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b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt<hr>
fd2597f75693a2279fdf588bd40dfe2407c42028Tinderbox User</div>
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt<div class="refentry" lang="en">
fd2597f75693a2279fdf588bd40dfe2407c42028Tinderbox User<a name="man.named"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt<div class="refnamediv">
fd2597f75693a2279fdf588bd40dfe2407c42028Tinderbox User<h2>Name</h2>
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt<p><span class="application">named</span> &#8212; Internet domain name server</p>
fd2597f75693a2279fdf588bd40dfe2407c42028Tinderbox User</div>
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt<div class="refsynopsisdiv">
fd2597f75693a2279fdf588bd40dfe2407c42028Tinderbox User<h2>Synopsis</h2>
fd2597f75693a2279fdf588bd40dfe2407c42028Tinderbox User<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">named</code> [<code class="option">-4</code>] [<code class="option">-6</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-D <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine-name</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f</code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-m <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-s</code>] [<code class="option">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-U <em class="replaceable"><code>#listeners</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-v</code>] [<code class="option">-V</code>] [<code class="option">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em></code>]</p></div>
fd2597f75693a2279fdf588bd40dfe2407c42028Tinderbox User</div>
fd2597f75693a2279fdf588bd40dfe2407c42028Tinderbox User<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
fd2597f75693a2279fdf588bd40dfe2407c42028Tinderbox User<a name="id2641154"></a><h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
14a656f94b1fd0ababd84a772228dfa52276ba15Evan Hunt<p><span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
14a656f94b1fd0ababd84a772228dfa52276ba15Evan Hunt is a Domain Name System (DNS) server,
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt part of the BIND 9 distribution from ISC. For more
14a656f94b1fd0ababd84a772228dfa52276ba15Evan Hunt information on the DNS, see RFCs 1033, 1034, and 1035.
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt </p>
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt<p>
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt When invoked without arguments, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
fd2597f75693a2279fdf588bd40dfe2407c42028Tinderbox User will
fd2597f75693a2279fdf588bd40dfe2407c42028Tinderbox User read the default configuration file
fd2597f75693a2279fdf588bd40dfe2407c42028Tinderbox User <code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code>, read any initial
fd2597f75693a2279fdf588bd40dfe2407c42028Tinderbox User data, and listen for queries.
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt </p>
fd2597f75693a2279fdf588bd40dfe2407c42028Tinderbox User</div>
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
fd2597f75693a2279fdf588bd40dfe2407c42028Tinderbox User<a name="id2641731"></a><h2>OPTIONS</h2>
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt<div class="variablelist"><dl>
fd2597f75693a2279fdf588bd40dfe2407c42028Tinderbox User<dt><span class="term">-4</span></dt>
14a656f94b1fd0ababd84a772228dfa52276ba15Evan Hunt<dd><p>
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt Use IPv4 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv6.
14a656f94b1fd0ababd84a772228dfa52276ba15Evan Hunt <code class="option">-4</code> and <code class="option">-6</code> are mutually
fd2597f75693a2279fdf588bd40dfe2407c42028Tinderbox User exclusive.
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt </p></dd>
fd2597f75693a2279fdf588bd40dfe2407c42028Tinderbox User<dt><span class="term">-6</span></dt>
14a656f94b1fd0ababd84a772228dfa52276ba15Evan Hunt<dd><p>
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt Use IPv6 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv4.
fd2597f75693a2279fdf588bd40dfe2407c42028Tinderbox User <code class="option">-4</code> and <code class="option">-6</code> are mutually
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt exclusive.
fd2597f75693a2279fdf588bd40dfe2407c42028Tinderbox User </p></dd>
fd2597f75693a2279fdf588bd40dfe2407c42028Tinderbox User<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em></span></dt>
fd2597f75693a2279fdf588bd40dfe2407c42028Tinderbox User<dd><p>
fd2597f75693a2279fdf588bd40dfe2407c42028Tinderbox User Use <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em> as the
fd2597f75693a2279fdf588bd40dfe2407c42028Tinderbox User configuration file instead of the default,
fd2597f75693a2279fdf588bd40dfe2407c42028Tinderbox User <code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code>. To
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt ensure that reloading the configuration file continues
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt to work after the server has changed its working
fd2597f75693a2279fdf588bd40dfe2407c42028Tinderbox User directory due to to a possible
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt <code class="option">directory</code> option in the configuration
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt file, <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em> should be
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt an absolute pathname.
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt </p></dd>
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt<dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em></span></dt>
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt<dd><p>
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt Set the daemon's debug level to <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em>.
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt Debugging traces from <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> become
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt more verbose as the debug level increases.
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt </p></dd>
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt<dt><span class="term">-D <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em></span></dt>
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt<dd><p>
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt Specifies a string that is used to identify a instance of
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> in a process listing. The contents
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt of <em class="replaceable"><code>string</code></em> are
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt not examined.
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt </p></dd>
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt<dt><span class="term">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine-name</code></em></span></dt>
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt<dd><p>
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt Use a crypto hardware (OpenSSL engine) for the crypto operations
14a656f94b1fd0ababd84a772228dfa52276ba15Evan Hunt it supports, for instance re-signing with private keys from
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt a secure key store. When compiled with PKCS#11 support
b66b333f59cf51ef87f973084a5023acd9317fb2Evan Hunt <em class="replaceable"><code>engine-name</code></em>
defaults to pkcs11, the empty name resets it to no engine.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-f</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Run the server in the foreground (i.e. do not daemonize).
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-g</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Run the server in the foreground and force all logging
to <code class="filename">stderr</code>.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-m <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Turn on memory usage debugging flags. Possible flags are
<em class="replaceable"><code>usage</code></em>,
<em class="replaceable"><code>trace</code></em>,
<em class="replaceable"><code>record</code></em>,
<em class="replaceable"><code>size</code></em>, and
<em class="replaceable"><code>mctx</code></em>.
These correspond to the ISC_MEM_DEBUGXXXX flags described in
<code class="filename">&lt;isc/mem.h&gt;</code>.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Create <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em> worker threads
to take advantage of multiple CPUs. If not specified,
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will try to determine the
number of CPUs present and create one thread per CPU.
If it is unable to determine the number of CPUs, a
single worker thread will be created.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Listen for queries on port <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em>. If not
specified, the default is port 53.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-s</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Write memory usage statistics to <code class="filename">stdout</code> on exit.
</p>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>
This option is mainly of interest to BIND 9 developers
and may be removed or changed in a future release.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Allow <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> to use up to
<em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em> sockets.
</p>
<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
<p>
This option should be unnecessary for the vast majority
of users.
The use of this option could even be harmful because the
specified value may exceed the limitation of the
underlying system API.
It is therefore set only when the default configuration
causes exhaustion of file descriptors and the
operational environment is known to support the
specified number of sockets.
Note also that the actual maximum number is normally a little
fewer than the specified value because
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> reserves some file descriptors
for its internal use.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Chroot
to <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em> after
processing the command line arguments, but before
reading the configuration file.
</p>
<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
<p>
This option should be used in conjunction with the
<code class="option">-u</code> option, as chrooting a process
running as root doesn't enhance security on most
systems; the way <code class="function">chroot(2)</code> is
defined allows a process with root privileges to
escape a chroot jail.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-U <em class="replaceable"><code>#listeners</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Use <em class="replaceable"><code>#listeners</code></em>
worker threads to listen for incoming UDP packets on each
address. If not specified, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will
use the number of detected CPUs. If <code class="option">-n</code>
has been set to a higher value than the number of CPUs,
then <code class="option">-U</code> may be increased as high as that
value, but no higher.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Setuid
to <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em> after completing
privileged operations, such as creating sockets that
listen on privileged ports.
</p>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>
On Linux, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> uses the kernel's
capability mechanism to drop all root privileges
except the ability to <code class="function">bind(2)</code> to
a
privileged port and set process resource limits.
Unfortunately, this means that the <code class="option">-u</code>
option only works when <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is
run
on kernel 2.2.18 or later, or kernel 2.3.99-pre3 or
later, since previous kernels did not allow privileges
to be retained after <code class="function">setuid(2)</code>.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-v</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Report the version number and exit.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-V</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Report the version number and build options, and exit.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Load data from <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em> into the
cache of the default view.
</p>
<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
<p>
This option must not be used. It is only of interest
to BIND 9 developers and may be removed or changed in a
future release.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2677712"></a><h2>SIGNALS</h2>
<p>
In routine operation, signals should not be used to control
the nameserver; <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span> should be used
instead.
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term">SIGHUP</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Force a reload of the server.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">SIGINT, SIGTERM</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Shut down the server.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
<p>
The result of sending any other signals to the server is undefined.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2677830"></a><h2>CONFIGURATION</h2>
<p>
The <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> configuration file is too complex
to describe in detail here. A complete description is provided
in the
<em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>.
</p>
<p>
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> inherits the <code class="function">umask</code>
(file creation mode mask) from the parent process. If files
created by <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>, such as journal files,
need to have custom permissions, the <code class="function">umask</code>
should be set explicitly in the script used to start the
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> process.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2677879"></a><h2>FILES</h2>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The default configuration file.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/var/run/named/named.pid</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The default process-id file.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2677923"></a><h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
<p><em class="citetitle">RFC 1033</em>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC 1034</em>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC 1035</em>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named-checkconf</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named-checkzone</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">rndc</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">lwresd</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named.conf</span>(5)</span>,
<em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2677993"></a><h2>AUTHOR</h2>
<p><span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
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