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73db2ddb960cafd7ffb6daf89eb697910d36c56dJames Phillpotts<head>
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45e9f4e13faca91c1a0f87ef805933e155cf3ae6Dirk Hogan<div class="refentry" lang="en">
857bccfd8dc68379dcdc70acd07c6966dea365d5Dirk Hogan<a name="man.named"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
45e9f4e13faca91c1a0f87ef805933e155cf3ae6Dirk Hogan<div class="refnamediv">
857bccfd8dc68379dcdc70acd07c6966dea365d5Dirk Hogan<h2>Name</h2>
857bccfd8dc68379dcdc70acd07c6966dea365d5Dirk Hogan<p><span class="application">named</span> &#8212; Internet domain name server</p>
cf7084cf20623b8a2d7da2cc101288f2cf516d67Craig McDonnell</div>
857bccfd8dc68379dcdc70acd07c6966dea365d5Dirk Hogan<div class="refsynopsisdiv">
857bccfd8dc68379dcdc70acd07c6966dea365d5Dirk Hogan<h2>Synopsis</h2>
cf7084cf20623b8a2d7da2cc101288f2cf516d67Craig McDonnell<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">named</code> [<code class="option">-4</code>] [<code class="option">-6</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine-name</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f</code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-m <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-s</code>] [<code class="option">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-v</code>] [<code class="option">-V</code>] [<code class="option">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em></code>]</p></div>
cf7084cf20623b8a2d7da2cc101288f2cf516d67Craig McDonnell</div>
45e9f4e13faca91c1a0f87ef805933e155cf3ae6Dirk Hogan<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
857bccfd8dc68379dcdc70acd07c6966dea365d5Dirk Hogan<a name="id2622229"></a><h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
857bccfd8dc68379dcdc70acd07c6966dea365d5Dirk Hogan<p><span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
857bccfd8dc68379dcdc70acd07c6966dea365d5Dirk Hogan is a Domain Name System (DNS) server,
f8c50c6aafbe3ce1e141c889d9e062a02064df87Phill Cunnington part of the BIND 9 distribution from ISC. For more
f8c50c6aafbe3ce1e141c889d9e062a02064df87Phill Cunnington information on the DNS, see RFCs 1033, 1034, and 1035.
f8c50c6aafbe3ce1e141c889d9e062a02064df87Phill Cunnington </p>
f8c50c6aafbe3ce1e141c889d9e062a02064df87Phill Cunnington<p>
f8c50c6aafbe3ce1e141c889d9e062a02064df87Phill Cunnington When invoked without arguments, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
857bccfd8dc68379dcdc70acd07c6966dea365d5Dirk Hogan will
65aec3bcc15efc129284b5f4b6ea08df488018a9Phill Cunnington read the default configuration file
857bccfd8dc68379dcdc70acd07c6966dea365d5Dirk Hogan <code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code>, read any initial
857bccfd8dc68379dcdc70acd07c6966dea365d5Dirk Hogan data, and listen for queries.
857bccfd8dc68379dcdc70acd07c6966dea365d5Dirk Hogan </p>
857bccfd8dc68379dcdc70acd07c6966dea365d5Dirk Hogan</div>
65aec3bcc15efc129284b5f4b6ea08df488018a9Phill Cunnington<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
857bccfd8dc68379dcdc70acd07c6966dea365d5Dirk Hogan<a name="id2627926"></a><h2>OPTIONS</h2>
857bccfd8dc68379dcdc70acd07c6966dea365d5Dirk Hogan<div class="variablelist"><dl>
857bccfd8dc68379dcdc70acd07c6966dea365d5Dirk Hogan<dt><span class="term">-4</span></dt>
857bccfd8dc68379dcdc70acd07c6966dea365d5Dirk Hogan<dd><p>
65aec3bcc15efc129284b5f4b6ea08df488018a9Phill Cunnington Use IPv4 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv6.
51e8ec87dac6e491c8741586bfd39f8225b86944Robert Wapshott <code class="option">-4</code> and <code class="option">-6</code> are mutually
857bccfd8dc68379dcdc70acd07c6966dea365d5Dirk Hogan exclusive.
857bccfd8dc68379dcdc70acd07c6966dea365d5Dirk Hogan </p></dd>
857bccfd8dc68379dcdc70acd07c6966dea365d5Dirk Hogan<dt><span class="term">-6</span></dt>
669362f1b4a40a59cfe461728c8765dbdf63159fPhill Cunnington<dd><p>
857bccfd8dc68379dcdc70acd07c6966dea365d5Dirk Hogan Use IPv6 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv4.
857bccfd8dc68379dcdc70acd07c6966dea365d5Dirk Hogan <code class="option">-4</code> and <code class="option">-6</code> are mutually
857bccfd8dc68379dcdc70acd07c6966dea365d5Dirk Hogan exclusive.
45e9f4e13faca91c1a0f87ef805933e155cf3ae6Dirk Hogan </p></dd>
73db2ddb960cafd7ffb6daf89eb697910d36c56dJames Phillpotts<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em></span></dt>
73db2ddb960cafd7ffb6daf89eb697910d36c56dJames Phillpotts<dd><p>
73db2ddb960cafd7ffb6daf89eb697910d36c56dJames Phillpotts Use <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em> as the
857bccfd8dc68379dcdc70acd07c6966dea365d5Dirk Hogan configuration file instead of the default,
857bccfd8dc68379dcdc70acd07c6966dea365d5Dirk Hogan <code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code>. To
73db2ddb960cafd7ffb6daf89eb697910d36c56dJames Phillpotts ensure that reloading the configuration file continues
857bccfd8dc68379dcdc70acd07c6966dea365d5Dirk Hogan to work after the server has changed its working
669362f1b4a40a59cfe461728c8765dbdf63159fPhill Cunnington directory due to to a possible
857bccfd8dc68379dcdc70acd07c6966dea365d5Dirk Hogan <code class="option">directory</code> option in the configuration
73db2ddb960cafd7ffb6daf89eb697910d36c56dJames Phillpotts file, <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em> should be
857bccfd8dc68379dcdc70acd07c6966dea365d5Dirk Hogan an absolute pathname.
857bccfd8dc68379dcdc70acd07c6966dea365d5Dirk Hogan </p></dd>
73db2ddb960cafd7ffb6daf89eb697910d36c56dJames Phillpotts<dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em></span></dt>
857bccfd8dc68379dcdc70acd07c6966dea365d5Dirk Hogan<dd><p>
Set the daemon's debug level to <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em>.
Debugging traces from <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> become
more verbose as the debug level increases.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine-name</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Use a crypto hardware (OpenSSL engine) for the crypto operations
it supports, for instance re-signing with private keys from
a secure key store. When compiled with PKCS#11 support
<em class="replaceable"><code>engine-name</code></em>
defaults to pkcs11, the empty name resets it to no engine.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-f</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Run the server in the foreground (i.e. do not daemonize).
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-g</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Run the server in the foreground and force all logging
to <code class="filename">stderr</code>.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-m <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Turn on memory usage debugging flags. Possible flags are
<em class="replaceable"><code>usage</code></em>,
<em class="replaceable"><code>trace</code></em>,
<em class="replaceable"><code>record</code></em>,
<em class="replaceable"><code>size</code></em>, and
<em class="replaceable"><code>mctx</code></em>.
These correspond to the ISC_MEM_DEBUGXXXX flags described in
<code class="filename">&lt;isc/mem.h&gt;</code>.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Create <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em> worker threads
to take advantage of multiple CPUs. If not specified,
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will try to determine the
number of CPUs present and create one thread per CPU.
If it is unable to determine the number of CPUs, a
single worker thread will be created.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Listen for queries on port <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em>. If not
specified, the default is port 53.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-s</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Write memory usage statistics to <code class="filename">stdout</code> on exit.
</p>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>
This option is mainly of interest to BIND 9 developers
and may be removed or changed in a future release.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Allow <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> to use up to
<em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em> sockets.
</p>
<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
<p>
This option should be unnecessary for the vast majority
of users.
The use of this option could even be harmful because the
specified value may exceed the limitation of the
underlying system API.
It is therefore set only when the default configuration
causes exhaustion of file descriptors and the
operational environment is known to support the
specified number of sockets.
Note also that the actual maximum number is normally a little
fewer than the specified value because
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> reserves some file descriptors
for its internal use.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Chroot
to <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em> after
processing the command line arguments, but before
reading the configuration file.
</p>
<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
<p>
This option should be used in conjunction with the
<code class="option">-u</code> option, as chrooting a process
running as root doesn't enhance security on most
systems; the way <code class="function">chroot(2)</code> is
defined allows a process with root privileges to
escape a chroot jail.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Setuid
to <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em> after completing
privileged operations, such as creating sockets that
listen on privileged ports.
</p>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>
On Linux, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> uses the kernel's
capability mechanism to drop all root privileges
except the ability to <code class="function">bind(2)</code> to
a
privileged port and set process resource limits.
Unfortunately, this means that the <code class="option">-u</code>
option only works when <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is
run
on kernel 2.2.18 or later, or kernel 2.3.99-pre3 or
later, since previous kernels did not allow privileges
to be retained after <code class="function">setuid(2)</code>.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-v</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Report the version number and exit.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-V</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Report the version number and build options, and exit.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Load data from <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em> into the
cache of the default view.
</p>
<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
<p>
This option must not be used. It is only of interest
to BIND 9 developers and may be removed or changed in a
future release.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2640017"></a><h2>SIGNALS</h2>
<p>
In routine operation, signals should not be used to control
the nameserver; <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span> should be used
instead.
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term">SIGHUP</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Force a reload of the server.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">SIGINT, SIGTERM</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Shut down the server.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
<p>
The result of sending any other signals to the server is undefined.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2640067"></a><h2>CONFIGURATION</h2>
<p>
The <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> configuration file is too complex
to describe in detail here. A complete description is provided
in the
<em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>.
</p>
<p>
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> inherits the <code class="function">umask</code>
(file creation mode mask) from the parent process. If files
created by <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>, such as journal files,
need to have custom permissions, the <code class="function">umask</code>
should be set explicitly in the script used to start the
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> process.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2640116"></a><h2>FILES</h2>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The default configuration file.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/var/run/named/named.pid</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The default process-id file.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2676136"></a><h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
<p><em class="citetitle">RFC 1033</em>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC 1034</em>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC 1035</em>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named-checkconf</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named-checkzone</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">rndc</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">lwresd</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named.conf</span>(5)</span>,
<em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2676206"></a><h2>AUTHOR</h2>
<p><span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
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