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facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai<div class="refentry" lang="en">
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai<a name="man.named"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai<div class="refnamediv">
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai<h2>Name</h2>
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai<p><span class="application">named</span> &#8212; Internet domain name server</p>
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai</div>
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai<div class="refsynopsisdiv">
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai<h2>Synopsis</h2>
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">named</code> [<code class="option">-4</code>] [<code class="option">-6</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-D <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine-name</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f</code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>logfile</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-m <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-s</code>] [<code class="option">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-U <em class="replaceable"><code>#listeners</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-v</code>] [<code class="option">-V</code>] [<code class="option">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em></code>]</p></div>
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai</div>
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai<a name="id2646804"></a><h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai<p><span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai is a Domain Name System (DNS) server,
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai part of the BIND 9 distribution from ISC. For more
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai information on the DNS, see RFCs 1033, 1034, and 1035.
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai </p>
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai<p>
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai When invoked without arguments, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai will
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai read the default configuration file
bb25c06cca41ca78e5fb87fbb8e81d55beb18c95jg <code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code>, read any initial
d62bc4badc1c1f1549c961cfb8b420e650e1272byz data, and listen for queries.
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai </p>
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai</div>
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai<a name="id2650931"></a><h2>OPTIONS</h2>
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai<div class="variablelist"><dl>
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai<dt><span class="term">-4</span></dt>
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai<dd><p>
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai Use IPv4 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv6.
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai <code class="option">-4</code> and <code class="option">-6</code> are mutually
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai exclusive.
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai </p></dd>
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai<dt><span class="term">-6</span></dt>
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai<dd><p>
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai Use IPv6 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv4.
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai <code class="option">-4</code> and <code class="option">-6</code> are mutually
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai exclusive.
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai </p></dd>
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em></span></dt>
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai<dd><p>
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai Use <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em> as the
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai configuration file instead of the default,
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai <code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code>. To
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai ensure that reloading the configuration file continues
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai to work after the server has changed its working
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai directory due to to a possible
facf4a8d7b59fde89a8662b4f4c73a758e6c402cllai <code class="option">directory</code> option in the configuration
file, <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em> should be
an absolute pathname.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Set the daemon's debug level to <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em>.
Debugging traces from <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> become
more verbose as the debug level increases.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-D <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specifies a string that is used to identify a instance of
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> in a process listing. The contents
of <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> are
not examined.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine-name</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
When applicable, specifies the hardware to use for
cryptographic operations, such as a secure key store used
for signing.
</p>
<p>
When BIND is built with OpenSSL PKCS#11 support, this defaults
to the string "pkcs11", which identifies an OpenSSL engine
that can drive a cryptographic accelerator or hardware service
module. When BIND is built with native PKCS#11 cryptography
(--enable-native-pkcs11), it defaults to the path of the PKCS#11
provider library specified via "--with-pkcs11".
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-f</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Run the server in the foreground (i.e. do not daemonize).
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-g</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Run the server in the foreground and force all logging
to <code class="filename">stderr</code>.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>logfile</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Log to the file <code class="option">logfile</code> by default
instead of the system log.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-m <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Turn on memory usage debugging flags. Possible flags are
<em class="replaceable"><code>usage</code></em>,
<em class="replaceable"><code>trace</code></em>,
<em class="replaceable"><code>record</code></em>,
<em class="replaceable"><code>size</code></em>, and
<em class="replaceable"><code>mctx</code></em>.
These correspond to the ISC_MEM_DEBUGXXXX flags described in
<code class="filename">&lt;isc/mem.h&gt;</code>.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Create <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em> worker threads
to take advantage of multiple CPUs. If not specified,
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will try to determine the
number of CPUs present and create one thread per CPU.
If it is unable to determine the number of CPUs, a
single worker thread will be created.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Listen for queries on port <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em>. If not
specified, the default is port 53.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-s</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Write memory usage statistics to <code class="filename">stdout</code> on exit.
</p>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>
This option is mainly of interest to BIND 9 developers
and may be removed or changed in a future release.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Allow <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> to use up to
<em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em> sockets.
The default value is 4096 on systems built with default
configuration options, and 21000 on systems built with
"configure --with-tuning=large".
</p>
<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
<p>
This option should be unnecessary for the vast majority
of users.
The use of this option could even be harmful because the
specified value may exceed the limitation of the
underlying system API.
It is therefore set only when the default configuration
causes exhaustion of file descriptors and the
operational environment is known to support the
specified number of sockets.
Note also that the actual maximum number is normally a little
fewer than the specified value because
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> reserves some file descriptors
for its internal use.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Chroot
to <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em> after
processing the command line arguments, but before
reading the configuration file.
</p>
<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
<p>
This option should be used in conjunction with the
<code class="option">-u</code> option, as chrooting a process
running as root doesn't enhance security on most
systems; the way <code class="function">chroot(2)</code> is
defined allows a process with root privileges to
escape a chroot jail.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-U <em class="replaceable"><code>#listeners</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Use <em class="replaceable"><code>#listeners</code></em>
worker threads to listen for incoming UDP packets on each
address. If not specified, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will
calculate a default value based on the number of detected
CPUs: 1 for 1 CPU, 2 for 2-4 CPUs, and the number of
detected CPUs divided by 2 for values higher than 4.
If <code class="option">-n</code> has been set to a higher value than
the number of detected CPUs, then <code class="option">-U</code> may
be increased as high as that value, but no higher.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Setuid
to <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em> after completing
privileged operations, such as creating sockets that
listen on privileged ports.
</p>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>
On Linux, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> uses the kernel's
capability mechanism to drop all root privileges
except the ability to <code class="function">bind(2)</code> to
a
privileged port and set process resource limits.
Unfortunately, this means that the <code class="option">-u</code>
option only works when <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is
run
on kernel 2.2.18 or later, or kernel 2.3.99-pre3 or
later, since previous kernels did not allow privileges
to be retained after <code class="function">setuid(2)</code>.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-v</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Report the version number and exit.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-V</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Report the version number and build options, and exit.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Load data from <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em> into the
cache of the default view.
</p>
<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
<p>
This option must not be used. It is only of interest
to BIND 9 developers and may be removed or changed in a
future release.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2677236"></a><h2>SIGNALS</h2>
<p>
In routine operation, signals should not be used to control
the nameserver; <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span> should be used
instead.
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term">SIGHUP</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Force a reload of the server.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">SIGINT, SIGTERM</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Shut down the server.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
<p>
The result of sending any other signals to the server is undefined.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2677354"></a><h2>CONFIGURATION</h2>
<p>
The <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> configuration file is too complex
to describe in detail here. A complete description is provided
in the
<em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>.
</p>
<p>
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> inherits the <code class="function">umask</code>
(file creation mode mask) from the parent process. If files
created by <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>, such as journal files,
need to have custom permissions, the <code class="function">umask</code>
should be set explicitly in the script used to start the
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> process.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2677403"></a><h2>FILES</h2>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The default configuration file.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/var/run/named/named.pid</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The default process-id file.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2677447"></a><h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
<p><em class="citetitle">RFC 1033</em>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC 1034</em>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC 1035</em>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named-checkconf</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named-checkzone</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">rndc</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">lwresd</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named.conf</span>(5)</span>,
<em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2677517"></a><h2>AUTHOR</h2>
<p><span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</span>
</p>
</div>
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