halley<dt><span class="term">-m <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Turn on memory usage debugging flags. Possible flags are
<em class="replaceable"><code>usage</code></em>,
<em class="replaceable"><code>trace</code></em>,
<em class="replaceable"><code>record</code></em>,
<em class="replaceable"><code>size</code></em>, and
<em class="replaceable"><code>mctx</code></em>.
These correspond to the ISC_MEM_DEBUGXXXX flags described in
<code class="filename">&lt;isc/mem.h&gt;</code>.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Create <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em> worker threads
to take advantage of multiple CPUs. If not specified,
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will try to determine the
number of CPUs present and create one thread per CPU.
If it is unable to determine the number of CPUs, a
single worker thread will be created.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Listen for queries on port <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em>. If not
specified, the default is port 53.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-s</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Write memory usage statistics to <code class="filename">stdout</code> on exit.
</p>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>
This option is mainly of interest to BIND 9 developers
and may be removed or changed in a future release.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Allow <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> to use up to
<em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em> sockets.
The default value is 4096 on systems built with default
configuration options, and 21000 on systems built with
"configure --with-tuning=large".
</p>
<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
<p>
This option should be unnecessary for the vast majority
of users.
The use of this option could even be harmful because the
specified value may exceed the limitation of the
underlying system API.
It is therefore set only when the default configuration
causes exhaustion of file descriptors and the
operational environment is known to support the
specified number of sockets.
Note also that the actual maximum number is normally a little
fewer than the specified value because
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> reserves some file descriptors
for its internal use.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Chroot
to <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em> after
processing the command line arguments, but before
reading the configuration file.
</p>
<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
<p>
This option should be used in conjunction with the
<code class="option">-u</code> option, as chrooting a process
running as root doesn't enhance security on most
systems; the way <code class="function">chroot(2)</code> is
defined allows a process with root privileges to
escape a chroot jail.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-U <em class="replaceable"><code>#listeners</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Use <em class="replaceable"><code>#listeners</code></em>
worker threads to listen for incoming UDP packets on each
address. If not specified, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will
calculate a default value based on the number of detected
CPUs: 1 for 1 CPU, 2 for 2-4 CPUs, and the number of
detected CPUs divided by 2 for values higher than 4.
If <code class="option">-n</code> has been set to a higher value than
the number of detected CPUs, then <code class="option">-U</code> may
be increased as high as that value, but no higher.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Setuid
to <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em> after completing
privileged operations, such as creating sockets that
listen on privileged ports.
</p>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>
On Linux, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> uses the kernel's
capability mechanism to drop all root privileges
except the ability to <code class="function">bind(2)</code> to
a
privileged port and set process resource limits.
Unfortunately, this means that the <code class="option">-u</code>
option only works when <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is
run
on kernel 2.2.18 or later, or kernel 2.3.99-pre3 or
later, since previous kernels did not allow privileges
to be retained after <code class="function">setuid(2)</code>.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-v</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Report the version number and exit.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-V</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Report the version number and build options, and exit.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-X <em class="replaceable"><code>lock-file</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Acquire a lock on the specified file at runtime; this
helps to prevent duplicate <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> instances
from running simultaneously.
Use of this option overrides the <span><strong class="command">lock-file</strong></span>
option in <code class="filename">named.conf</code>.
If set to <code class="literal">none</code>, the lock file check
is disabled.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Load data from <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em> into the
cache of the default view.
</p>
<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
<p>
This option must not be used. It is only of interest
to BIND 9 developers and may be removed or changed in a
future release.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2687172"></a><h2>SIGNALS</h2>
<p>
In routine operation, signals should not be used to control
the nameserver; <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span> should be used
instead.
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term">SIGHUP</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Force a reload of the server.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">SIGINT, SIGTERM</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Shut down the server.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
<p>
The result of sending any other signals to the server is undefined.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2687222"></a><h2>CONFIGURATION</h2>
<p>
The <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> configuration file is too complex
to describe in detail here. A complete description is provided
in the
<em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>.
</p>
<p>
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> inherits the <code class="function">umask</code>
(file creation mode mask) from the parent process. If files
created by <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>, such as journal files,
need to have custom permissions, the <code class="function">umask</code>
should be set explicitly in the script used to start the
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> process.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2687271"></a><h2>FILES</h2>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The default configuration file.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/var/run/named/named.pid</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The default process-id file.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2687315"></a><h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
<p><em class="citetitle">RFC 1033</em>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC 1034</em>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC 1035</em>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named-checkconf</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named-checkzone</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">rndc</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">lwresd</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named.conf</span>(5)</span>,
<em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2687385"></a><h2>AUTHOR</h2>
<p><span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
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