man.named.html revision 9b469e3c59015b1a4899c9d8395168126fe094fd
3b4098640dd85040270f39b9a5ee5e22de99d3d6Mark Andrews - Copyright (C) 2004-2009 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
75c0816e8295e180f4bc7f10db3d0d880383bc1cMark Andrews - Copyright (C) 2000-2003 Internet Software Consortium.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein - Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein - purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein - copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein - THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ISC DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein - REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein - AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL ISC BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein - INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM
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60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein - PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
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60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="man.named"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<p><span class="application">named</span> — Internet domain name server</p>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">named</code> [<code class="option">-4</code>] [<code class="option">-6</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f</code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-m <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-s</code>] [<code class="option">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-v</code>] [<code class="option">-V</code>] [<code class="option">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em></code>]</p></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<p><span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews is a Domain Name System (DNS) server,
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews part of the BIND 9 distribution from ISC. For more
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews information on the DNS, see RFCs 1033, 1034, and 1035.
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews When invoked without arguments, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews read the default configuration file
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews <code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code>, read any initial
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein data, and listen for queries.
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews Use IPv4 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv6.
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews <code class="option">-4</code> and <code class="option">-6</code> are mutually
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Use IPv6 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv4.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="option">-4</code> and <code class="option">-6</code> are mutually
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Use <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em> as the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein configuration file instead of the default,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code>. To
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein ensure that reloading the configuration file continues
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews to work after the server has changed its working
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein directory due to to a possible
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="option">directory</code> option in the configuration
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein file, <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em> should be
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein an absolute pathname.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Set the daemon's debug level to <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em>.
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews Debugging traces from <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> become
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews more verbose as the debug level increases.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Run the server in the foreground (i.e. do not daemonize).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Run the server in the foreground and force all logging
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term">-m <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Turn on memory usage debugging flags. Possible flags are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <em class="replaceable"><code>usage</code></em>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <em class="replaceable"><code>trace</code></em>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <em class="replaceable"><code>record</code></em>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <em class="replaceable"><code>size</code></em>, and
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein These correspond to the ISC_MEM_DEBUGXXXX flags described in
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="filename"><isc/mem.h></code>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Create <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em> worker threads
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to take advantage of multiple CPUs. If not specified,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will try to determine the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein number of CPUs present and create one thread per CPU.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein If it is unable to determine the number of CPUs, a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein single worker thread will be created.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Listen for queries on port <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em>. If not
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein specified, the default is port 53.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Write memory usage statistics to <code class="filename">stdout</code> on exit.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This option is mainly of interest to BIND 9 developers
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and may be removed or changed in a future release.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Allow <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> to use up to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em> sockets.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This option should be unnecessary for the vast majority
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The use of this option could even be harmful because the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein specified value may exceed the limitation of the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein underlying system API.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein It is therefore set only when the default configuration
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein causes exhaustion of file descriptors and the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein operational environment is known to support the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein specified number of sockets.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Note also that the actual maximum number is normally a little
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein fewer than the specified value because
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> reserves some file descriptors
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein for its internal use.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em> after
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein processing the command line arguments, but before
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein reading the configuration file.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This option should be used in conjunction with the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="option">-u</code> option, as chrooting a process
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein running as root doesn't enhance security on most
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein systems; the way <code class="function">chroot(2)</code> is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein defined allows a process with root privileges to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein escape a chroot jail.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em> after completing
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein privileged operations, such as creating sockets that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein listen on privileged ports.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein On Linux, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> uses the kernel's
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein capability mechanism to drop all root privileges
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein except the ability to <code class="function">bind(2)</code> to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein privileged port and set process resource limits.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Unfortunately, this means that the <code class="option">-u</code>
47012ae6dbf18a2503d7b33c1c9583dc38625cb7Mark Andrews option only works when <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein on kernel 2.2.18 or later, or kernel 2.3.99-pre3 or
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews later, since previous kernels did not allow privileges
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews to be retained after <code class="function">setuid(2)</code>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Report the version number and exit.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Report the version number and build options, and exit.
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em></span></dt>
5a4557e8de2951a2796676b5ec4b6a90caa5be14Mark Andrews Load data from <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em> into the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein cache of the default view.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This option must not be used. It is only of interest
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to BIND 9 developers and may be removed or changed in a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein future release.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein In routine operation, signals should not be used to control
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein the nameserver; <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span> should be used
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Force a reload of the server.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term">SIGINT, SIGTERM</span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Shut down the server.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The result of sending any other signals to the server is undefined.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> configuration file is too complex
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to describe in detail here. A complete description is provided
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> inherits the <code class="function">umask</code>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein (file creation mode mask) from the parent process. If files
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein created by <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>, such as journal files,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein need to have custom permissions, the <code class="function">umask</code>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein should be set explicitly in the script used to start the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> process.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default configuration file.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/var/run/named/named.pid</code></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default process-id file.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named-checkconf</span>(8)</span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named-checkzone</span>(8)</span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">rndc</span>(8)</span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">lwresd</span>(8)</span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named.conf</span>(5)</span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<p><span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</span>
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