man.named.html revision 18fa75b694d056da4be3ebfc2185d007d4882752
dd1ce8b52478fa98c844720af9e77fae2978f18dTinderbox User - Copyright (C) 2004-2008 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
75c0816e8295e180f4bc7f10db3d0d880383bc1cMark Andrews - Copyright (C) 2000-2003 Internet Software Consortium.
4a14ce5ba00ab7bc55c99ffdcf59c7a4ab902721Automatic Updater - Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
6ea1b817e31b89a627e146fe69e23ea0a64c89ecBob Halley - purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
6ea1b817e31b89a627e146fe69e23ea0a64c89ecBob Halley - copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
8a66318e41ed14c5a88130e8c362610e8faa2121Mark Andrews - THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ISC DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH
8a66318e41ed14c5a88130e8c362610e8faa2121Mark Andrews - REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein - AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL ISC BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT,
8a66318e41ed14c5a88130e8c362610e8faa2121Mark Andrews - INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM
8a66318e41ed14c5a88130e8c362610e8faa2121Mark Andrews - LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE
8a66318e41ed14c5a88130e8c362610e8faa2121Mark Andrews - OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
8a66318e41ed14c5a88130e8c362610e8faa2121Mark Andrews - PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
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60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<a name="man.named"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<p><span class="application">named</span> — Internet domain name server</p>
e68c527dff2f1f7df2a542f8d6f9181a27e05eb7Tinderbox User<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">named</code> [<code class="option">-4</code>] [<code class="option">-6</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f</code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-m <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-s</code>] [<code class="option">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-v</code>] [<code class="option">-V</code>] [<code class="option">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em></code>]</p></div>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<p><span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein is a Domain Name System (DNS) server,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein part of the BIND 9 distribution from ISC. For more
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein information on the DNS, see RFCs 1033, 1034, and 1035.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein When invoked without arguments, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein read the default configuration file
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code>, read any initial
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein data, and listen for queries.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Use IPv4 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv6.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="option">-4</code> and <code class="option">-6</code> are mutually
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Use IPv6 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv4.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <code class="option">-4</code> and <code class="option">-6</code> are mutually
91a45a8ad51e9167e674ac5ed9b4c9eb3e7faea6Tinderbox User<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em></span></dt>
91a45a8ad51e9167e674ac5ed9b4c9eb3e7faea6Tinderbox User Use <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em> as the
91a45a8ad51e9167e674ac5ed9b4c9eb3e7faea6Tinderbox User configuration file instead of the default,
91a45a8ad51e9167e674ac5ed9b4c9eb3e7faea6Tinderbox User <code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code>. To
91a45a8ad51e9167e674ac5ed9b4c9eb3e7faea6Tinderbox User ensure that reloading the configuration file continues
91a45a8ad51e9167e674ac5ed9b4c9eb3e7faea6Tinderbox User to work after the server has changed its working
8ec3c085233cedb22b05da36e2773c8f357a7e45Automatic Updater directory due to to a possible
6ea2385360e9e2167e65f9286447da9eea189457Tinderbox User <code class="option">directory</code> option in the configuration
6ea2385360e9e2167e65f9286447da9eea189457Tinderbox User file, <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em> should be
6ea2385360e9e2167e65f9286447da9eea189457Tinderbox User an absolute pathname.
6ea2385360e9e2167e65f9286447da9eea189457Tinderbox User<dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em></span></dt>
6ea2385360e9e2167e65f9286447da9eea189457Tinderbox User Set the daemon's debug level to <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em>.
6ea2385360e9e2167e65f9286447da9eea189457Tinderbox User Debugging traces from <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> become
6ea2385360e9e2167e65f9286447da9eea189457Tinderbox User more verbose as the debug level increases.
6ea2385360e9e2167e65f9286447da9eea189457Tinderbox User Run the server in the foreground (i.e. do not daemonize).
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Run the server in the foreground and force all logging
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term">-m <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Turn on memory usage debugging flags. Possible flags are
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <em class="replaceable"><code>usage</code></em>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <em class="replaceable"><code>trace</code></em>,
e68c527dff2f1f7df2a542f8d6f9181a27e05eb7Tinderbox User <em class="replaceable"><code>record</code></em>,
e68c527dff2f1f7df2a542f8d6f9181a27e05eb7Tinderbox User <em class="replaceable"><code>size</code></em>, and
e68c527dff2f1f7df2a542f8d6f9181a27e05eb7Tinderbox User <em class="replaceable"><code>mctx</code></em>.
e68c527dff2f1f7df2a542f8d6f9181a27e05eb7Tinderbox User These correspond to the ISC_MEM_DEBUGXXXX flags described in
e68c527dff2f1f7df2a542f8d6f9181a27e05eb7Tinderbox User <code class="filename"><isc/mem.h></code>.
a1b05dea35aa30b152a47115e18bbe679d3fcf19Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em></span></dt>
a1b05dea35aa30b152a47115e18bbe679d3fcf19Mark Andrews Create <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em> worker threads
a1b05dea35aa30b152a47115e18bbe679d3fcf19Mark Andrews to take advantage of multiple CPUs. If not specified,
a1b05dea35aa30b152a47115e18bbe679d3fcf19Mark Andrews <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will try to determine the
a1b05dea35aa30b152a47115e18bbe679d3fcf19Mark Andrews number of CPUs present and create one thread per CPU.
a1b05dea35aa30b152a47115e18bbe679d3fcf19Mark Andrews If it is unable to determine the number of CPUs, a
a1b05dea35aa30b152a47115e18bbe679d3fcf19Mark Andrews single worker thread will be created.
a1b05dea35aa30b152a47115e18bbe679d3fcf19Mark Andrews<dt><span class="term">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Listen for queries on port <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em>. If not
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein specified, the default is port 53.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Write memory usage statistics to <code class="filename">stdout</code> on exit.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This option is mainly of interest to BIND 9 developers
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein and may be removed or changed in a future release.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Allow <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> to use up to
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em> sockets.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This option should be unnecessary for the vast majority
c4d99a62407cebca29653666ae11f87e4f56ebbcAutomatic Updater The use of this option could even be harmful because the
c4d99a62407cebca29653666ae11f87e4f56ebbcAutomatic Updater specified value may exceed the limitation of the
c4d99a62407cebca29653666ae11f87e4f56ebbcAutomatic Updater underlying system API.
c4d99a62407cebca29653666ae11f87e4f56ebbcAutomatic Updater It is therefore set only when the default configuration
0e1dece22e128f9dfa723316a35c4b3f06912381Tinderbox User causes exhaustion of file descriptors and the
0e1dece22e128f9dfa723316a35c4b3f06912381Tinderbox User operational environment is known to support the
0e1dece22e128f9dfa723316a35c4b3f06912381Tinderbox User specified number of sockets.
c4d99a62407cebca29653666ae11f87e4f56ebbcAutomatic Updater Note also that the actual maximum number is normally a little
c4d99a62407cebca29653666ae11f87e4f56ebbcAutomatic Updater fewer than the specified value because
c4d99a62407cebca29653666ae11f87e4f56ebbcAutomatic Updater <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> reserves some file descriptors
c4d99a62407cebca29653666ae11f87e4f56ebbcAutomatic Updater for its internal use.
c4d99a62407cebca29653666ae11f87e4f56ebbcAutomatic Updater<dt><span class="term">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
c4d99a62407cebca29653666ae11f87e4f56ebbcAutomatic Updater to <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em> after
c4d99a62407cebca29653666ae11f87e4f56ebbcAutomatic Updater processing the command line arguments, but before
c4d99a62407cebca29653666ae11f87e4f56ebbcAutomatic Updater reading the configuration file.
c4d99a62407cebca29653666ae11f87e4f56ebbcAutomatic Updater<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
c4d99a62407cebca29653666ae11f87e4f56ebbcAutomatic Updater This option should be used in conjunction with the
c4d99a62407cebca29653666ae11f87e4f56ebbcAutomatic Updater <code class="option">-u</code> option, as chrooting a process
c4d99a62407cebca29653666ae11f87e4f56ebbcAutomatic Updater running as root doesn't enhance security on most
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein systems; the way <code class="function">chroot(2)</code> is
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein defined allows a process with root privileges to
d71e2e0c61df16ff37c9934c371a4a60c08974f7Mark Andrews escape a chroot jail.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em> after completing
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein privileged operations, such as creating sockets that
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein listen on privileged ports.
d71e2e0c61df16ff37c9934c371a4a60c08974f7Mark Andrews<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein On Linux, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> uses the kernel's
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein capability mechanism to drop all root privileges
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein except the ability to <code class="function">bind(2)</code> to
2a1d6afad5c725cbc796c10f1d2b9041eda9f077Automatic Updater privileged port and set process resource limits.
2a1d6afad5c725cbc796c10f1d2b9041eda9f077Automatic Updater Unfortunately, this means that the <code class="option">-u</code>
2a1d6afad5c725cbc796c10f1d2b9041eda9f077Automatic Updater option only works when <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is
0e1dece22e128f9dfa723316a35c4b3f06912381Tinderbox User on kernel 2.2.18 or later, or kernel 2.3.99-pre3 or
0e1dece22e128f9dfa723316a35c4b3f06912381Tinderbox User later, since previous kernels did not allow privileges
0e1dece22e128f9dfa723316a35c4b3f06912381Tinderbox User to be retained after <code class="function">setuid(2)</code>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Report the version number and exit.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Report the version number and build options, and exit.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Load data from <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em> into the
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein cache of the default view.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein This option must not be used. It is only of interest
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to BIND 9 developers and may be removed or changed in a
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein future release.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein In routine operation, signals should not be used to control
824f38c0310fddef55f0f691580154022a7852f5Automatic Updater the nameserver; <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span> should be used
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Force a reload of the server.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term">SIGINT, SIGTERM</span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein Shut down the server.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The result of sending any other signals to the server is undefined.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> configuration file is too complex
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein to describe in detail here. A complete description is provided
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default configuration file.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/var/run/named/named.pid</code></span></dt>
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein The default process-id file.
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named-checkconf</span>(8)</span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named-checkzone</span>(8)</span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">rndc</span>(8)</span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">lwresd</span>(8)</span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named.conf</span>(5)</span>,
60e5e10f8d2e2b0c41e8abad38cacd867caa6ab2Rob Austein <em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>.
a9a054302dd8a52fa9023cc98cc565e9c0008527Automatic Updater<p><span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</span>
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