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222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST - Copyright (C) 2004-2010 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
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222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST - purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
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222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST - THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ISC DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST - REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
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222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST - PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
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bf4379bb564a2928917ad5dac2fc88c788cbcbb5Lubos Kosco<tr><th colspan="3" align="center"><span class="application">named</span></th></tr>
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222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<div class="refentry" lang="en">
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<a name="man.named"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<div class="refnamediv">
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<h2>Name</h2>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<p><span class="application">named</span> &#8212; Internet domain name server</p>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST</div>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<div class="refsynopsisdiv">
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<h2>Synopsis</h2>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">named</code> [<code class="option">-4</code>] [<code class="option">-6</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine-name</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f</code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-m <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-s</code>] [<code class="option">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-v</code>] [<code class="option">-V</code>] [<code class="option">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em></code>]</p></div>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST</div>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<a name="id2631139"></a><h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<p><span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST is a Domain Name System (DNS) server,
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST part of the BIND 9 distribution from ISC. For more
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST information on the DNS, see RFCs 1033, 1034, and 1035.
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST </p>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<p>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST When invoked without arguments, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST will
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST read the default configuration file
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST <code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code>, read any initial
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST data, and listen for queries.
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST </p>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST</div>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<a name="id2631170"></a><h2>OPTIONS</h2>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<div class="variablelist"><dl>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<dt><span class="term">-4</span></dt>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<dd><p>
bf4379bb564a2928917ad5dac2fc88c788cbcbb5Lubos Kosco Use IPv4 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv6.
bf4379bb564a2928917ad5dac2fc88c788cbcbb5Lubos Kosco <code class="option">-4</code> and <code class="option">-6</code> are mutually
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST exclusive.
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST </p></dd>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<dt><span class="term">-6</span></dt>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<dd><p>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST Use IPv6 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv4.
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST <code class="option">-4</code> and <code class="option">-6</code> are mutually
bf4379bb564a2928917ad5dac2fc88c788cbcbb5Lubos Kosco exclusive.
bf4379bb564a2928917ad5dac2fc88c788cbcbb5Lubos Kosco </p></dd>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em></span></dt>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<dd><p>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST Use <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em> as the
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST configuration file instead of the default,
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST <code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code>. To
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST ensure that reloading the configuration file continues
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST to work after the server has changed its working
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST directory due to to a possible
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST <code class="option">directory</code> option in the configuration
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST file, <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em> should be
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST an absolute pathname.
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST </p></dd>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em></span></dt>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<dd><p>
bf4379bb564a2928917ad5dac2fc88c788cbcbb5Lubos Kosco Set the daemon's debug level to <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em>.
bf4379bb564a2928917ad5dac2fc88c788cbcbb5Lubos Kosco Debugging traces from <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> become
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST more verbose as the debug level increases.
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST </p></dd>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<dt><span class="term">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine-name</code></em></span></dt>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<dd><p>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST Use a crypto hardware (OpenSSL engine) for the crypto operations
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST it supports, for instance re-signing with private keys from
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST a secure key store. When compiled with PKCS#11 support
bf4379bb564a2928917ad5dac2fc88c788cbcbb5Lubos Kosco <em class="replaceable"><code>engine-name</code></em>
bf4379bb564a2928917ad5dac2fc88c788cbcbb5Lubos Kosco defaults to pkcs11, the empty name resets it to no engine.
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST </p></dd>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<dt><span class="term">-f</span></dt>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<dd><p>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST Run the server in the foreground (i.e. do not daemonize).
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST </p></dd>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<dt><span class="term">-g</span></dt>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<dd><p>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST Run the server in the foreground and force all logging
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST to <code class="filename">stderr</code>.
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST </p></dd>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<dt><span class="term">-m <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></span></dt>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<dd><p>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST Turn on memory usage debugging flags. Possible flags are
bf4379bb564a2928917ad5dac2fc88c788cbcbb5Lubos Kosco <em class="replaceable"><code>usage</code></em>,
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST <em class="replaceable"><code>trace</code></em>,
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST <em class="replaceable"><code>record</code></em>,
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST <em class="replaceable"><code>size</code></em>, and
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST <em class="replaceable"><code>mctx</code></em>.
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST These correspond to the ISC_MEM_DEBUGXXXX flags described in
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST <code class="filename">&lt;isc/mem.h&gt;</code>.
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST </p></dd>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em></span></dt>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<dd><p>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST Create <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em> worker threads
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST to take advantage of multiple CPUs. If not specified,
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will try to determine the
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST number of CPUs present and create one thread per CPU.
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST If it is unable to determine the number of CPUs, a
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST single worker thread will be created.
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST </p></dd>
bf4379bb564a2928917ad5dac2fc88c788cbcbb5Lubos Kosco<dt><span class="term">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></span></dt>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<dd><p>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST Listen for queries on port <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em>. If not
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST specified, the default is port 53.
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST </p></dd>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<dt><span class="term">-s</span></dt>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<dd>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<p>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST Write memory usage statistics to <code class="filename">stdout</code> on exit.
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST </p>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<p>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST This option is mainly of interest to BIND 9 developers
bf4379bb564a2928917ad5dac2fc88c788cbcbb5Lubos Kosco and may be removed or changed in a future release.
bf4379bb564a2928917ad5dac2fc88c788cbcbb5Lubos Kosco </p>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST</div>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST</dd>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<dt><span class="term">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em></span></dt>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<dd>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<p>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST Allow <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> to use up to
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em> sockets.
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST </p>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<p>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST This option should be unnecessary for the vast majority
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST of users.
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST The use of this option could even be harmful because the
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST specified value may exceed the limitation of the
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST underlying system API.
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST It is therefore set only when the default configuration
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST causes exhaustion of file descriptors and the
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST operational environment is known to support the
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST specified number of sockets.
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST Note also that the actual maximum number is normally a little
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST fewer than the specified value because
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> reserves some file descriptors
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST for its internal use.
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST </p>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST</div>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST</dd>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<dt><span class="term">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<dd>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<p>Chroot
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST to <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em> after
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST processing the command line arguments, but before
bf4379bb564a2928917ad5dac2fc88c788cbcbb5Lubos Kosco reading the configuration file.
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST </p>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST<p>
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST This option should be used in conjunction with the
222c232d357e358bf67bd0685b8331b71bb56f97JHKST <code class="option">-u</code> option, as chrooting a process
running as root doesn't enhance security on most
systems; the way <code class="function">chroot(2)</code> is
defined allows a process with root privileges to
escape a chroot jail.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Setuid
to <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em> after completing
privileged operations, such as creating sockets that
listen on privileged ports.
</p>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>
On Linux, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> uses the kernel's
capability mechanism to drop all root privileges
except the ability to <code class="function">bind(2)</code> to
a
privileged port and set process resource limits.
Unfortunately, this means that the <code class="option">-u</code>
option only works when <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is
run
on kernel 2.2.18 or later, or kernel 2.3.99-pre3 or
later, since previous kernels did not allow privileges
to be retained after <code class="function">setuid(2)</code>.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-v</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Report the version number and exit.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-V</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Report the version number and build options, and exit.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Load data from <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em> into the
cache of the default view.
</p>
<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
<p>
This option must not be used. It is only of interest
to BIND 9 developers and may be removed or changed in a
future release.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2637799"></a><h2>SIGNALS</h2>
<p>
In routine operation, signals should not be used to control
the nameserver; <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span> should be used
instead.
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term">SIGHUP</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Force a reload of the server.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">SIGINT, SIGTERM</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Shut down the server.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
<p>
The result of sending any other signals to the server is undefined.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2637917"></a><h2>CONFIGURATION</h2>
<p>
The <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> configuration file is too complex
to describe in detail here. A complete description is provided
in the
<em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>.
</p>
<p>
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> inherits the <code class="function">umask</code>
(file creation mode mask) from the parent process. If files
created by <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>, such as journal files,
need to have custom permissions, the <code class="function">umask</code>
should be set explicitly in the script used to start the
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> process.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2672714"></a><h2>FILES</h2>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The default configuration file.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/var/run/named/named.pid</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The default process-id file.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2672758"></a><h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
<p><em class="citetitle">RFC 1033</em>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC 1034</em>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC 1035</em>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named-checkconf</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named-checkzone</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">rndc</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">lwresd</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named.conf</span>(5)</span>,
<em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2672828"></a><h2>AUTHOR</h2>
<p><span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
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