man.named.html revision 199045f81d2c312411fc0d6a6f8dc56968daa679
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens - Copyright (C) 2004-2015 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens - Copyright (C) 2000-2003 Internet Software Consortium.
f65e61c04bc28ffd6bda04619c84330b420450b5ahrens - Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any
f65e61c04bc28ffd6bda04619c84330b420450b5ahrens - purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens - copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens - THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ISC DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens - REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens - AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL ISC BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT,
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fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens - LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE
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fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens - PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
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2f3d878000c3b33cde13e16c4f0a1ab15d883a18Matthew Ahrens<tr><th colspan="3" align="center"><span class="application">named</span></th></tr>
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713d6c208802cfbb806329ec0d154b641b80c355Matthew Ahrens<p><span class="application">named</span> — Internet domain name server</p>
713d6c208802cfbb806329ec0d154b641b80c355Matthew Ahrens<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">named</code> [<code class="option">-4</code>] [<code class="option">-6</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-D <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine-name</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f</code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>logfile</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-M <em class="replaceable"><code>option</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-m <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-s</code>] [<code class="option">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-U <em class="replaceable"><code>#listeners</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-v</code>] [<code class="option">-V</code>] [<code class="option">-X <em class="replaceable"><code>lock-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em></code>]</p></div>
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens<p><span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens is a Domain Name System (DNS) server,
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens part of the BIND 9 distribution from ISC. For more
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens information on the DNS, see RFCs 1033, 1034, and 1035.
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens When invoked without arguments, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens read the default configuration file
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens <code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code>, read any initial
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens data, and listen for queries.
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens Use IPv4 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv6.
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens <code class="option">-4</code> and <code class="option">-6</code> are mutually
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens Use IPv6 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv4.
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens <code class="option">-4</code> and <code class="option">-6</code> are mutually
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em></span></dt>
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens Use <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em> as the
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens configuration file instead of the default,
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens ensure that reloading the configuration file continues
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens to work after the server has changed its working
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens directory due to to a possible
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens <code class="option">directory</code> option in the configuration
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens file, <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em> should be
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens an absolute pathname.
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens<dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em></span></dt>
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens Set the daemon's debug level to <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em>.
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens Debugging traces from <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> become
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens more verbose as the debug level increases.
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens<dt><span class="term">-D <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em></span></dt>
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens Specifies a string that is used to identify a instance of
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> in a process listing. The contents
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens of <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> are
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens not examined.
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens<dt><span class="term">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine-name</code></em></span></dt>
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens When applicable, specifies the hardware to use for
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens cryptographic operations, such as a secure key store used
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens for signing.
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens When BIND is built with OpenSSL PKCS#11 support, this defaults
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens to the string "pkcs11", which identifies an OpenSSL engine
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens that can drive a cryptographic accelerator or hardware service
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens module. When BIND is built with native PKCS#11 cryptography
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens (--enable-native-pkcs11), it defaults to the path of the PKCS#11
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens provider library specified via "--with-pkcs11".
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens Run the server in the foreground (i.e. do not daemonize).
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens Run the server in the foreground and force all logging
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens<dt><span class="term">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>logfile</code></em></span></dt>
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens Log to the file <code class="option">logfile</code> by default
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens instead of the system log.
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens<dt><span class="term">-M <em class="replaceable"><code>option</code></em></span></dt>
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens Sets the default memory context options. Currently
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens the only supported option is
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens which causes the internal memory manager to be bypassed
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens in favor of system-provided memory allocation functions.
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens<dt><span class="term">-m <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></span></dt>
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens Turn on memory usage debugging flags. Possible flags are
503ad85c168c7992ccc310af845a581cff3c72b5Matthew Ahrens <em class="replaceable"><code>mctx</code></em>.
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens These correspond to the ISC_MEM_DEBUGXXXX flags described in
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em></span></dt>
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens Create <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em> worker threads
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens to take advantage of multiple CPUs. If not specified,
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will try to determine the
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens number of CPUs present and create one thread per CPU.
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens If it is unable to determine the number of CPUs, a
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens single worker thread will be created.
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens<dt><span class="term">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></span></dt>
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens Listen for queries on port <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em>. If not
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens specified, the default is port 53.
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens Write memory usage statistics to <code class="filename">stdout</code> on exit.
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens This option is mainly of interest to BIND 9 developers
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens and may be removed or changed in a future release.
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens<dt><span class="term">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em></span></dt>
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens Allow <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> to use up to
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em> sockets.
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens The default value is 4096 on systems built with default
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens configuration options, and 21000 on systems built with
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens "configure --with-tuning=large".
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens This option should be unnecessary for the vast majority
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens The use of this option could even be harmful because the
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens specified value may exceed the limitation of the
ea8dc4b6d2251b437950c0056bc626b311c73c27eschrock underlying system API.
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens It is therefore set only when the default configuration
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens causes exhaustion of file descriptors and the
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens operational environment is known to support the
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens specified number of sockets.
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens Note also that the actual maximum number is normally a little
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens fewer than the specified value because
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> reserves some file descriptors
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens for its internal use.
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens<dt><span class="term">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
ea8dc4b6d2251b437950c0056bc626b311c73c27eschrock to <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em> after
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens processing the command line arguments, but before
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens reading the configuration file.
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
c717a56157ae0e6fca6a1e3689ae1edc385716a3maybee This option should be used in conjunction with the
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens <code class="option">-u</code> option, as chrooting a process
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens running as root doesn't enhance security on most
c717a56157ae0e6fca6a1e3689ae1edc385716a3maybee systems; the way <code class="function">chroot(2)</code> is
c717a56157ae0e6fca6a1e3689ae1edc385716a3maybee defined allows a process with root privileges to
c717a56157ae0e6fca6a1e3689ae1edc385716a3maybee escape a chroot jail.
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens<dt><span class="term">-U <em class="replaceable"><code>#listeners</code></em></span></dt>
744947dc83c634d985ed3ad79ac9c5e28d1865fdTom Erickson Use <em class="replaceable"><code>#listeners</code></em>
744947dc83c634d985ed3ad79ac9c5e28d1865fdTom Erickson worker threads to listen for incoming UDP packets on each
744947dc83c634d985ed3ad79ac9c5e28d1865fdTom Erickson address. If not specified, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will
744947dc83c634d985ed3ad79ac9c5e28d1865fdTom Erickson calculate a default value based on the number of detected
744947dc83c634d985ed3ad79ac9c5e28d1865fdTom Erickson CPUs: 1 for 1 CPU, 2 for 2-4 CPUs, and the number of
744947dc83c634d985ed3ad79ac9c5e28d1865fdTom Erickson detected CPUs divided by 2 for values higher than 4.
744947dc83c634d985ed3ad79ac9c5e28d1865fdTom Erickson If <code class="option">-n</code> has been set to a higher value than
744947dc83c634d985ed3ad79ac9c5e28d1865fdTom Erickson the number of detected CPUs, then <code class="option">-U</code> may
744947dc83c634d985ed3ad79ac9c5e28d1865fdTom Erickson be increased as high as that value, but no higher.
744947dc83c634d985ed3ad79ac9c5e28d1865fdTom Erickson<dt><span class="term">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></span></dt>
744947dc83c634d985ed3ad79ac9c5e28d1865fdTom Erickson to <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em> after completing
744947dc83c634d985ed3ad79ac9c5e28d1865fdTom Erickson privileged operations, such as creating sockets that
744947dc83c634d985ed3ad79ac9c5e28d1865fdTom Erickson listen on privileged ports.
ea8dc4b6d2251b437950c0056bc626b311c73c27eschrock<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
ea8dc4b6d2251b437950c0056bc626b311c73c27eschrock On Linux, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> uses the kernel's
c717a56157ae0e6fca6a1e3689ae1edc385716a3maybee capability mechanism to drop all root privileges
ea8dc4b6d2251b437950c0056bc626b311c73c27eschrock except the ability to <code class="function">bind(2)</code> to
ea8dc4b6d2251b437950c0056bc626b311c73c27eschrock privileged port and set process resource limits.
ea8dc4b6d2251b437950c0056bc626b311c73c27eschrock Unfortunately, this means that the <code class="option">-u</code>
ea8dc4b6d2251b437950c0056bc626b311c73c27eschrock option only works when <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens on kernel 2.2.18 or later, or kernel 2.3.99-pre3 or
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens later, since previous kernels did not allow privileges
ea8dc4b6d2251b437950c0056bc626b311c73c27eschrock to be retained after <code class="function">setuid(2)</code>.
ea8dc4b6d2251b437950c0056bc626b311c73c27eschrock Report the version number and exit.
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens Report the version number and build options, and exit.
ea8dc4b6d2251b437950c0056bc626b311c73c27eschrock<dt><span class="term">-X <em class="replaceable"><code>lock-file</code></em></span></dt>
ea8dc4b6d2251b437950c0056bc626b311c73c27eschrock Acquire a lock on the specified file at runtime; this
ea8dc4b6d2251b437950c0056bc626b311c73c27eschrock helps to prevent duplicate <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> instances
ea8dc4b6d2251b437950c0056bc626b311c73c27eschrock from running simultaneously.
ea8dc4b6d2251b437950c0056bc626b311c73c27eschrock Use of this option overrides the <span><strong class="command">lock-file</strong></span>
ea8dc4b6d2251b437950c0056bc626b311c73c27eschrock option in <code class="filename">named.conf</code>.
ea8dc4b6d2251b437950c0056bc626b311c73c27eschrock If set to <code class="literal">none</code>, the lock file check
ea8dc4b6d2251b437950c0056bc626b311c73c27eschrock is disabled.
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens<dt><span class="term">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em></span></dt>
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens Load data from <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em> into the
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens cache of the default view.
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens This option must not be used. It is only of interest
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens to BIND 9 developers and may be removed or changed in a
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens future release.
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens In routine operation, signals should not be used to control
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens the nameserver; <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span> should be used
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens Force a reload of the server.
b24ab6762772a3f6a89393947930c7fa61306783Jeff Bonwick<dt><span class="term">SIGINT, SIGTERM</span></dt>
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens Shut down the server.
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens The result of sending any other signals to the server is undefined.
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens The <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> configuration file is too complex
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens to describe in detail here. A complete description is provided
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens <em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>.
744947dc83c634d985ed3ad79ac9c5e28d1865fdTom Erickson <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> inherits the <code class="function">umask</code>
744947dc83c634d985ed3ad79ac9c5e28d1865fdTom Erickson (file creation mode mask) from the parent process. If files
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens created by <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>, such as journal files,
0a586cea3ceec7e5e50e7e54c745082a7a333ac2Mark Shellenbaum need to have custom permissions, the <code class="function">umask</code>
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens should be set explicitly in the script used to start the
1934e92fc930c49429ad71a8ca97340f33227e78maybee <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> process.
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code></span></dt>
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens The default configuration file.
b24ab6762772a3f6a89393947930c7fa61306783Jeff Bonwick<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/var/run/named/named.pid</code></span></dt>
b24ab6762772a3f6a89393947930c7fa61306783Jeff Bonwick The default process-id file.
88b7b0f29b20b808b9e06071885b1d6a3ddb6328Matthew Ahrens <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named-checkconf</span>(8)</span>,
b24ab6762772a3f6a89393947930c7fa61306783Jeff Bonwick <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named-checkzone</span>(8)</span>,
88b7b0f29b20b808b9e06071885b1d6a3ddb6328Matthew Ahrens <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">rndc</span>(8)</span>,
88b7b0f29b20b808b9e06071885b1d6a3ddb6328Matthew Ahrens <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">lwresd</span>(8)</span>,
88b7b0f29b20b808b9e06071885b1d6a3ddb6328Matthew Ahrens <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named.conf</span>(5)</span>,
88b7b0f29b20b808b9e06071885b1d6a3ddb6328Matthew Ahrens <em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>.
fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens<p><span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</span>
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fa9e4066f08beec538e775443c5be79dd423fcabahrens<p style="text-align: center;">BIND 9.11.0pre-alpha</p>