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322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews</div>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<div class="refentry" lang="en">
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<a name="man.named"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<div class="refnamediv">
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<h2>Name</h2>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<p><span class="application">named</span> &#8212; Internet domain name server</p>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews</div>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<div class="refsynopsisdiv">
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<h2>Synopsis</h2>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">named</code> [<code class="option">-4</code>] [<code class="option">-6</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f</code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-m <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-s</code>] [<code class="option">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-v</code>] [<code class="option">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em></code>]</p></div>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews</div>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<a name="id2601484"></a><h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<p><span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews is a Domain Name System (DNS) server,
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews part of the BIND 9 distribution from ISC. For more
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews information on the DNS, see RFCs 1033, 1034, and 1035.
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews </p>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<p>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews When invoked without arguments, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews will
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews read the default configuration file
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews <code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code>, read any initial
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews data, and listen for queries.
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews </p>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews</div>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<a name="id2601515"></a><h2>OPTIONS</h2>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<div class="variablelist"><dl>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-4</span></dt>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<dd><p>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews Use IPv4 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv6.
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews <code class="option">-4</code> and <code class="option">-6</code> are mutually
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews exclusive.
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews </p></dd>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-6</span></dt>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<dd><p>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews Use IPv6 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv4.
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews <code class="option">-4</code> and <code class="option">-6</code> are mutually
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews exclusive.
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews </p></dd>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em></span></dt>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<dd><p>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews Use <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em> as the
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews configuration file instead of the default,
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews <code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code>. To
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews ensure that reloading the configuration file continues
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews to work after the server has changed its working
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews directory due to to a possible
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews <code class="option">directory</code> option in the configuration
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews file, <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em> should be
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews an absolute pathname.
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews </p></dd>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em></span></dt>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<dd><p>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews Set the daemon's debug level to <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em>.
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews Debugging traces from <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> become
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews more verbose as the debug level increases.
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews </p></dd>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-f</span></dt>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<dd><p>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews Run the server in the foreground (i.e. do not daemonize).
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews </p></dd>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-g</span></dt>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<dd><p>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews Run the server in the foreground and force all logging
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews to <code class="filename">stderr</code>.
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews </p></dd>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-m <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></span></dt>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<dd><p>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews Turn on memory usage debugging flags. Possible flags are
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews <em class="replaceable"><code>usage</code></em>,
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews <em class="replaceable"><code>trace</code></em>,
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews <em class="replaceable"><code>record</code></em>,
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews <em class="replaceable"><code>size</code></em>, and
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews <em class="replaceable"><code>mctx</code></em>.
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews These correspond to the ISC_MEM_DEBUGXXXX flags described in
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews <code class="filename">&lt;isc/mem.h&gt;</code>.
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews </p></dd>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em></span></dt>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<dd><p>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews Create <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em> worker threads
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews to take advantage of multiple CPUs. If not specified,
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will try to determine the
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews number of CPUs present and create one thread per CPU.
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews If it is unable to determine the number of CPUs, a
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews single worker thread will be created.
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews </p></dd>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></span></dt>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<dd><p>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews Listen for queries on port <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em>. If not
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews specified, the default is port 53.
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews </p></dd>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-s</span></dt>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<dd>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<p>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews Write memory usage statistics to <code class="filename">stdout</code> on exit.
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews </p>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<p>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews This option is mainly of interest to BIND 9 developers
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews and may be removed or changed in a future release.
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews </p>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews</div>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews</dd>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<dd>
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews<p>Chroot
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews to <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em> after
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews processing the command line arguments, but before
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews reading the configuration file.
322e6b5be784d79d15fea9db9440dd821162c574Mark Andrews </p>
<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
<p>
This option should be used in conjunction with the
<code class="option">-u</code> option, as chrooting a process
running as root doesn't enhance security on most
systems; the way <code class="function">chroot(2)</code> is
defined allows a process with root privileges to
escape a chroot jail.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Setuid
to <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em> after completing
privileged operations, such as creating sockets that
listen on privileged ports.
</p>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>
On Linux, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> uses the kernel's
capability mechanism to drop all root privileges
except the ability to <code class="function">bind(2)</code> to
a
privileged port and set process resource limits.
Unfortunately, this means that the <code class="option">-u</code>
option only works when <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is
run
on kernel 2.2.18 or later, or kernel 2.3.99-pre3 or
later, since previous kernels did not allow privileges
to be retained after <code class="function">setuid(2)</code>.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-v</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Report the version number and exit.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Load data from <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em> into the
cache of the default view.
</p>
<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
<p>
This option must not be used. It is only of interest
to BIND 9 developers and may be removed or changed in a
future release.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2603496"></a><h2>SIGNALS</h2>
<p>
In routine operation, signals should not be used to control
the nameserver; <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span> should be used
instead.
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term">SIGHUP</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Force a reload of the server.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">SIGINT, SIGTERM</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Shut down the server.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
<p>
The result of sending any other signals to the server is undefined.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2603546"></a><h2>CONFIGURATION</h2>
<p>
The <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> configuration file is too complex
to describe in detail here. A complete description is provided
in the
<em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2605477"></a><h2>FILES</h2>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The default configuration file.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/var/run/named.pid</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The default process-id file.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2605521"></a><h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
<p><em class="citetitle">RFC 1033</em>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC 1034</em>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC 1035</em>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named-checkconf</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named-checkzone</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">rndc</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">lwresd</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named.conf</span>(5)</span>,
<em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2605591"></a><h2>AUTHOR</h2>
<p><span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
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