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a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt<hr>
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt</div>
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt<div class="refentry" lang="en">
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt<a name="man.named"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt<div class="refnamediv">
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt<h2>Name</h2>
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt<p><span class="application">named</span> &#8212; Internet domain name server</p>
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt</div>
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt<div class="refsynopsisdiv">
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt<h2>Synopsis</h2>
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">named</code> [<code class="option">-4</code>] [<code class="option">-6</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f</code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-m <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-s</code>] [<code class="option">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-v</code>] [<code class="option">-V</code>] [<code class="option">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em></code>]</p></div>
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt</div>
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt<a name="id2612746"></a><h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt<p><span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt is a Domain Name System (DNS) server,
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt part of the BIND 9 distribution from ISC. For more
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt information on the DNS, see RFCs 1033, 1034, and 1035.
ef421f66f47224a42073deaf087378c5d0c9952eEvan Hunt </p>
ef421f66f47224a42073deaf087378c5d0c9952eEvan Hunt<p>
ef421f66f47224a42073deaf087378c5d0c9952eEvan Hunt When invoked without arguments, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
ef421f66f47224a42073deaf087378c5d0c9952eEvan Hunt will
ef421f66f47224a42073deaf087378c5d0c9952eEvan Hunt read the default configuration file
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt <code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code>, read any initial
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt data, and listen for queries.
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt </p>
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt</div>
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
ef421f66f47224a42073deaf087378c5d0c9952eEvan Hunt<a name="id2612845"></a><h2>OPTIONS</h2>
ef421f66f47224a42073deaf087378c5d0c9952eEvan Hunt<div class="variablelist"><dl>
ef421f66f47224a42073deaf087378c5d0c9952eEvan Hunt<dt><span class="term">-4</span></dt>
ef421f66f47224a42073deaf087378c5d0c9952eEvan Hunt<dd><p>
ef421f66f47224a42073deaf087378c5d0c9952eEvan Hunt Use IPv4 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv6.
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt <code class="option">-4</code> and <code class="option">-6</code> are mutually
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt exclusive.
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt </p></dd>
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt<dt><span class="term">-6</span></dt>
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt<dd><p>
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt Use IPv6 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv4.
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt <code class="option">-4</code> and <code class="option">-6</code> are mutually
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt exclusive.
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt </p></dd>
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em></span></dt>
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt<dd><p>
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt Use <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em> as the
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt configuration file instead of the default,
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt <code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code>. To
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt ensure that reloading the configuration file continues
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt to work after the server has changed its working
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt directory due to to a possible
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt <code class="option">directory</code> option in the configuration
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt file, <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em> should be
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt an absolute pathname.
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt </p></dd>
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt<dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em></span></dt>
ef421f66f47224a42073deaf087378c5d0c9952eEvan Hunt<dd><p>
ef421f66f47224a42073deaf087378c5d0c9952eEvan Hunt Set the daemon's debug level to <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em>.
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt Debugging traces from <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> become
ef421f66f47224a42073deaf087378c5d0c9952eEvan Hunt more verbose as the debug level increases.
ef421f66f47224a42073deaf087378c5d0c9952eEvan Hunt </p></dd>
ef421f66f47224a42073deaf087378c5d0c9952eEvan Hunt<dt><span class="term">-f</span></dt>
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt<dd><p>
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt Run the server in the foreground (i.e. do not daemonize).
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt </p></dd>
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt<dt><span class="term">-g</span></dt>
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt<dd><p>
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt Run the server in the foreground and force all logging
a747113422afaa29ce72d2c5ba7f0b7ea9ec2054Evan Hunt to <code class="filename">stderr</code>.
ef421f66f47224a42073deaf087378c5d0c9952eEvan Hunt </p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-m <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Turn on memory usage debugging flags. Possible flags are
<em class="replaceable"><code>usage</code></em>,
<em class="replaceable"><code>trace</code></em>,
<em class="replaceable"><code>record</code></em>,
<em class="replaceable"><code>size</code></em>, and
<em class="replaceable"><code>mctx</code></em>.
These correspond to the ISC_MEM_DEBUGXXXX flags described in
<code class="filename">&lt;isc/mem.h&gt;</code>.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Create <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em> worker threads
to take advantage of multiple CPUs. If not specified,
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will try to determine the
number of CPUs present and create one thread per CPU.
If it is unable to determine the number of CPUs, a
single worker thread will be created.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Listen for queries on port <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em>. If not
specified, the default is port 53.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-s</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Write memory usage statistics to <code class="filename">stdout</code> on exit.
</p>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>
This option is mainly of interest to BIND 9 developers
and may be removed or changed in a future release.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Allow <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> to use up to
<em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em> sockets.
</p>
<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
<p>
This option should be unnecessary for the vast majority
of users.
The use of this option could even be harmful because the
specified value may exceed the limitation of the
underlying system API.
It is therefore set only when the default configuration
causes exhaustion of file descriptors and the
operational environment is known to support the
specified number of sockets.
Note also that the actual maximum number is normally a little
fewer than the specified value because
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> reserves some file descriptors
for its internal use.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Chroot
to <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em> after
processing the command line arguments, but before
reading the configuration file.
</p>
<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
<p>
This option should be used in conjunction with the
<code class="option">-u</code> option, as chrooting a process
running as root doesn't enhance security on most
systems; the way <code class="function">chroot(2)</code> is
defined allows a process with root privileges to
escape a chroot jail.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Setuid
to <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em> after completing
privileged operations, such as creating sockets that
listen on privileged ports.
</p>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>
On Linux, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> uses the kernel's
capability mechanism to drop all root privileges
except the ability to <code class="function">bind(2)</code> to
a
privileged port and set process resource limits.
Unfortunately, this means that the <code class="option">-u</code>
option only works when <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is
run
on kernel 2.2.18 or later, or kernel 2.3.99-pre3 or
later, since previous kernels did not allow privileges
to be retained after <code class="function">setuid(2)</code>.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-v</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Report the version number and exit.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-V</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Report the version number and build options, and exit.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Load data from <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em> into the
cache of the default view.
</p>
<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
<p>
This option must not be used. It is only of interest
to BIND 9 developers and may be removed or changed in a
future release.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2614537"></a><h2>SIGNALS</h2>
<p>
In routine operation, signals should not be used to control
the nameserver; <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span> should be used
instead.
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term">SIGHUP</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Force a reload of the server.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">SIGINT, SIGTERM</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Shut down the server.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
<p>
The result of sending any other signals to the server is undefined.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2614587"></a><h2>CONFIGURATION</h2>
<p>
The <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> configuration file is too complex
to describe in detail here. A complete description is provided
in the
<em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>.
</p>
<p>
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> inherits the <code class="function">umask</code>
(file creation mode mask) from the parent process. If files
created by <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>, such as journal files,
need to have custom permissions, the <code class="function">umask</code>
should be set explicitly in the script used to start the
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> process.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2654914"></a><h2>FILES</h2>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The default configuration file.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/var/run/named/named.pid</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The default process-id file.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2654957"></a><h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
<p><em class="citetitle">RFC 1033</em>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC 1034</em>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC 1035</em>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named-checkconf</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named-checkzone</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">rndc</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">lwresd</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named.conf</span>(5)</span>,
<em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2655028"></a><h2>AUTHOR</h2>
<p><span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
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