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e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<hr>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync</div>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<div class="refentry" lang="en">
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<a name="man.dnssec-signzone"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<div class="refnamediv">
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<h2>Name</h2>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<p><span class="application">dnssec-signzone</span> &#8212; DNSSEC zone signing tool</p>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync</div>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<div class="refsynopsisdiv">
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<h2>Synopsis</h2>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">dnssec-signzone</code> [<code class="option">-a</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-h</code>] [<code class="option">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-p</code>] [<code class="option">-P</code>] [<code class="option">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-S</code>] [<code class="option">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t</code>] [<code class="option">-u</code>] [<code class="option">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-x</code>] [<code class="option">-z</code>] [<code class="option">-3 <em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-H <em class="replaceable"><code>iterations</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-A</code>] {zonefile} [key...]</p></div>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync</div>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<a name="id2611632"></a><h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<p><span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync signs a zone. It generates
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync NSEC and RRSIG records and produces a signed version of the
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync zone. The security status of delegations from the signed zone
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync (that is, whether the child zones are secure or not) is
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync determined by the presence or absence of a
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync <code class="filename">keyset</code> file for each child zone.
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync </p>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync</div>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<a name="id2611651"></a><h2>OPTIONS</h2>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<div class="variablelist"><dl>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-a</span></dt>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dd><p>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync Verify all generated signatures.
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync </p></dd>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span></dt>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dd><p>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync Specifies the DNS class of the zone.
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync </p></dd>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-C</span></dt>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dd><p>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync Compatibility mode: Generate a
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync <code class="filename">keyset-<em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></code>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync file in addition to
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync <code class="filename">dsset-<em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></code>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync when signing a zone, for use by older versions of
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>.
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync </p></dd>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dd><p>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync Look for <code class="filename">dsset-</code> or
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync <code class="filename">keyset-</code> files in <code class="option">directory</code>.
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync </p></dd>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine</code></em></span></dt>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dd><p>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync Uses a crypto hardware (OpenSSL engine) for the crypto operations
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync it supports, for instance signing with private keys from
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync a secure key store. When compiled with PKCS#11 support
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync it defaults to pkcs11; the empty name resets it to no engine.
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync </p></dd>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-g</span></dt>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dd><p>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync Generate DS records for child zones from
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync <code class="filename">dsset-</code> or <code class="filename">keyset-</code>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync file. Existing DS records will be removed.
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync </p></dd>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dd><p>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync Key repository: Specify a directory to search for DNSSEC keys.
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync If not specified, defaults to the current directory.
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync </p></dd>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></span></dt>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dd><p>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync Treat specified key as a key signing key ignoring any
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync key flags. This option may be specified multiple times.
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync </p></dd>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></span></dt>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dd><p>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync Generate a DLV set in addition to the key (DNSKEY) and DS sets.
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync The domain is appended to the name of the records.
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync </p></dd>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></span></dt>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dd><p>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync become valid. This can be either an absolute or relative
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync time. An absolute start time is indicated by a number
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation; 20000530144500 denotes
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync 14:45:00 UTC on May 30th, 2000. A relative start time is
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync indicated by +N, which is N seconds from the current time.
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync If no <code class="option">start-time</code> is specified, the current
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync time minus 1 hour (to allow for clock skew) is used.
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync </p></dd>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></span></dt>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dd><p>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync expire. As with <code class="option">start-time</code>, an absolute
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync the start time. A time relative to the current time is
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync indicated with now+N. If no <code class="option">end-time</code> is
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync specified, 30 days from the start time is used as a default.
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync <code class="option">end-time</code> must be later than
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync <code class="option">start-time</code>.
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync </p></dd>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></span></dt>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dd><p>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync The name of the output file containing the signed zone. The
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync default is to append <code class="filename">.signed</code> to
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync the
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync input filename.
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync </p></dd>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-h</span></dt>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dd><p>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync Prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>.
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync </p></dd>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></span></dt>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dd>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<p>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync When a previously-signed zone is passed as input, records
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync may be resigned. The <code class="option">interval</code> option
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync specifies the cycle interval as an offset from the current
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync time (in seconds). If a RRSIG record expires after the
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync cycle interval, it is retained. Otherwise, it is considered
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync to be expiring soon, and it will be replaced.
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync </p>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<p>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync The default cycle interval is one quarter of the difference
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync between the signature end and start times. So if neither
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync <code class="option">end-time</code> or <code class="option">start-time</code>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync are specified, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync generates
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync signatures that are valid for 30 days, with a cycle
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync interval of 7.5 days. Therefore, if any existing RRSIG records
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync are due to expire in less than 7.5 days, they would be
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync replaced.
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync </p>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync</dd>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></span></dt>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dd><p>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync The format of the input zone file.
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"text"</strong></span> (default)
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync and <span><strong class="command">"raw"</strong></span>.
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync This option is primarily intended to be used for dynamic
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync signed zones so that the dumped zone file in a non-text
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync format containing updates can be signed directly.
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync The use of this option does not make much sense for
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync non-dynamic zones.
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync </p></dd>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></span></dt>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dd>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<p>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync When signing a zone with a fixed signature lifetime, all
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync RRSIG records issued at the time of signing expires
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync simultaneously. If the zone is incrementally signed, i.e.
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync a previously-signed zone is passed as input to the signer,
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync all expired signatures have to be regenerated at about the
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync same time. The <code class="option">jitter</code> option specifies a
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync jitter window that will be used to randomize the signature
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync expire time, thus spreading incremental signature
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync regeneration over time.
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync </p>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<p>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync Signature lifetime jitter also to some extent benefits
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync validators and servers by spreading out cache expiration,
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync i.e. if large numbers of RRSIGs don't expire at the same time
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync from all caches there will be less congestion than if all
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync validators need to refetch at mostly the same time.
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync </p>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync</dd>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>ncpus</code></em></span></dt>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dd><p>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync Specifies the number of threads to use. By default, one
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync thread is started for each detected CPU.
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync </p></dd>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></span></dt>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dd>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<p>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync The SOA serial number format of the signed zone.
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"keep"</strong></span> (default),
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync <span><strong class="command">"increment"</strong></span> and
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync <span><strong class="command">"unixtime"</strong></span>.
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync </p>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<div class="variablelist"><dl>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"keep"</strong></span></span></dt>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dd><p>Do not modify the SOA serial number.</p></dd>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"increment"</strong></span></span></dt>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dd><p>Increment the SOA serial number using RFC 1982
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync arithmetics.</p></dd>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"unixtime"</strong></span></span></dt>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync<dd><p>Set the SOA serial number to the number of seconds
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync since epoch.</p></dd>
e0e0c19eefceaf5d4ec40f9466b58a771f50e799vboxsync</dl></div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The zone origin. If not specified, the name of the zone file
is assumed to be the origin.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The format of the output file containing the signed zone.
Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"text"</strong></span> (default)
and <span><strong class="command">"raw"</strong></span>.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-p</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Use pseudo-random data when signing the zone. This is faster,
but less secure, than using real random data. This option
may be useful when signing large zones or when the entropy
source is limited.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-P</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Disable post sign verification tests.
</p>
<p>
The post sign verification test ensures that for each algorithm
in use there is at least one non revoked self signed KSK key,
that all revoked KSK keys are self signed, and that all records
in the zone are signed by the algorithm.
This option skips these tests.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specifies the source of randomness. If the operating
system does not provide a <code class="filename">/dev/random</code>
or equivalent device, the default source of randomness
is keyboard input. <code class="filename">randomdev</code>
specifies
the name of a character device or file containing random
data to be used instead of the default. The special value
<code class="filename">keyboard</code> indicates that keyboard
input should be used.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-S</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Smart signing: Instructs <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> to
search the key repository for keys that match the zone being
signed, and to include them in the zone if appropriate.
</p>
<p>
When a key is found, its timing metadata is examined to
determine how it should be used, according to the following
rules. Each successive rule takes priority over the prior
ones:
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If no timing metadata has been set for the key, the key is
published in the zone and used to sign the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If the key's publication date is set and is in the past, the
key is published in the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If the key's activation date is set and in the past, the
key is published (regardless of publication date) and
used to sign the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If the key's revocation date is set and in the past, and the
key is published, then the key is revoked, and the revoked key
is used to sign the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If either of the key's unpublication or deletion dates are set
and in the past, the key is NOT published or used to sign the
zone, regardless of any other metadata.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specifies the TTL to be used for new DNSKEY records imported
into the zone from the key repository. If not specified,
the default is the minimum TTL value from the zone's SOA
record. This option is ignored when signing without
<code class="option">-S</code>, since DNSKEY records are not imported
from the key repository in that case. It is also ignored if
there are any pre-existing DNSKEY records at the zone apex,
in which case new records' TTL values will be set to match
them.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-t</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Print statistics at completion.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-u</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Update NSEC/NSEC3 chain when re-signing a previously signed
zone. With this option, a zone signed with NSEC can be
switched to NSEC3, or a zone signed with NSEC3 can
be switch to NSEC or to NSEC3 with different parameters.
Without this option, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> will
retain the existing chain when re-signing.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Sets the debugging level.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-x</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Only sign the DNSKEY RRset with key-signing keys, and omit
signatures from zone-signing keys. (This is similar to the
<span><strong class="command">dnssec-dnskey-kskonly yes;</strong></span> zone option in
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.)
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-z</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Ignore KSK flag on key when determining what to sign. This
causes KSK-flagged keys to sign all records, not just the
DNSKEY RRset. (This is similar to the
<span><strong class="command">update-check-ksk no;</strong></span> zone option in
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.)
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-3 <em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Generate an NSEC3 chain with the given hex encoded salt.
A dash (<em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em>) can
be used to indicate that no salt is to be used when generating the NSEC3 chain.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-H <em class="replaceable"><code>iterations</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
When generating an NSEC3 chain, use this many interations. The
default is 10.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-A</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
When generating an NSEC3 chain set the OPTOUT flag on all
NSEC3 records and do not generate NSEC3 records for insecure
delegations.
</p>
<p>
Using this option twice (i.e., <code class="option">-AA</code>)
turns the OPTOUT flag off for all records. This is useful
when using the <code class="option">-u</code> option to modify an NSEC3
chain which previously had OPTOUT set.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">zonefile</span></dt>
<dd><p>
The file containing the zone to be signed.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">key</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specify which keys should be used to sign the zone. If
no keys are specified, then the zone will be examined
for DNSKEY records at the zone apex. If these are found and
there are matching private keys, in the current directory,
then these will be used for signing.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2663173"></a><h2>EXAMPLE</h2>
<p>
The following command signs the <strong class="userinput"><code>example.com</code></strong>
zone with the DSA key generated by <span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span>
(Kexample.com.+003+17247). Because the <span><strong class="command">-S</strong></span> option
is not being used, the zone's keys must be in the master file
(<code class="filename">db.example.com</code>). This invocation looks
for <code class="filename">dsset</code> files, in the current directory,
so that DS records can be imported from them (<span><strong class="command">-g</strong></span>).
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">% dnssec-signzone -g -o example.com db.example.com \
Kexample.com.+003+17247
db.example.com.signed
%</pre>
<p>
In the above example, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> creates
the file <code class="filename">db.example.com.signed</code>. This
file should be referenced in a zone statement in a
<code class="filename">named.conf</code> file.
</p>
<p>
This example re-signs a previously signed zone with default parameters.
The private keys are assumed to be in the current directory.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">% cp db.example.com.signed db.example.com
% dnssec-signzone -o example.com db.example.com
db.example.com.signed
%</pre>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2663320"></a><h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
<p><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">dnssec-keygen</span>(8)</span>,
<em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC 4033</em>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2663345"></a><h2>AUTHOR</h2>
<p><span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
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