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8f0503ea115c4bb1eb1857023cc5051cf4bed807Baofeng Wang<hr>
8f0503ea115c4bb1eb1857023cc5051cf4bed807Baofeng Wang</div>
8f0503ea115c4bb1eb1857023cc5051cf4bed807Baofeng Wang<div class="refentry" lang="en">
8f0503ea115c4bb1eb1857023cc5051cf4bed807Baofeng Wang<a name="man.named"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
8f0503ea115c4bb1eb1857023cc5051cf4bed807Baofeng Wang<div class="refnamediv">
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen<h2>Name</h2>
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen<p><span class="application">named</span> &#8212; Internet domain name server</p>
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen</div>
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen<div class="refsynopsisdiv">
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen<h2>Synopsis</h2>
94b21eb8dbb74c58348d9e62bb05282383fa09fbTimo Sirainen<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">named</code> [<code class="option">-4</code>] [<code class="option">-6</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-D <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine-name</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f</code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>logfile</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-M <em class="replaceable"><code>option</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-m <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-s</code>] [<code class="option">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-U <em class="replaceable"><code>#listeners</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-v</code>] [<code class="option">-V</code>] [<code class="option">-X <em class="replaceable"><code>lock-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em></code>]</p></div>
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen</div>
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen<a name="id2655995"></a><h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen<p><span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen is a Domain Name System (DNS) server,
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen part of the BIND 9 distribution from ISC. For more
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen information on the DNS, see RFCs 1033, 1034, and 1035.
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen </p>
8f0503ea115c4bb1eb1857023cc5051cf4bed807Baofeng Wang<p>
8f0503ea115c4bb1eb1857023cc5051cf4bed807Baofeng Wang When invoked without arguments, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
8f0503ea115c4bb1eb1857023cc5051cf4bed807Baofeng Wang will
8f0503ea115c4bb1eb1857023cc5051cf4bed807Baofeng Wang read the default configuration file
8f0503ea115c4bb1eb1857023cc5051cf4bed807Baofeng Wang <code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code>, read any initial
8f0503ea115c4bb1eb1857023cc5051cf4bed807Baofeng Wang data, and listen for queries.
8f0503ea115c4bb1eb1857023cc5051cf4bed807Baofeng Wang </p>
8f0503ea115c4bb1eb1857023cc5051cf4bed807Baofeng Wang</div>
8f0503ea115c4bb1eb1857023cc5051cf4bed807Baofeng Wang<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen<a name="id2656026"></a><h2>OPTIONS</h2>
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen<div class="variablelist"><dl>
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen<dt><span class="term">-4</span></dt>
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen<dd><p>
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen Use IPv4 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv6.
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen <code class="option">-4</code> and <code class="option">-6</code> are mutually
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen exclusive.
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen </p></dd>
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen<dt><span class="term">-6</span></dt>
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen<dd><p>
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen Use IPv6 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv4.
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen <code class="option">-4</code> and <code class="option">-6</code> are mutually
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen exclusive.
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen </p></dd>
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em></span></dt>
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen<dd><p>
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen Use <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em> as the
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen configuration file instead of the default,
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen <code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code>. To
8f0503ea115c4bb1eb1857023cc5051cf4bed807Baofeng Wang ensure that reloading the configuration file continues
8f0503ea115c4bb1eb1857023cc5051cf4bed807Baofeng Wang to work after the server has changed its working
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen directory due to to a possible
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen <code class="option">directory</code> option in the configuration
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen file, <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em> should be
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen an absolute pathname.
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen </p></dd>
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen<dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em></span></dt>
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen<dd><p>
8f0503ea115c4bb1eb1857023cc5051cf4bed807Baofeng Wang Set the daemon's debug level to <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em>.
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen Debugging traces from <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> become
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen more verbose as the debug level increases.
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen </p></dd>
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen<dt><span class="term">-D <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em></span></dt>
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen<dd><p>
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen Specifies a string that is used to identify a instance of
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> in a process listing. The contents
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen of <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> are
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen not examined.
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen </p></dd>
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen<dt><span class="term">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine-name</code></em></span></dt>
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen<dd>
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen<p>
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen When applicable, specifies the hardware to use for
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen cryptographic operations, such as a secure key store used
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen for signing.
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen </p>
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen<p>
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen When BIND is built with OpenSSL PKCS#11 support, this defaults
8f0503ea115c4bb1eb1857023cc5051cf4bed807Baofeng Wang to the string "pkcs11", which identifies an OpenSSL engine
8f0503ea115c4bb1eb1857023cc5051cf4bed807Baofeng Wang that can drive a cryptographic accelerator or hardware service
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen module. When BIND is built with native PKCS#11 cryptography
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen (--enable-native-pkcs11), it defaults to the path of the PKCS#11
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen provider library specified via "--with-pkcs11".
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen </p>
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen</dd>
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen<dt><span class="term">-f</span></dt>
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen<dd><p>
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen Run the server in the foreground (i.e. do not daemonize).
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen </p></dd>
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen<dt><span class="term">-g</span></dt>
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen<dd><p>
76e5f0fe5e9e8bdee24d0e047378a665e01b808dTimo Sirainen Run the server in the foreground and force all logging
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen to <code class="filename">stderr</code>.
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen </p></dd>
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen<dt><span class="term">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>logfile</code></em></span></dt>
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen<dd><p>
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen Log to the file <code class="option">logfile</code> by default
8f0503ea115c4bb1eb1857023cc5051cf4bed807Baofeng Wang instead of the system log.
8f0503ea115c4bb1eb1857023cc5051cf4bed807Baofeng Wang </p></dd>
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen<dt><span class="term">-M <em class="replaceable"><code>option</code></em></span></dt>
76e5f0fe5e9e8bdee24d0e047378a665e01b808dTimo Sirainen<dd><p>
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen Sets the default memory context options. Currently
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen the only supported option is
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen <em class="replaceable"><code>external</code></em>,
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen which causes the internal memory manager to be bypassed
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen in favor of system-provided memory allocation functions.
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen </p></dd>
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen<dt><span class="term">-m <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></span></dt>
25866546f1e8aabce4118c0690d76de49223e6a8Timo Sirainen<dd><p>
8f0503ea115c4bb1eb1857023cc5051cf4bed807Baofeng Wang Turn on memory usage debugging flags. Possible flags are
8f0503ea115c4bb1eb1857023cc5051cf4bed807Baofeng Wang <em class="replaceable"><code>usage</code></em>,
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen <em class="replaceable"><code>trace</code></em>,
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen <em class="replaceable"><code>record</code></em>,
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen <em class="replaceable"><code>size</code></em>, and
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen <em class="replaceable"><code>mctx</code></em>.
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen These correspond to the ISC_MEM_DEBUGXXXX flags described in
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen <code class="filename">&lt;isc/mem.h&gt;</code>.
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen </p></dd>
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em></span></dt>
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen<dd><p>
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen Create <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em> worker threads
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen to take advantage of multiple CPUs. If not specified,
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will try to determine the
1ae5d61ec366fdb2f3c5b150ca378d6141b0f4bdTimo Sirainen number of CPUs present and create one thread per CPU.
If it is unable to determine the number of CPUs, a
single worker thread will be created.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Listen for queries on port <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em>. If not
specified, the default is port 53.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-s</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Write memory usage statistics to <code class="filename">stdout</code> on exit.
</p>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>
This option is mainly of interest to BIND 9 developers
and may be removed or changed in a future release.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Allow <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> to use up to
<em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em> sockets.
The default value is 4096 on systems built with default
configuration options, and 21000 on systems built with
"configure --with-tuning=large".
</p>
<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
<p>
This option should be unnecessary for the vast majority
of users.
The use of this option could even be harmful because the
specified value may exceed the limitation of the
underlying system API.
It is therefore set only when the default configuration
causes exhaustion of file descriptors and the
operational environment is known to support the
specified number of sockets.
Note also that the actual maximum number is normally a little
fewer than the specified value because
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> reserves some file descriptors
for its internal use.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Chroot
to <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em> after
processing the command line arguments, but before
reading the configuration file.
</p>
<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
<p>
This option should be used in conjunction with the
<code class="option">-u</code> option, as chrooting a process
running as root doesn't enhance security on most
systems; the way <code class="function">chroot(2)</code> is
defined allows a process with root privileges to
escape a chroot jail.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-U <em class="replaceable"><code>#listeners</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Use <em class="replaceable"><code>#listeners</code></em>
worker threads to listen for incoming UDP packets on each
address. If not specified, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will
calculate a default value based on the number of detected
CPUs: 1 for 1 CPU, 2 for 2-4 CPUs, and the number of
detected CPUs divided by 2 for values higher than 4.
If <code class="option">-n</code> has been set to a higher value than
the number of detected CPUs, then <code class="option">-U</code> may
be increased as high as that value, but no higher.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Setuid
to <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em> after completing
privileged operations, such as creating sockets that
listen on privileged ports.
</p>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>
On Linux, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> uses the kernel's
capability mechanism to drop all root privileges
except the ability to <code class="function">bind(2)</code> to
a
privileged port and set process resource limits.
Unfortunately, this means that the <code class="option">-u</code>
option only works when <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is
run
on kernel 2.2.18 or later, or kernel 2.3.99-pre3 or
later, since previous kernels did not allow privileges
to be retained after <code class="function">setuid(2)</code>.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-v</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Report the version number and exit.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-V</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Report the version number and build options, and exit.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-X <em class="replaceable"><code>lock-file</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Acquire a lock on the specified file at runtime; this
helps to prevent duplicate <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> instances
from running simultaneously.
Use of this option overrides the <span><strong class="command">lock-file</strong></span>
option in <code class="filename">named.conf</code>.
If set to <code class="literal">none</code>, the lock file check
is disabled.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Load data from <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em> into the
cache of the default view.
</p>
<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
<p>
This option must not be used. It is only of interest
to BIND 9 developers and may be removed or changed in a
future release.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2682530"></a><h2>SIGNALS</h2>
<p>
In routine operation, signals should not be used to control
the nameserver; <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span> should be used
instead.
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term">SIGHUP</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Force a reload of the server.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">SIGINT, SIGTERM</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Shut down the server.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
<p>
The result of sending any other signals to the server is undefined.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2682580"></a><h2>CONFIGURATION</h2>
<p>
The <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> configuration file is too complex
to describe in detail here. A complete description is provided
in the
<em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>.
</p>
<p>
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> inherits the <code class="function">umask</code>
(file creation mode mask) from the parent process. If files
created by <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>, such as journal files,
need to have custom permissions, the <code class="function">umask</code>
should be set explicitly in the script used to start the
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> process.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2682629"></a><h2>FILES</h2>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The default configuration file.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/var/run/named/named.pid</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The default process-id file.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2682673"></a><h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
<p><em class="citetitle">RFC 1033</em>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC 1034</em>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC 1035</em>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named-checkconf</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named-checkzone</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">rndc</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">lwresd</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named.conf</span>(5)</span>,
<em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2682743"></a><h2>AUTHOR</h2>
<p><span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
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