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d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy<div class="refentry" lang="en">
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy<a name="man.named"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy<div class="refnamediv">
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy<h2>Name</h2>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy<p><span class="application">named</span> &#8212; Internet domain name server</p>
1d32ba663e202c24a5a1f2e5aef83fffb447cb7fJohn Wren Kennedy</div>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy<div class="refsynopsisdiv">
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy<h2>Synopsis</h2>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">named</code> [<code class="option">-4</code>] [<code class="option">-6</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine-name</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f</code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-m <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-s</code>] [<code class="option">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-v</code>] [<code class="option">-V</code>] [<code class="option">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em></code>]</p></div>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy</div>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy<a name="id2612820"></a><h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy<p><span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy is a Domain Name System (DNS) server,
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy part of the BIND 9 distribution from ISC. For more
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy information on the DNS, see RFCs 1033, 1034, and 1035.
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy </p>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy<p>
1d32ba663e202c24a5a1f2e5aef83fffb447cb7fJohn Wren Kennedy When invoked without arguments, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy will
1d32ba663e202c24a5a1f2e5aef83fffb447cb7fJohn Wren Kennedy read the default configuration file
1d32ba663e202c24a5a1f2e5aef83fffb447cb7fJohn Wren Kennedy <code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code>, read any initial
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy data, and listen for queries.
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy </p>
1d32ba663e202c24a5a1f2e5aef83fffb447cb7fJohn Wren Kennedy</div>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy<a name="id2612851"></a><h2>OPTIONS</h2>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy<div class="variablelist"><dl>
1d32ba663e202c24a5a1f2e5aef83fffb447cb7fJohn Wren Kennedy<dt><span class="term">-4</span></dt>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy<dd><p>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy Use IPv4 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv6.
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy <code class="option">-4</code> and <code class="option">-6</code> are mutually
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy exclusive.
1d32ba663e202c24a5a1f2e5aef83fffb447cb7fJohn Wren Kennedy </p></dd>
1d32ba663e202c24a5a1f2e5aef83fffb447cb7fJohn Wren Kennedy<dt><span class="term">-6</span></dt>
1d32ba663e202c24a5a1f2e5aef83fffb447cb7fJohn Wren Kennedy<dd><p>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy Use IPv6 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv4.
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy <code class="option">-4</code> and <code class="option">-6</code> are mutually
1d32ba663e202c24a5a1f2e5aef83fffb447cb7fJohn Wren Kennedy exclusive.
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy </p></dd>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em></span></dt>
1d32ba663e202c24a5a1f2e5aef83fffb447cb7fJohn Wren Kennedy<dd><p>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy Use <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em> as the
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy configuration file instead of the default,
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy <code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code>. To
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy ensure that reloading the configuration file continues
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy to work after the server has changed its working
1d32ba663e202c24a5a1f2e5aef83fffb447cb7fJohn Wren Kennedy directory due to to a possible
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy <code class="option">directory</code> option in the configuration
1d32ba663e202c24a5a1f2e5aef83fffb447cb7fJohn Wren Kennedy file, <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em> should be
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy an absolute pathname.
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy </p></dd>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy<dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em></span></dt>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy<dd><p>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy Set the daemon's debug level to <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em>.
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy Debugging traces from <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> become
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy more verbose as the debug level increases.
1d32ba663e202c24a5a1f2e5aef83fffb447cb7fJohn Wren Kennedy </p></dd>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy<dt><span class="term">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine-name</code></em></span></dt>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy<dd><p>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy Use a crypto hardware (OpenSSL engine) for the crypto operations
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy it supports, for instance re-signing with private keys from
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy a secure key store. When compiled with PKCS#11 support
1d32ba663e202c24a5a1f2e5aef83fffb447cb7fJohn Wren Kennedy <em class="replaceable"><code>engine-name</code></em>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy defaults to pkcs11, the empty name resets it to no engine.
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy </p></dd>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy<dt><span class="term">-f</span></dt>
1d32ba663e202c24a5a1f2e5aef83fffb447cb7fJohn Wren Kennedy<dd><p>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy Run the server in the foreground (i.e. do not daemonize).
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy </p></dd>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy<dt><span class="term">-g</span></dt>
1d32ba663e202c24a5a1f2e5aef83fffb447cb7fJohn Wren Kennedy<dd><p>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy Run the server in the foreground and force all logging
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy to <code class="filename">stderr</code>.
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy </p></dd>
1d32ba663e202c24a5a1f2e5aef83fffb447cb7fJohn Wren Kennedy<dt><span class="term">-m <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></span></dt>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy<dd><p>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy Turn on memory usage debugging flags. Possible flags are
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy <em class="replaceable"><code>usage</code></em>,
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy <em class="replaceable"><code>trace</code></em>,
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy <em class="replaceable"><code>record</code></em>,
1d32ba663e202c24a5a1f2e5aef83fffb447cb7fJohn Wren Kennedy <em class="replaceable"><code>size</code></em>, and
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy <em class="replaceable"><code>mctx</code></em>.
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy These correspond to the ISC_MEM_DEBUGXXXX flags described in
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy <code class="filename">&lt;isc/mem.h&gt;</code>.
1d32ba663e202c24a5a1f2e5aef83fffb447cb7fJohn Wren Kennedy </p></dd>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em></span></dt>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy<dd><p>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy Create <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em> worker threads
1d32ba663e202c24a5a1f2e5aef83fffb447cb7fJohn Wren Kennedy to take advantage of multiple CPUs. If not specified,
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will try to determine the
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy number of CPUs present and create one thread per CPU.
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy If it is unable to determine the number of CPUs, a
1d32ba663e202c24a5a1f2e5aef83fffb447cb7fJohn Wren Kennedy single worker thread will be created.
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy </p></dd>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy<dt><span class="term">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></span></dt>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy<dd><p>
1d32ba663e202c24a5a1f2e5aef83fffb447cb7fJohn Wren Kennedy Listen for queries on port <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em>. If not
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy specified, the default is port 53.
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy </p></dd>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy<dt><span class="term">-s</span></dt>
1d32ba663e202c24a5a1f2e5aef83fffb447cb7fJohn Wren Kennedy<dd>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy<p>
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy Write memory usage statistics to <code class="filename">stdout</code> on exit.
d583b39bfb4e2571d3e41097c5c357ffe353ad45John Wren Kennedy </p>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>
This option is mainly of interest to BIND 9 developers
and may be removed or changed in a future release.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Allow <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> to use up to
<em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em> sockets.
</p>
<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
<p>
This option should be unnecessary for the vast majority
of users.
The use of this option could even be harmful because the
specified value may exceed the limitation of the
underlying system API.
It is therefore set only when the default configuration
causes exhaustion of file descriptors and the
operational environment is known to support the
specified number of sockets.
Note also that the actual maximum number is normally a little
fewer than the specified value because
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> reserves some file descriptors
for its internal use.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Chroot
to <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em> after
processing the command line arguments, but before
reading the configuration file.
</p>
<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
<p>
This option should be used in conjunction with the
<code class="option">-u</code> option, as chrooting a process
running as root doesn't enhance security on most
systems; the way <code class="function">chroot(2)</code> is
defined allows a process with root privileges to
escape a chroot jail.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>Setuid
to <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em> after completing
privileged operations, such as creating sockets that
listen on privileged ports.
</p>
<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Note</h3>
<p>
On Linux, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> uses the kernel's
capability mechanism to drop all root privileges
except the ability to <code class="function">bind(2)</code> to
a
privileged port and set process resource limits.
Unfortunately, this means that the <code class="option">-u</code>
option only works when <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is
run
on kernel 2.2.18 or later, or kernel 2.3.99-pre3 or
later, since previous kernels did not allow privileges
to be retained after <code class="function">setuid(2)</code>.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-v</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Report the version number and exit.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-V</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Report the version number and build options, and exit.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Load data from <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em> into the
cache of the default view.
</p>
<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
<h3 class="title">Warning</h3>
<p>
This option must not be used. It is only of interest
to BIND 9 developers and may be removed or changed in a
future release.
</p>
</div>
</dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2627058"></a><h2>SIGNALS</h2>
<p>
In routine operation, signals should not be used to control
the nameserver; <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span> should be used
instead.
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term">SIGHUP</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Force a reload of the server.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">SIGINT, SIGTERM</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Shut down the server.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
<p>
The result of sending any other signals to the server is undefined.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2668341"></a><h2>CONFIGURATION</h2>
<p>
The <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> configuration file is too complex
to describe in detail here. A complete description is provided
in the
<em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>.
</p>
<p>
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> inherits the <code class="function">umask</code>
(file creation mode mask) from the parent process. If files
created by <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>, such as journal files,
need to have custom permissions, the <code class="function">umask</code>
should be set explicitly in the script used to start the
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> process.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2668390"></a><h2>FILES</h2>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The default configuration file.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/var/run/named/named.pid</code></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The default process-id file.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2668434"></a><h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
<p><em class="citetitle">RFC 1033</em>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC 1034</em>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC 1035</em>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named-checkconf</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named-checkzone</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">rndc</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">lwresd</span>(8)</span>,
<span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named.conf</span>(5)</span>,
<em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2668504"></a><h2>AUTHOR</h2>
<p><span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</span>
</p>
</div>
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