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span class="application">dnssec-signzone</
span></
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3853N/A<
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3853N/A<
div class="refentry" lang="en">
3853N/A<
p><
span class="application">dnssec-signzone</
span> — DNSSEC zone signing tool</
p>
3853N/A<
div class="refsynopsisdiv">
5035N/A<
div class="cmdsynopsis"><
p><
code class="command">dnssec-signzone</
code> [<
code class="option">-a</
code>] [<
code class="option">-c <
em class="replaceable"><
code>class</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-d <
em class="replaceable"><
code>directory</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-e <
em class="replaceable"><
code>end-time</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-f <
em class="replaceable"><
code>output-file</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-g</
code>] [<
code class="option">-h</
code>] [<
code class="option">-k <
em class="replaceable"><
code>key</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-l <
em class="replaceable"><
code>domain</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-i <
em class="replaceable"><
code>interval</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-I <
em class="replaceable"><
code>input-format</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-j <
em class="replaceable"><
code>jitter</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-N <
em class="replaceable"><
code>soa-serial-format</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-o <
em class="replaceable"><
code>origin</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-O <
em class="replaceable"><
code>output-format</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-p</
code>] [<
code class="option">-r <
em class="replaceable"><
code>randomdev</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-s <
em class="replaceable"><
code>start-time</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-t</
code>] [<
code class="option">-v <
em class="replaceable"><
code>level</
code></
em></
code>] [<
code class="option">-z</
code>] {zonefile} [key...]</
p></
div>
3853N/A<
div class="refsect1" lang="en">
3853N/A<
a name="id2599728"></
a><
h2>DESCRIPTION</
h2>
3853N/A<
p><
span><
strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</
strong></
span>
3853N/A NSEC and RRSIG records and produces a signed version of the
3853N/A zone. The security status of delegations from the signed zone
3853N/A (that is, whether the child zones are secure or not) is
3853N/A determined by the presence or absence of a
3853N/A <
code class="filename">keyset</
code> file for each child zone.
3853N/A<
div class="refsect1" lang="en">
3853N/A<
a name="id2599747"></
a><
h2>OPTIONS</
h2>
3853N/A<
div class="variablelist"><
dl>
3853N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-a</
span></
dt>
3853N/A Verify all generated signatures.
3853N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-c <
em class="replaceable"><
code>class</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
3853N/A Specifies the DNS class of the zone.
3853N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-k <
em class="replaceable"><
code>key</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
3853N/A Treat specified key as a key signing key ignoring any
3853N/A key flags. This option may be specified multiple times.
3853N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-l <
em class="replaceable"><
code>domain</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
3853N/A Generate a DLV set in addition to the key (DNSKEY) and DS sets.
3853N/A The domain is appended to the name of the records.
3853N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-d <
em class="replaceable"><
code>directory</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
3853N/A Look for <
code class="filename">keyset</
code> files in
3853N/A <
code class="option">directory</
code> as the directory
3853N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-g</
span></
dt>
3853N/A Generate DS records for child zones from keyset files.
3853N/A Existing DS records will be removed.
3853N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-s <
em class="replaceable"><
code>start-time</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
3853N/A Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
3853N/A become valid. This can be either an absolute or relative
3853N/A time. An absolute start time is indicated by a number
3853N/A in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation; 20000530144500 denotes
3853N/A 14:45:00 UTC on May 30th, 2000. A relative start time is
3853N/A indicated by +N, which is N seconds from the current time.
3853N/A If no <
code class="option">start-time</
code> is specified, the current
3853N/A time minus 1 hour (to allow for clock skew) is used.
3853N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-e <
em class="replaceable"><
code>end-time</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
3853N/A Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
3853N/A expire. As with <
code class="option">start-time</
code>, an absolute
3853N/A time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
3853N/A to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
3853N/A the start time. A time relative to the current time is
3853N/A indicated with now+N. If no <
code class="option">end-time</
code> is
3853N/A specified, 30 days from the start time is used as a default.
4935N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-f <
em class="replaceable"><
code>output-file</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
4935N/A The name of the output file containing the signed zone. The
4935N/A default is to append <
code class="filename">.signed</
code> to
4935N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-h</
span></
dt>
4935N/A Prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
4935N/A <
span><
strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</
strong></
span>.
4935N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-i <
em class="replaceable"><
code>interval</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
4935N/A When a previously-signed zone is passed as input, records
4935N/A may be resigned. The <
code class="option">interval</
code> option
4935N/A specifies the cycle interval as an offset from the current
4935N/A time (in seconds). If a RRSIG record expires after the
4935N/A cycle interval, it is retained. Otherwise, it is considered
4935N/A to be expiring soon, and it will be replaced.
4935N/A The default cycle interval is one quarter of the difference
4935N/A between the signature end and start times. So if neither
4935N/A <
code class="option">end-time</
code> or <
code class="option">start-time</
code>
4935N/A are specified, <
span><
strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</
strong></
span>
4935N/A signatures that are valid for 30 days, with a cycle
4935N/A interval of 7.5 days. Therefore, if any existing RRSIG records
4935N/A are due to expire in less than 7.5 days, they would be
4935N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-I <
em class="replaceable"><
code>input-format</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
4935N/A The format of the input zone file.
4935N/A Possible formats are <
span><
strong class="command">"text"</
strong></
span> (default)
4935N/A and <
span><
strong class="command">"raw"</
strong></
span>.
4935N/A This option is primarily intended to be used for dynamic
4935N/A signed zones so that the dumped zone file in a non-text
4935N/A format containing updates can be signed directly.
4935N/A The use of this option does not make much sense for
4935N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-j <
em class="replaceable"><
code>jitter</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
4935N/A When signing a zone with a fixed signature lifetime, all
4935N/A RRSIG records issued at the time of signing expires
4935N/A simultaneously. If the zone is incrementally signed,
i.e. 4935N/A a previously-signed zone is passed as input to the signer,
4935N/A all expired signatures have to be regenerated at about the
4935N/A same time. The <
code class="option">jitter</
code> option specifies a
4935N/A jitter window that will be used to randomize the signature
4935N/A expire time, thus spreading incremental signature
4935N/A Signature lifetime jitter also to some extent benefits
4935N/A validators and servers by spreading out cache expiration,
4935N/A i.e. if large numbers of RRSIGs don't expire at the same time
4935N/A from all caches there will be less congestion than if all
4935N/A validators need to refetch at mostly the same time.
4935N/A<
dt><
span class="term">-n <
em class="replaceable"><
code>ncpus</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
4935N/A Specifies the number of threads to use. By default, one
3853N/A thread is started for each detected CPU.
<
dt><
span class="term">-N <
em class="replaceable"><
code>soa-serial-format</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
The SOA serial number format of the signed zone.
Possible formats are <
span><
strong class="command">"keep"</
strong></
span> (default),
<
span><
strong class="command">"increment"</
strong></
span> and
<
span><
strong class="command">"unixtime"</
strong></
span>.
<
div class="variablelist"><
dl>
<
dt><
span class="term"><
span><
strong class="command">"keep"</
strong></
span></
span></
dt>
<
dd><
p>Do not modify the SOA serial number.</
p></
dd>
<
dt><
span class="term"><
span><
strong class="command">"increment"</
strong></
span></
span></
dt>
<
dd><
p>Increment the SOA serial number using RFC 1982
<
dt><
span class="term"><
span><
strong class="command">"unixtime"</
strong></
span></
span></
dt>
<
dd><
p>Set the SOA serial number to the number of seconds
<
dt><
span class="term">-o <
em class="replaceable"><
code>origin</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
The zone origin. If not specified, the name of the zone file
is assumed to be the origin.
<
dt><
span class="term">-O <
em class="replaceable"><
code>output-format</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
The format of the output file containing the signed zone.
Possible formats are <
span><
strong class="command">"text"</
strong></
span> (default)
and <
span><
strong class="command">"raw"</
strong></
span>.
<
dt><
span class="term">-p</
span></
dt>
Use pseudo-random data when signing the zone. This is faster,
but less secure, than using real random data. This option
may be useful when signing large zones or when the entropy
<
dt><
span class="term">-r <
em class="replaceable"><
code>randomdev</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
Specifies the source of randomness. If the operating
system does not provide a <
code class="filename">/
dev/
random</
code>
or equivalent device, the default source of randomness
is keyboard input. <
code class="filename">randomdev</
code>
the name of a character device or file containing random
data to be used instead of the default. The special value
<
code class="filename">keyboard</
code> indicates that keyboard
<
dt><
span class="term">-t</
span></
dt>
Print statistics at completion.
<
dt><
span class="term">-v <
em class="replaceable"><
code>level</
code></
em></
span></
dt>
Sets the debugging level.
<
dt><
span class="term">-z</
span></
dt>
Ignore KSK flag on key when determining what to sign.
<
dt><
span class="term">zonefile</
span></
dt>
The file containing the zone to be signed.
<
dt><
span class="term">key</
span></
dt>
Specify which keys should be used to sign the zone. If
no keys are specified, then the zone will be examined
for DNSKEY records at the zone apex. If these are found and
there are matching private keys, in the current directory,
then these will be used for signing.
<
div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<
a name="id2653885"></
a><
h2>EXAMPLE</
h2>
The following command signs the <
strong class="userinput"><
code>
example.com</
code></
strong>
zone with the DSA key generated by <
span><
strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</
strong></
span>
file (<
code class="filename">
db.example.com</
code>). This invocation looks
for <
code class="filename">keyset</
code> files, in the current directory,
so that DS records can be generated from them (<
span><
strong class="command">-g</
strong></
span>).
In the above example, <
span><
strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</
strong></
span> creates
file should be referenced in a zone statement in a
This example re-signs a previously signed zone with default parameters.
The private keys are assumed to be in the current directory.
<
div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<
a name="id2654026"></
a><
h2>SEE ALSO</
h2>
<
p><
span class="citerefentry"><
span class="refentrytitle">dnssec-keygen</
span>(8)</
span>,
<
em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</
em>,
<
em class="citetitle">RFC 2535</
em>.
<
div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<
a name="id2654051"></
a><
h2>AUTHOR</
h2>
<
p><
span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</
span>
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