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dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen<tr><th colspan="3" align="center"><span class="application">named</span></th></tr>
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6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen</td>
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6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen<hr>
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen</div>
2cfe9983ce7a6280636ee12beccc2e865111967bTimo Sirainen<div class="refentry" lang="en">
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen<a name="man.named"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen<div class="refnamediv">
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen<h2>Name</h2>
35565557e05721a761132cec2ba1d93acacb6c14Timo Sirainen<p><span class="application">named</span> &#8212; Internet domain name server</p>
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen</div>
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen<div class="refsynopsisdiv">
35565557e05721a761132cec2ba1d93acacb6c14Timo Sirainen<h2>Synopsis</h2>
35565557e05721a761132cec2ba1d93acacb6c14Timo Sirainen<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">named</code> [<code class="option">-4</code>] [<code class="option">-6</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f</code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-s</code>] [<code class="option">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-v</code>] [<code class="option">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em></code>]</p></div>
35565557e05721a761132cec2ba1d93acacb6c14Timo Sirainen</div>
fd1f0e9ef52b3e157cfd1a01c464c2ac7458ab17Timo Sirainen<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
35565557e05721a761132cec2ba1d93acacb6c14Timo Sirainen<a name="id2581613"></a><h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
35565557e05721a761132cec2ba1d93acacb6c14Timo Sirainen<p><span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
35565557e05721a761132cec2ba1d93acacb6c14Timo Sirainen is a Domain Name System (DNS) server,
35565557e05721a761132cec2ba1d93acacb6c14Timo Sirainen part of the BIND 9 distribution from ISC. For more
35565557e05721a761132cec2ba1d93acacb6c14Timo Sirainen information on the DNS, see RFCs 1033, 1034, and 1035.
35565557e05721a761132cec2ba1d93acacb6c14Timo Sirainen </p>
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen<p>
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen When invoked without arguments, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen will
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen read the default configuration file
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen <code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code>, read any initial
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen data, and listen for queries.
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen </p>
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen</div>
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen<a name="id2581644"></a><h2>OPTIONS</h2>
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen<div class="variablelist"><dl>
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen<dt><span class="term">-4</span></dt>
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen<dd><p>
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen Use IPv4 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv6.
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen <code class="option">-4</code> and <code class="option">-6</code> are mutually
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen exclusive.
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen </p></dd>
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen<dt><span class="term">-6</span></dt>
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen<dd><p>
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen Use IPv6 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv4.
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen <code class="option">-4</code> and <code class="option">-6</code> are mutually
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen exclusive.
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen </p></dd>
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em></span></dt>
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen<dd><p>
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen Use <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em> as the
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen configuration file instead of the default,
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen <code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code>. To
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen ensure that reloading the configuration file continues
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen to work after the server has changed its working
35565557e05721a761132cec2ba1d93acacb6c14Timo Sirainen directory due to to a possible
a40f21e8239a87a8fab2648955b0f568908ca8b5Timo Sirainen <code class="option">directory</code> option in the configuration
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen file, <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em> should be
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen an absolute pathname.
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen </p></dd>
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen<dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em></span></dt>
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen<dd><p>
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen Set the daemon's debug level to <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em>.
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen Debugging traces from <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> become
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen more verbose as the debug level increases.
a40f21e8239a87a8fab2648955b0f568908ca8b5Timo Sirainen </p></dd>
a40f21e8239a87a8fab2648955b0f568908ca8b5Timo Sirainen<dt><span class="term">-f</span></dt>
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen<dd><p>
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen Run the server in the foreground (i.e. do not daemonize).
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen </p></dd>
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen<dt><span class="term">-g</span></dt>
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen<dd><p>
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen Run the server in the foreground and force all logging
1964dbea138cb4a213b1bce1eeee68992b18829aTimo Sirainen to <code class="filename">stderr</code>.
1964dbea138cb4a213b1bce1eeee68992b18829aTimo Sirainen </p></dd>
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em></span></dt>
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen<dd><p>
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen Create <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em> worker threads
35565557e05721a761132cec2ba1d93acacb6c14Timo Sirainen to take advantage of multiple CPUs. If not specified,
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will try to determine the
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen number of CPUs present and create one thread per CPU.
a40f21e8239a87a8fab2648955b0f568908ca8b5Timo Sirainen If it is unable to determine the number of CPUs, a
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen single worker thread will be created.
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen </p></dd>
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen<dt><span class="term">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></span></dt>
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen<dd><p>
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen Listen for queries on port <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em>. If not
35565557e05721a761132cec2ba1d93acacb6c14Timo Sirainen specified, the default is port 53.
35565557e05721a761132cec2ba1d93acacb6c14Timo Sirainen </p></dd>
1964dbea138cb4a213b1bce1eeee68992b18829aTimo Sirainen<dt><span class="term">-s</span></dt>
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen<dd>
a40f21e8239a87a8fab2648955b0f568908ca8b5Timo Sirainen<p>
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen Write memory usage statistics to <code class="filename">stdout</code> on exit.
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen </p>
ec096c8a0f52a4bb5d12aa9afe1a576368aa8094Timo Sirainen<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen<p>
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen This option is mainly of interest to BIND 9 developers
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen and may be removed or changed in a future release.
35565557e05721a761132cec2ba1d93acacb6c14Timo Sirainen </p>
4dc5662260a63669054cd0dc1bac2ccab3fa2ae7Timo Sirainen</div>
4dc5662260a63669054cd0dc1bac2ccab3fa2ae7Timo Sirainen</dd>
4dc5662260a63669054cd0dc1bac2ccab3fa2ae7Timo Sirainen<dt><span class="term">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
f6c0407545ee77d4647c8cd912e3156b0a48e2f1Timo Sirainen<dd>
f6c0407545ee77d4647c8cd912e3156b0a48e2f1Timo Sirainen<p><code class="function">chroot()</code>
a40f21e8239a87a8fab2648955b0f568908ca8b5Timo Sirainen to <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em> after
a40f21e8239a87a8fab2648955b0f568908ca8b5Timo Sirainen processing the command line arguments, but before
35565557e05721a761132cec2ba1d93acacb6c14Timo Sirainen reading the configuration file.
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen </p>
0a3d3ca7db7cbdc947ccabe740c40561b3f5c066Timo Sirainen<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
a40f21e8239a87a8fab2648955b0f568908ca8b5Timo Sirainen<h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen<p>
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen This option should be used in conjunction with the
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen <code class="option">-u</code> option, as chrooting a process
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen running as root doesn't enhance security on most
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen systems; the way <code class="function">chroot()</code> is
1964dbea138cb4a213b1bce1eeee68992b18829aTimo Sirainen defined allows a process with root privileges to
1964dbea138cb4a213b1bce1eeee68992b18829aTimo Sirainen escape a chroot jail.
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen </p>
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen</div>
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen</dd>
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen<dt><span class="term">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></span></dt>
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen<dd>
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen<p><code class="function">setuid()</code>
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen to <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em> after completing
35565557e05721a761132cec2ba1d93acacb6c14Timo Sirainen privileged operations, such as creating sockets that
a40f21e8239a87a8fab2648955b0f568908ca8b5Timo Sirainen listen on privileged ports.
f6c0407545ee77d4647c8cd912e3156b0a48e2f1Timo Sirainen </p>
a40f21e8239a87a8fab2648955b0f568908ca8b5Timo Sirainen<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
a40f21e8239a87a8fab2648955b0f568908ca8b5Timo Sirainen<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
a40f21e8239a87a8fab2648955b0f568908ca8b5Timo Sirainen<p>
35565557e05721a761132cec2ba1d93acacb6c14Timo Sirainen On Linux, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> uses the kernel's
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen capability mechanism to drop all root privileges
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen except the ability to <code class="function">bind()</code> to
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen a
dcc76bb1e1bb287e3e71e6a39a7ca207fab0eaa8Timo Sirainen privileged port and set process resource limits.
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen Unfortunately, this means that the <code class="option">-u</code>
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen option only works when <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is
6a029ebed745994ce2e5f64182d8b5c8f10d53d6Timo Sirainen run
on kernel 2.2.18 or later, or kernel 2.3.99-pre3 or
later, since previous kernels did not allow privileges
to be retained after <code class="function">setuid()</code>.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-v</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Report the version number and exit.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Load data from <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em> into the
cache of the default view.
</p>
<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
<p>
This option must not be used. It is only of interest
to BIND 9 developers and may be removed or changed in a
future release.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2582151"></a><h2>SIGNALS</h2>
<p>
In routine operation, signals should not be used to control
the nameserver; <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span> should be used
instead.
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term">SIGHUP</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Force a reload of the server.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">SIGINT, SIGTERM</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Shut down the server.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
<p>
The result of sending any other signals to the server is undefined.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2604661"></a><h2>CONFIGURATION</h2>
<p>
The <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> configuration file is too complex
to describe in detail here. A complete description is provided
in the
<em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2604680"></a><h2>FILES</h2>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The default configuration file.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/var/run/named.pid</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The default process-id file.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2604724"></a><h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
<p><em class="citetitle">RFC 1033</em>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC 1034</em>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC 1035</em>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">rndc</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">lwresd</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named.conf</span>(5)</span>,
<em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2604775"></a><h2>AUTHOR</h2>
<p><span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
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