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25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis - Copyright (C) 2004-2008 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis - Copyright (C) 2000-2003 Internet Software Consortium.
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis - Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software for any
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis - purpose with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis - copyright notice and this permission notice appear in all copies.
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis - THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND ISC DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis - REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis - AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL ISC BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT,
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis - INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis - LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis - OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis - PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
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25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis<a name="man.named"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis<p><span class="application">named</span> — Internet domain name server</p>
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">named</code> [<code class="option">-4</code>] [<code class="option">-6</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f</code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-m <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-s</code>] [<code class="option">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-v</code>] [<code class="option">-V</code>] [<code class="option">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em></code>]</p></div>
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis<a name="id2607651"></a><h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis<p><span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis is a Domain Name System (DNS) server,
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis part of the BIND 9 distribution from ISC. For more
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis information on the DNS, see RFCs 1033, 1034, and 1035.
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis When invoked without arguments, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis read the default configuration file
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis <code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code>, read any initial
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis data, and listen for queries.
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis Use IPv4 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv6.
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis <code class="option">-4</code> and <code class="option">-6</code> are mutually
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis Use IPv6 only even if the host machine is capable of IPv4.
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis <code class="option">-4</code> and <code class="option">-6</code> are mutually
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em></span></dt>
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis Use <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em> as the
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis configuration file instead of the default,
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis <code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code>. To
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis ensure that reloading the configuration file continues
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis to work after the server has changed its working
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis directory due to to a possible
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis <code class="option">directory</code> option in the configuration
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis file, <em class="replaceable"><code>config-file</code></em> should be
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis an absolute pathname.
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis<dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em></span></dt>
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis Set the daemon's debug level to <em class="replaceable"><code>debug-level</code></em>.
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis Debugging traces from <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> become
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis more verbose as the debug level increases.
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis Run the server in the foreground (i.e. do not daemonize).
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis Run the server in the foreground and force all logging
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis<dt><span class="term">-m <em class="replaceable"><code>flag</code></em></span></dt>
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis Turn on memory usage debugging flags. Possible flags are
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis <em class="replaceable"><code>usage</code></em>,
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis <em class="replaceable"><code>trace</code></em>,
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis <em class="replaceable"><code>record</code></em>,
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis <em class="replaceable"><code>size</code></em>, and
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis <em class="replaceable"><code>mctx</code></em>.
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis These correspond to the ISC_MEM_DEBUGXXXX flags described in
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis <code class="filename"><isc/mem.h></code>.
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em></span></dt>
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis Create <em class="replaceable"><code>#cpus</code></em> worker threads
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis to take advantage of multiple CPUs. If not specified,
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> will try to determine the
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis number of CPUs present and create one thread per CPU.
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis If it is unable to determine the number of CPUs, a
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis single worker thread will be created.
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis<dt><span class="term">-p <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em></span></dt>
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis Listen for queries on port <em class="replaceable"><code>port</code></em>. If not
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis specified, the default is port 53.
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis Write memory usage statistics to <code class="filename">stdout</code> on exit.
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis This option is mainly of interest to BIND 9 developers
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis and may be removed or changed in a future release.
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis<dt><span class="term">-S <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em></span></dt>
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis Allow <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> to use up to
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis <em class="replaceable"><code>#max-socks</code></em> sockets.
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis This option should be unnecessary for the vast majority
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis The use of this option could even be harmful because the
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis specified value may exceed the limitation of the
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis underlying system API.
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis It is therefore set only when the default configuration
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis causes exhaustion of file descriptors and the
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis operational environment is known to support the
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis specified number of sockets.
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis Note also that the actual maximum number is normally a little
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis fewer than the specified value because
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> reserves some file descriptors
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis for its internal use.
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis<dt><span class="term">-t <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis to <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em> after
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis processing the command line arguments, but before
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis reading the configuration file.
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis This option should be used in conjunction with the
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis <code class="option">-u</code> option, as chrooting a process
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis running as root doesn't enhance security on most
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis systems; the way <code class="function">chroot(2)</code> is
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis defined allows a process with root privileges to
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis escape a chroot jail.
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis<dt><span class="term">-u <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em></span></dt>
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis to <em class="replaceable"><code>user</code></em> after completing
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis privileged operations, such as creating sockets that
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis listen on privileged ports.
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis<div class="note" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis On Linux, <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> uses the kernel's
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis capability mechanism to drop all root privileges
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis except the ability to <code class="function">bind(2)</code> to
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis privileged port and set process resource limits.
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis Unfortunately, this means that the <code class="option">-u</code>
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis option only works when <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> is
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis on kernel 2.2.18 or later, or kernel 2.3.99-pre3 or
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis later, since previous kernels did not allow privileges
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis to be retained after <code class="function">setuid(2)</code>.
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis Report the version number and exit.
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis Report the version number and build options, and exit.
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis<dt><span class="term">-x <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em></span></dt>
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis Load data from <em class="replaceable"><code>cache-file</code></em> into the
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis cache of the default view.
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis<div class="warning" style="margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0.5in;">
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis This option must not be used. It is only of interest
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis to BIND 9 developers and may be removed or changed in a
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis future release.
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis In routine operation, signals should not be used to control
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis the nameserver; <span><strong class="command">rndc</strong></span> should be used
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis Force a reload of the server.
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis<dt><span class="term">SIGINT, SIGTERM</span></dt>
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis Shut down the server.
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis The result of sending any other signals to the server is undefined.
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis<a name="id2610038"></a><h2>CONFIGURATION</h2>
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis The <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span> configuration file is too complex
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis to describe in detail here. A complete description is provided
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis <em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>.
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/etc/named.conf</code></span></dt>
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis The default configuration file.
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis<dt><span class="term"><code class="filename">/var/run/named/named.pid</code></span></dt>
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis The default process-id file.
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named-checkconf</span>(8)</span>,
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named-checkzone</span>(8)</span>,
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">rndc</span>(8)</span>,
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">lwresd</span>(8)</span>,
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis <span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">named.conf</span>(5)</span>,
25c28e83beb90e7c80452a7c818c5e6f73a07dc8Piotr Jasiukajtis <em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>.
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