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ca00e65bb45e396fffcd00c0ff137d484b952577JnRouvignac</div>
ca00e65bb45e396fffcd00c0ff137d484b952577JnRouvignac<div class="refentry" lang="en">
ca00e65bb45e396fffcd00c0ff137d484b952577JnRouvignac<a name="man.dnssec-signzone"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac<div class="refnamediv">
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac<h2>Name</h2>
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac<p><span class="application">dnssec-signzone</span> &#8212; DNSSEC zone signing tool</p>
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac</div>
09233123f386dbb53e6b349a4b2361b66f020356JnRouvignac<div class="refsynopsisdiv">
09233123f386dbb53e6b349a4b2361b66f020356JnRouvignac<h2>Synopsis</h2>
09233123f386dbb53e6b349a4b2361b66f020356JnRouvignac<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">dnssec-signzone</code> [<code class="option">-a</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-D</code>] [<code class="option">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-h</code>] [<code class="option">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>serial</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-P</code>] [<code class="option">-p</code>] [<code class="option">-R</code>] [<code class="option">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-S</code>] [<code class="option">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t</code>] [<code class="option">-u</code>] [<code class="option">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-X <em class="replaceable"><code>extended end-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-x</code>] [<code class="option">-z</code>] [<code class="option">-3 <em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-H <em class="replaceable"><code>iterations</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-A</code>] {zonefile} [key...]</p></div>
09233123f386dbb53e6b349a4b2361b66f020356JnRouvignac</div>
09233123f386dbb53e6b349a4b2361b66f020356JnRouvignac<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
09233123f386dbb53e6b349a4b2361b66f020356JnRouvignac<a name="id2619863"></a><h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
09233123f386dbb53e6b349a4b2361b66f020356JnRouvignac<p><span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
09233123f386dbb53e6b349a4b2361b66f020356JnRouvignac signs a zone. It generates
09233123f386dbb53e6b349a4b2361b66f020356JnRouvignac NSEC and RRSIG records and produces a signed version of the
09233123f386dbb53e6b349a4b2361b66f020356JnRouvignac zone. The security status of delegations from the signed zone
09233123f386dbb53e6b349a4b2361b66f020356JnRouvignac (that is, whether the child zones are secure or not) is
09233123f386dbb53e6b349a4b2361b66f020356JnRouvignac determined by the presence or absence of a
09233123f386dbb53e6b349a4b2361b66f020356JnRouvignac <code class="filename">keyset</code> file for each child zone.
09233123f386dbb53e6b349a4b2361b66f020356JnRouvignac </p>
09233123f386dbb53e6b349a4b2361b66f020356JnRouvignac</div>
ca00e65bb45e396fffcd00c0ff137d484b952577JnRouvignac<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
ca00e65bb45e396fffcd00c0ff137d484b952577JnRouvignac<a name="id2619882"></a><h2>OPTIONS</h2>
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac<div class="variablelist"><dl>
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac<dt><span class="term">-a</span></dt>
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac<dd><p>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac Verify all generated signatures.
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac </p></dd>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span></dt>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac<dd><p>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac Specifies the DNS class of the zone.
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac </p></dd>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac<dt><span class="term">-C</span></dt>
ca00e65bb45e396fffcd00c0ff137d484b952577JnRouvignac<dd><p>
ca00e65bb45e396fffcd00c0ff137d484b952577JnRouvignac Compatibility mode: Generate a
ca00e65bb45e396fffcd00c0ff137d484b952577JnRouvignac <code class="filename">keyset-<em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></code>
ca00e65bb45e396fffcd00c0ff137d484b952577JnRouvignac file in addition to
ca00e65bb45e396fffcd00c0ff137d484b952577JnRouvignac <code class="filename">dsset-<em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></code>
ca00e65bb45e396fffcd00c0ff137d484b952577JnRouvignac when signing a zone, for use by older versions of
ca00e65bb45e396fffcd00c0ff137d484b952577JnRouvignac <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>.
ca00e65bb45e396fffcd00c0ff137d484b952577JnRouvignac </p></dd>
ca00e65bb45e396fffcd00c0ff137d484b952577JnRouvignac<dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
ca00e65bb45e396fffcd00c0ff137d484b952577JnRouvignac<dd><p>
ca00e65bb45e396fffcd00c0ff137d484b952577JnRouvignac Look for <code class="filename">dsset-</code> or
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac <code class="filename">keyset-</code> files in <code class="option">directory</code>.
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac </p></dd>
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac<dt><span class="term">-D</span></dt>
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac<dd><p>
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac Output only those record types automatically managed by
09233123f386dbb53e6b349a4b2361b66f020356JnRouvignac <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>, i.e. RRSIG, NSEC,
09233123f386dbb53e6b349a4b2361b66f020356JnRouvignac NSEC3 and NSEC3PARAM records. If smart signing
09233123f386dbb53e6b349a4b2361b66f020356JnRouvignac (<code class="option">-S</code>) is used, DNSKEY records are also
09233123f386dbb53e6b349a4b2361b66f020356JnRouvignac included. The resulting file can be included in the original
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac zone file with <span><strong class="command">$INCLUDE</strong></span>. This option
5f46089a53d8580088fe298226da26a46cbf47abJnRouvignac cannot be combined with <code class="option">-O raw</code>,
5f46089a53d8580088fe298226da26a46cbf47abJnRouvignac <code class="option">-O fast</code>, or serial number updating.
5f46089a53d8580088fe298226da26a46cbf47abJnRouvignac </p></dd>
5f46089a53d8580088fe298226da26a46cbf47abJnRouvignac<dt><span class="term">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine</code></em></span></dt>
5f46089a53d8580088fe298226da26a46cbf47abJnRouvignac<dd><p>
5f46089a53d8580088fe298226da26a46cbf47abJnRouvignac Uses a crypto hardware (OpenSSL engine) for the crypto operations
5f46089a53d8580088fe298226da26a46cbf47abJnRouvignac it supports, for instance signing with private keys from
5f46089a53d8580088fe298226da26a46cbf47abJnRouvignac a secure key store. When compiled with PKCS#11 support
5f46089a53d8580088fe298226da26a46cbf47abJnRouvignac it defaults to pkcs11; the empty name resets it to no engine.
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac </p></dd>
5f46089a53d8580088fe298226da26a46cbf47abJnRouvignac<dt><span class="term">-g</span></dt>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac<dd><p>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac Generate DS records for child zones from
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac <code class="filename">dsset-</code> or <code class="filename">keyset-</code>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac file. Existing DS records will be removed.
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac </p></dd>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac<dt><span class="term">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac<dd><p>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac Key repository: Specify a directory to search for DNSSEC keys.
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac If not specified, defaults to the current directory.
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac </p></dd>
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac<dt><span class="term">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></span></dt>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac<dd><p>
ca00e65bb45e396fffcd00c0ff137d484b952577JnRouvignac Treat specified key as a key signing key ignoring any
ca00e65bb45e396fffcd00c0ff137d484b952577JnRouvignac key flags. This option may be specified multiple times.
c4f7521f6ac79b49ccd2025131a5b4adfc6a8c2aJnRouvignac </p></dd>
ca00e65bb45e396fffcd00c0ff137d484b952577JnRouvignac<dt><span class="term">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></span></dt>
c4f7521f6ac79b49ccd2025131a5b4adfc6a8c2aJnRouvignac<dd><p>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac Generate a DLV set in addition to the key (DNSKEY) and DS sets.
09233123f386dbb53e6b349a4b2361b66f020356JnRouvignac The domain is appended to the name of the records.
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac </p></dd>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac<dt><span class="term">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></span></dt>
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac<dd><p>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac become valid. This can be either an absolute or relative
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac time. An absolute start time is indicated by a number
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation; 20000530144500 denotes
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac 14:45:00 UTC on May 30th, 2000. A relative start time is
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac indicated by +N, which is N seconds from the current time.
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac If no <code class="option">start-time</code> is specified, the current
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac time minus 1 hour (to allow for clock skew) is used.
09233123f386dbb53e6b349a4b2361b66f020356JnRouvignac </p></dd>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac<dt><span class="term">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></span></dt>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac<dd><p>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
09233123f386dbb53e6b349a4b2361b66f020356JnRouvignac expire. As with <code class="option">start-time</code>, an absolute
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac the start time. A time relative to the current time is
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac indicated with now+N. If no <code class="option">end-time</code> is
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac specified, 30 days from the start time is used as a default.
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac <code class="option">end-time</code> must be later than
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac <code class="option">start-time</code>.
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac </p></dd>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac<dt><span class="term">-X <em class="replaceable"><code>extended end-time</code></em></span></dt>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac<dd>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac<p>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac for the DNSKEY RRset will expire. This is to be used in cases
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac when the DNSKEY signatures need to persist longer than
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac signatures on other records; e.g., when the private component
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac of the KSK is kept offline and the KSK signature is to be
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac refreshed manually.
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac </p>
ca00e65bb45e396fffcd00c0ff137d484b952577JnRouvignac<p>
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac As with <code class="option">start-time</code>, an absolute
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
ca00e65bb45e396fffcd00c0ff137d484b952577JnRouvignac the start time. A time relative to the current time is
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac indicated with now+N. If no <code class="option">extended end-time</code> is
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac specified, the value of <code class="option">end-time</code> is used as
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac the default. (<code class="option">end-time</code>, in turn, defaults to
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac 30 days from the start time.) <code class="option">extended end-time</code>
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac must be later than <code class="option">start-time</code>.
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac </p>
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac</dd>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac<dt><span class="term">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></span></dt>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac<dd><p>
09233123f386dbb53e6b349a4b2361b66f020356JnRouvignac The name of the output file containing the signed zone. The
09233123f386dbb53e6b349a4b2361b66f020356JnRouvignac default is to append <code class="filename">.signed</code> to
09233123f386dbb53e6b349a4b2361b66f020356JnRouvignac the input filename. If <code class="option">output-file</code> is
09233123f386dbb53e6b349a4b2361b66f020356JnRouvignac set to <code class="literal">"-"</code>, then the signed zone is
09233123f386dbb53e6b349a4b2361b66f020356JnRouvignac written to the standard output, with a default output
09233123f386dbb53e6b349a4b2361b66f020356JnRouvignac format of "full".
ca00e65bb45e396fffcd00c0ff137d484b952577JnRouvignac </p></dd>
ca00e65bb45e396fffcd00c0ff137d484b952577JnRouvignac<dt><span class="term">-h</span></dt>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac<dd><p>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac Prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>.
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac </p></dd>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac<dt><span class="term">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></span></dt>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac<dd>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac<p>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac When a previously-signed zone is passed as input, records
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac may be resigned. The <code class="option">interval</code> option
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac specifies the cycle interval as an offset from the current
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac time (in seconds). If a RRSIG record expires after the
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac cycle interval, it is retained. Otherwise, it is considered
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac to be expiring soon, and it will be replaced.
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac </p>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac<p>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac The default cycle interval is one quarter of the difference
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac between the signature end and start times. So if neither
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac <code class="option">end-time</code> or <code class="option">start-time</code>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac are specified, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac generates
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac signatures that are valid for 30 days, with a cycle
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac interval of 7.5 days. Therefore, if any existing RRSIG records
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac are due to expire in less than 7.5 days, they would be
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac replaced.
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac </p>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac</dd>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac<dt><span class="term">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></span></dt>
ca00e65bb45e396fffcd00c0ff137d484b952577JnRouvignac<dd><p>
ca00e65bb45e396fffcd00c0ff137d484b952577JnRouvignac The format of the input zone file.
ca00e65bb45e396fffcd00c0ff137d484b952577JnRouvignac Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"text"</strong></span> (default),
ca00e65bb45e396fffcd00c0ff137d484b952577JnRouvignac <span><strong class="command">"raw"</strong></span>, and <span><strong class="command">"fast"</strong></span>.
ca00e65bb45e396fffcd00c0ff137d484b952577JnRouvignac This option is primarily intended to be used for dynamic
ca00e65bb45e396fffcd00c0ff137d484b952577JnRouvignac signed zones so that the dumped zone file in a non-text
ca00e65bb45e396fffcd00c0ff137d484b952577JnRouvignac format containing updates can be signed directly.
09233123f386dbb53e6b349a4b2361b66f020356JnRouvignac The use of this option does not make much sense for
09233123f386dbb53e6b349a4b2361b66f020356JnRouvignac non-dynamic zones.
09233123f386dbb53e6b349a4b2361b66f020356JnRouvignac </p></dd>
09233123f386dbb53e6b349a4b2361b66f020356JnRouvignac<dt><span class="term">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></span></dt>
09233123f386dbb53e6b349a4b2361b66f020356JnRouvignac<dd>
09233123f386dbb53e6b349a4b2361b66f020356JnRouvignac<p>
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac When signing a zone with a fixed signature lifetime, all
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac RRSIG records issued at the time of signing expires
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac simultaneously. If the zone is incrementally signed, i.e.
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac a previously-signed zone is passed as input to the signer,
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac all expired signatures have to be regenerated at about the
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac same time. The <code class="option">jitter</code> option specifies a
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac jitter window that will be used to randomize the signature
ca00e65bb45e396fffcd00c0ff137d484b952577JnRouvignac expire time, thus spreading incremental signature
ca00e65bb45e396fffcd00c0ff137d484b952577JnRouvignac regeneration over time.
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac </p>
18d70922e52e438970c1e3315bed0af8ed8eea1cJnRouvignac<p>
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac Signature lifetime jitter also to some extent benefits
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac validators and servers by spreading out cache expiration,
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac i.e. if large numbers of RRSIGs don't expire at the same time
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac from all caches there will be less congestion than if all
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac validators need to refetch at mostly the same time.
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac </p>
09233123f386dbb53e6b349a4b2361b66f020356JnRouvignac</dd>
ca00e65bb45e396fffcd00c0ff137d484b952577JnRouvignac<dt><span class="term">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>serial</code></em></span></dt>
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac<dd><p>
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac When writing a signed zone to "raw" or "fast" format, set the
253386d9f6c49b496237c0f941e0d1ae323f8b5bJnRouvignac "source serial" value in the header to the specified serial
number. (This is expected to be used primarily for testing
purposes.)
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>ncpus</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specifies the number of threads to use. By default, one
thread is started for each detected CPU.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
The SOA serial number format of the signed zone.
Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"keep"</strong></span> (default),
<span><strong class="command">"increment"</strong></span> and
<span><strong class="command">"unixtime"</strong></span>.
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"keep"</strong></span></span></dt>
<dd><p>Do not modify the SOA serial number.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"increment"</strong></span></span></dt>
<dd><p>Increment the SOA serial number using RFC 1982
arithmetics.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"unixtime"</strong></span></span></dt>
<dd><p>Set the SOA serial number to the number of seconds
since epoch.</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The zone origin. If not specified, the name of the zone file
is assumed to be the origin.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The format of the output file containing the signed zone.
Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"text"</strong></span> (default),
which is the standard textual representation of the zone;
<span><strong class="command">"full"</strong></span>, which is text output in a
format suitable for processing by external scripts;
and <span><strong class="command">"fast"</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">"raw"</strong></span>,
and <span><strong class="command">"raw=N"</strong></span>, which store the zone in
binary formats for rapid loading by <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.
<span><strong class="command">"raw=N"</strong></span> specifies the format version of
the raw zone file: if N is 0, the raw file can be read by
any version of <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>; if N is 1, the file
can be read by release 9.9.0 or higher; the default is 1.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-p</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Use pseudo-random data when signing the zone. This is faster,
but less secure, than using real random data. This option
may be useful when signing large zones or when the entropy
source is limited.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-P</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Disable post sign verification tests.
</p>
<p>
The post sign verification test ensures that for each algorithm
in use there is at least one non revoked self signed KSK key,
that all revoked KSK keys are self signed, and that all records
in the zone are signed by the algorithm.
This option skips these tests.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-R</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Remove signatures from keys that no longer exist.
</p>
<p>
Normally, when a previously-signed zone is passed as input
to the signer, and a DNSKEY record has been removed and
replaced with a new one, signatures from the old key
that are still within their validity period are retained.
This allows the zone to continue to validate with cached
copies of the old DNSKEY RRset. The <code class="option">-R</code> forces
<span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> to remove all orphaned
signatures.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specifies the source of randomness. If the operating
system does not provide a <code class="filename">/dev/random</code>
or equivalent device, the default source of randomness
is keyboard input. <code class="filename">randomdev</code>
specifies
the name of a character device or file containing random
data to be used instead of the default. The special value
<code class="filename">keyboard</code> indicates that keyboard
input should be used.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-S</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Smart signing: Instructs <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> to
search the key repository for keys that match the zone being
signed, and to include them in the zone if appropriate.
</p>
<p>
When a key is found, its timing metadata is examined to
determine how it should be used, according to the following
rules. Each successive rule takes priority over the prior
ones:
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If no timing metadata has been set for the key, the key is
published in the zone and used to sign the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If the key's publication date is set and is in the past, the
key is published in the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If the key's activation date is set and in the past, the
key is published (regardless of publication date) and
used to sign the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If the key's revocation date is set and in the past, and the
key is published, then the key is revoked, and the revoked key
is used to sign the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If either of the key's unpublication or deletion dates are set
and in the past, the key is NOT published or used to sign the
zone, regardless of any other metadata.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specifies a TTL to be used for new DNSKEY records imported
into the zone from the key repository. If not
specified, the default is the TTL value from the zone's SOA
record. This option is ignored when signing without
<code class="option">-S</code>, since DNSKEY records are not imported
from the key repository in that case. It is also ignored if
there are any pre-existing DNSKEY records at the zone apex,
in which case new records' TTL values will be set to match
them, or if any of the imported DNSKEY records had a default
TTL value. In the event of a a conflict between TTL values in
imported keys, the shortest one is used.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-t</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Print statistics at completion.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-u</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Update NSEC/NSEC3 chain when re-signing a previously signed
zone. With this option, a zone signed with NSEC can be
switched to NSEC3, or a zone signed with NSEC3 can
be switch to NSEC or to NSEC3 with different parameters.
Without this option, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> will
retain the existing chain when re-signing.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Sets the debugging level.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-x</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Only sign the DNSKEY RRset with key-signing keys, and omit
signatures from zone-signing keys. (This is similar to the
<span><strong class="command">dnssec-dnskey-kskonly yes;</strong></span> zone option in
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.)
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-z</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Ignore KSK flag on key when determining what to sign. This
causes KSK-flagged keys to sign all records, not just the
DNSKEY RRset. (This is similar to the
<span><strong class="command">update-check-ksk no;</strong></span> zone option in
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.)
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-3 <em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Generate an NSEC3 chain with the given hex encoded salt.
A dash (<em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em>) can
be used to indicate that no salt is to be used when generating the NSEC3 chain.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-H <em class="replaceable"><code>iterations</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
When generating an NSEC3 chain, use this many interations. The
default is 10.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-A</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
When generating an NSEC3 chain set the OPTOUT flag on all
NSEC3 records and do not generate NSEC3 records for insecure
delegations.
</p>
<p>
Using this option twice (i.e., <code class="option">-AA</code>)
turns the OPTOUT flag off for all records. This is useful
when using the <code class="option">-u</code> option to modify an NSEC3
chain which previously had OPTOUT set.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">zonefile</span></dt>
<dd><p>
The file containing the zone to be signed.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">key</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specify which keys should be used to sign the zone. If
no keys are specified, then the zone will be examined
for DNSKEY records at the zone apex. If these are found and
there are matching private keys, in the current directory,
then these will be used for signing.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2674506"></a><h2>EXAMPLE</h2>
<p>
The following command signs the <strong class="userinput"><code>example.com</code></strong>
zone with the DSA key generated by <span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span>
(Kexample.com.+003+17247). Because the <span><strong class="command">-S</strong></span> option
is not being used, the zone's keys must be in the master file
(<code class="filename">db.example.com</code>). This invocation looks
for <code class="filename">dsset</code> files, in the current directory,
so that DS records can be imported from them (<span><strong class="command">-g</strong></span>).
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">% dnssec-signzone -g -o example.com db.example.com \
Kexample.com.+003+17247
db.example.com.signed
%</pre>
<p>
In the above example, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> creates
the file <code class="filename">db.example.com.signed</code>. This
file should be referenced in a zone statement in a
<code class="filename">named.conf</code> file.
</p>
<p>
This example re-signs a previously signed zone with default parameters.
The private keys are assumed to be in the current directory.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">% cp db.example.com.signed db.example.com
% dnssec-signzone -o example.com db.example.com
db.example.com.signed
%</pre>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2674585"></a><h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
<p><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">dnssec-keygen</span>(8)</span>,
<em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC 4033</em>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2674610"></a><h2>AUTHOR</h2>
<p><span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
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