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16db188cfddce117500a161302f17ae691b4500eTimo Sirainen</div>
16db188cfddce117500a161302f17ae691b4500eTimo Sirainen<div class="refentry" lang="en">
16db188cfddce117500a161302f17ae691b4500eTimo Sirainen<a name="man.dnssec-signzone"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
16db188cfddce117500a161302f17ae691b4500eTimo Sirainen<div class="refnamediv">
296dca49e4fe6046e0328c67ef1cf4b8077dec9cTimo Sirainen<h2>Name</h2>
296dca49e4fe6046e0328c67ef1cf4b8077dec9cTimo Sirainen<p><span class="application">dnssec-signzone</span> &#8212; DNSSEC zone signing tool</p>
e8490a52a1bc71bc53034e68f464435684ad810fTimo Sirainen</div>
2b95b7a9f4f06e7640ef431d9e6efc2423cacf1aTimo Sirainen<div class="refsynopsisdiv">
e8490a52a1bc71bc53034e68f464435684ad810fTimo Sirainen<h2>Synopsis</h2>
6145bd3b17b9135b77b0b42409a0cc3fa0d1b946Timo Sirainen<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">dnssec-signzone</code> [<code class="option">-a</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-D</code>] [<code class="option">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-h</code>] [<code class="option">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>serial</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-M <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-P</code>] [<code class="option">-p</code>] [<code class="option">-Q</code>] [<code class="option">-R</code>] [<code class="option">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-S</code>] [<code class="option">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t</code>] [<code class="option">-u</code>] [<code class="option">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-V</code>] [<code class="option">-X <em class="replaceable"><code>extended end-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-x</code>] [<code class="option">-z</code>] [<code class="option">-3 <em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-H <em class="replaceable"><code>iterations</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-A</code>] {zonefile} [key...]</p></div>
e8490a52a1bc71bc53034e68f464435684ad810fTimo Sirainen</div>
3e0bae44b65f5c46989fcef3d1e07203f496327eTimo Sirainen<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
296dca49e4fe6046e0328c67ef1cf4b8077dec9cTimo Sirainen<a name="id2646380"></a><h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
e8490a52a1bc71bc53034e68f464435684ad810fTimo Sirainen<p><span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
67c47dbb3fde79218320fd38a45c33f61bbf3012Timo Sirainen signs a zone. It generates
e8490a52a1bc71bc53034e68f464435684ad810fTimo Sirainen NSEC and RRSIG records and produces a signed version of the
e8490a52a1bc71bc53034e68f464435684ad810fTimo Sirainen zone. The security status of delegations from the signed zone
af3f857bb3166ed99595e11a9d18e5b5cc670e1aTimo Sirainen (that is, whether the child zones are secure or not) is
af3f857bb3166ed99595e11a9d18e5b5cc670e1aTimo Sirainen determined by the presence or absence of a
af3f857bb3166ed99595e11a9d18e5b5cc670e1aTimo Sirainen <code class="filename">keyset</code> file for each child zone.
af3f857bb3166ed99595e11a9d18e5b5cc670e1aTimo Sirainen </p>
af3f857bb3166ed99595e11a9d18e5b5cc670e1aTimo Sirainen</div>
af3f857bb3166ed99595e11a9d18e5b5cc670e1aTimo Sirainen<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
af3f857bb3166ed99595e11a9d18e5b5cc670e1aTimo Sirainen<a name="id2646400"></a><h2>OPTIONS</h2>
af3f857bb3166ed99595e11a9d18e5b5cc670e1aTimo Sirainen<div class="variablelist"><dl>
af3f857bb3166ed99595e11a9d18e5b5cc670e1aTimo Sirainen<dt><span class="term">-a</span></dt>
af3f857bb3166ed99595e11a9d18e5b5cc670e1aTimo Sirainen<dd><p>
67c47dbb3fde79218320fd38a45c33f61bbf3012Timo Sirainen Verify all generated signatures.
c58906589cafc32df4c04ffbef933baadd3f2276Timo Sirainen </p></dd>
c58906589cafc32df4c04ffbef933baadd3f2276Timo Sirainen<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span></dt>
e8490a52a1bc71bc53034e68f464435684ad810fTimo Sirainen<dd><p>
a64adf62fa33f2463a86f990217b0c9078531a40Timo Sirainen Specifies the DNS class of the zone.
c396c5cdd510d09aa35875ccfd643c5c21ed1f89Timo Sirainen </p></dd>
a64adf62fa33f2463a86f990217b0c9078531a40Timo Sirainen<dt><span class="term">-C</span></dt>
6145bd3b17b9135b77b0b42409a0cc3fa0d1b946Timo Sirainen<dd><p>
abed24374d7e1a57bec8d8a108acfcaffd52d4f9Timo Sirainen Compatibility mode: Generate a
6145bd3b17b9135b77b0b42409a0cc3fa0d1b946Timo Sirainen <code class="filename">keyset-<em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></code>
e8490a52a1bc71bc53034e68f464435684ad810fTimo Sirainen file in addition to
e8490a52a1bc71bc53034e68f464435684ad810fTimo Sirainen <code class="filename">dsset-<em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></code>
a64adf62fa33f2463a86f990217b0c9078531a40Timo Sirainen when signing a zone, for use by older versions of
d9250ee7e2815bb2116134b58f7c860578148d6cTimo Sirainen <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>.
a10ed8c47534b4c6b6bf2711ccfe577e720a47b4Timo Sirainen </p></dd>
092018b35bb1dc5bd61848a38189fe6ac8f791ddTimo Sirainen<dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
7327394e30c1020b9a2a49c72a7e3d0f7803e680Timo Sirainen<dd><p>
7327394e30c1020b9a2a49c72a7e3d0f7803e680Timo Sirainen Look for <code class="filename">dsset-</code> or
e8490a52a1bc71bc53034e68f464435684ad810fTimo Sirainen <code class="filename">keyset-</code> files in <code class="option">directory</code>.
e8490a52a1bc71bc53034e68f464435684ad810fTimo Sirainen </p></dd>
6145bd3b17b9135b77b0b42409a0cc3fa0d1b946Timo Sirainen<dt><span class="term">-D</span></dt>
6145bd3b17b9135b77b0b42409a0cc3fa0d1b946Timo Sirainen<dd><p>
6145bd3b17b9135b77b0b42409a0cc3fa0d1b946Timo Sirainen Output only those record types automatically managed by
2615df45a8027948a474abe5e817b34b0499c171Timo Sirainen <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>, i.e. RRSIG, NSEC,
2615df45a8027948a474abe5e817b34b0499c171Timo Sirainen NSEC3 and NSEC3PARAM records. If smart signing
2615df45a8027948a474abe5e817b34b0499c171Timo Sirainen (<code class="option">-S</code>) is used, DNSKEY records are also
2615df45a8027948a474abe5e817b34b0499c171Timo Sirainen included. The resulting file can be included in the original
2615df45a8027948a474abe5e817b34b0499c171Timo Sirainen zone file with <span><strong class="command">$INCLUDE</strong></span>. This option
2615df45a8027948a474abe5e817b34b0499c171Timo Sirainen cannot be combined with <code class="option">-O raw</code>,
2615df45a8027948a474abe5e817b34b0499c171Timo Sirainen <code class="option">-O map</code>, or serial number updating.
2615df45a8027948a474abe5e817b34b0499c171Timo Sirainen </p></dd>
c8cf8a605e0ddea7cb36fe04551aeca5090e684bTimo Sirainen<dt><span class="term">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine</code></em></span></dt>
c8cf8a605e0ddea7cb36fe04551aeca5090e684bTimo Sirainen<dd>
c8cf8a605e0ddea7cb36fe04551aeca5090e684bTimo Sirainen<p>
2615df45a8027948a474abe5e817b34b0499c171Timo Sirainen When applicable, specifies the hardware to use for
2615df45a8027948a474abe5e817b34b0499c171Timo Sirainen cryptographic operations, such as a secure key store used
2615df45a8027948a474abe5e817b34b0499c171Timo Sirainen for signing.
ef50336eefcb9ba99f73c6af37420eaf8857a39bTimo Sirainen </p>
c0a87e5f3316a57e6f915882fa1951d0fbb74a61Timo Sirainen<p>
c0a87e5f3316a57e6f915882fa1951d0fbb74a61Timo Sirainen When BIND is built with OpenSSL PKCS#11 support, this defaults
14376e0584c178306c400750352869cf2aaf6feeTimo Sirainen to the string "pkcs11", which identifies an OpenSSL engine
c0a87e5f3316a57e6f915882fa1951d0fbb74a61Timo Sirainen that can drive a cryptographic accelerator or hardware service
68a4946b12583b88fa802e52ebee45cd96056772Timo Sirainen module. When BIND is built with native PKCS#11 cryptography
e8490a52a1bc71bc53034e68f464435684ad810fTimo Sirainen (--enable-native-pkcs11), it defaults to the path of the PKCS#11
9b706b345064ce8e8a657f54633f009a101298eaTimo Sirainen provider library specified via "--with-pkcs11".
9b706b345064ce8e8a657f54633f009a101298eaTimo Sirainen </p>
e8490a52a1bc71bc53034e68f464435684ad810fTimo Sirainen</dd>
c0a87e5f3316a57e6f915882fa1951d0fbb74a61Timo Sirainen<dt><span class="term">-g</span></dt>
9b706b345064ce8e8a657f54633f009a101298eaTimo Sirainen<dd><p>
9b706b345064ce8e8a657f54633f009a101298eaTimo Sirainen Generate DS records for child zones from
288d6ef592719f2be3cad9f034e9be05f9839785Timo Sirainen <code class="filename">dsset-</code> or <code class="filename">keyset-</code>
288d6ef592719f2be3cad9f034e9be05f9839785Timo Sirainen file. Existing DS records will be removed.
288d6ef592719f2be3cad9f034e9be05f9839785Timo Sirainen </p></dd>
288d6ef592719f2be3cad9f034e9be05f9839785Timo Sirainen<dt><span class="term">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
9b706b345064ce8e8a657f54633f009a101298eaTimo Sirainen<dd><p>
9b706b345064ce8e8a657f54633f009a101298eaTimo Sirainen Key repository: Specify a directory to search for DNSSEC keys.
e8490a52a1bc71bc53034e68f464435684ad810fTimo Sirainen If not specified, defaults to the current directory.
e8490a52a1bc71bc53034e68f464435684ad810fTimo Sirainen </p></dd>
c0a87e5f3316a57e6f915882fa1951d0fbb74a61Timo Sirainen<dt><span class="term">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></span></dt>
9b706b345064ce8e8a657f54633f009a101298eaTimo Sirainen<dd><p>
9b706b345064ce8e8a657f54633f009a101298eaTimo Sirainen Treat specified key as a key signing key ignoring any
32e1554df9abca74fef0af2ba2e4c37e90a06cd0Timo Sirainen key flags. This option may be specified multiple times.
32e1554df9abca74fef0af2ba2e4c37e90a06cd0Timo Sirainen </p></dd>
c0a87e5f3316a57e6f915882fa1951d0fbb74a61Timo Sirainen<dt><span class="term">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></span></dt>
9b706b345064ce8e8a657f54633f009a101298eaTimo Sirainen<dd><p>
9b706b345064ce8e8a657f54633f009a101298eaTimo Sirainen Generate a DLV set in addition to the key (DNSKEY) and DS sets.
a988c3fd9251806e38931a011aaa4006dd081cbdTimo Sirainen The domain is appended to the name of the records.
a988c3fd9251806e38931a011aaa4006dd081cbdTimo Sirainen </p></dd>
c0a87e5f3316a57e6f915882fa1951d0fbb74a61Timo Sirainen<dt><span class="term">-M <em class="replaceable"><code>maxttl</code></em></span></dt>
9b706b345064ce8e8a657f54633f009a101298eaTimo Sirainen<dd><p>
957d09e495c33ad1180f82152e5e87e6b51ab04bTimo Sirainen Sets the maximum TTL for the signed zone.
957d09e495c33ad1180f82152e5e87e6b51ab04bTimo Sirainen Any TTL higher than <em class="replaceable"><code>maxttl</code></em> in the
9874ad56b94788297fdac4eae7cba5d651b48222Timo Sirainen input zone will be reduced to <em class="replaceable"><code>maxttl</code></em>
e8490a52a1bc71bc53034e68f464435684ad810fTimo Sirainen in the output. This provides certainty as to the largest
e8490a52a1bc71bc53034e68f464435684ad810fTimo Sirainen possible TTL in the signed zone, which is useful to know when
e8490a52a1bc71bc53034e68f464435684ad810fTimo Sirainen rolling keys because it is the longest possible time before
957d09e495c33ad1180f82152e5e87e6b51ab04bTimo Sirainen signatures that have been retrieved by resolvers will expire
957d09e495c33ad1180f82152e5e87e6b51ab04bTimo Sirainen from resolver caches. Zones that are signed with this
957d09e495c33ad1180f82152e5e87e6b51ab04bTimo Sirainen option should be configured to use a matching
957d09e495c33ad1180f82152e5e87e6b51ab04bTimo Sirainen <code class="option">max-zone-ttl</code> in <code class="filename">named.conf</code>.
e8490a52a1bc71bc53034e68f464435684ad810fTimo Sirainen (Note: This option is incompatible with <code class="option">-D</code>,
2615df45a8027948a474abe5e817b34b0499c171Timo Sirainen because it modifies non-DNSSEC data in the output zone.)
2615df45a8027948a474abe5e817b34b0499c171Timo Sirainen </p></dd>
2615df45a8027948a474abe5e817b34b0499c171Timo Sirainen<dt><span class="term">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></span></dt>
a3f6d0302a83270253ff9d2ebd4fea0003e9ac95Timo Sirainen<dd><p>
e8490a52a1bc71bc53034e68f464435684ad810fTimo Sirainen Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
become valid. This can be either an absolute or relative
time. An absolute start time is indicated by a number
in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation; 20000530144500 denotes
14:45:00 UTC on May 30th, 2000. A relative start time is
indicated by +N, which is N seconds from the current time.
If no <code class="option">start-time</code> is specified, the current
time minus 1 hour (to allow for clock skew) is used.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
expire. As with <code class="option">start-time</code>, an absolute
time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
the start time. A time relative to the current time is
indicated with now+N. If no <code class="option">end-time</code> is
specified, 30 days from the start time is used as a default.
<code class="option">end-time</code> must be later than
<code class="option">start-time</code>.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-X <em class="replaceable"><code>extended end-time</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
for the DNSKEY RRset will expire. This is to be used in cases
when the DNSKEY signatures need to persist longer than
signatures on other records; e.g., when the private component
of the KSK is kept offline and the KSK signature is to be
refreshed manually.
</p>
<p>
As with <code class="option">start-time</code>, an absolute
time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
the start time. A time relative to the current time is
indicated with now+N. If no <code class="option">extended end-time</code> is
specified, the value of <code class="option">end-time</code> is used as
the default. (<code class="option">end-time</code>, in turn, defaults to
30 days from the start time.) <code class="option">extended end-time</code>
must be later than <code class="option">start-time</code>.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The name of the output file containing the signed zone. The
default is to append <code class="filename">.signed</code> to
the input filename. If <code class="option">output-file</code> is
set to <code class="literal">"-"</code>, then the signed zone is
written to the standard output, with a default output
format of "full".
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-h</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
<span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-V</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Prints version information.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
When a previously-signed zone is passed as input, records
may be resigned. The <code class="option">interval</code> option
specifies the cycle interval as an offset from the current
time (in seconds). If a RRSIG record expires after the
cycle interval, it is retained. Otherwise, it is considered
to be expiring soon, and it will be replaced.
</p>
<p>
The default cycle interval is one quarter of the difference
between the signature end and start times. So if neither
<code class="option">end-time</code> or <code class="option">start-time</code>
are specified, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
generates
signatures that are valid for 30 days, with a cycle
interval of 7.5 days. Therefore, if any existing RRSIG records
are due to expire in less than 7.5 days, they would be
replaced.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The format of the input zone file.
Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"text"</strong></span> (default),
<span><strong class="command">"raw"</strong></span>, and <span><strong class="command">"map"</strong></span>.
This option is primarily intended to be used for dynamic
signed zones so that the dumped zone file in a non-text
format containing updates can be signed directly.
The use of this option does not make much sense for
non-dynamic zones.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
When signing a zone with a fixed signature lifetime, all
RRSIG records issued at the time of signing expires
simultaneously. If the zone is incrementally signed, i.e.
a previously-signed zone is passed as input to the signer,
all expired signatures have to be regenerated at about the
same time. The <code class="option">jitter</code> option specifies a
jitter window that will be used to randomize the signature
expire time, thus spreading incremental signature
regeneration over time.
</p>
<p>
Signature lifetime jitter also to some extent benefits
validators and servers by spreading out cache expiration,
i.e. if large numbers of RRSIGs don't expire at the same time
from all caches there will be less congestion than if all
validators need to refetch at mostly the same time.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>serial</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
When writing a signed zone to "raw" or "map" format, set the
"source serial" value in the header to the specified serial
number. (This is expected to be used primarily for testing
purposes.)
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>ncpus</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specifies the number of threads to use. By default, one
thread is started for each detected CPU.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
The SOA serial number format of the signed zone.
Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"keep"</strong></span> (default),
<span><strong class="command">"increment"</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">"unixtime"</strong></span>,
and <span><strong class="command">"date"</strong></span>.
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"keep"</strong></span></span></dt>
<dd><p>Do not modify the SOA serial number.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"increment"</strong></span></span></dt>
<dd><p>Increment the SOA serial number using RFC 1982
arithmetics.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"unixtime"</strong></span></span></dt>
<dd><p>Set the SOA serial number to the number of seconds
since epoch.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"date"</strong></span></span></dt>
<dd><p>Set the SOA serial number to today's date in
YYYYMMDDNN format.</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The zone origin. If not specified, the name of the zone file
is assumed to be the origin.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The format of the output file containing the signed zone.
Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"text"</strong></span> (default),
which is the standard textual representation of the zone;
<span><strong class="command">"full"</strong></span>, which is text output in a
format suitable for processing by external scripts;
and <span><strong class="command">"map"</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">"raw"</strong></span>,
and <span><strong class="command">"raw=N"</strong></span>, which store the zone in
binary formats for rapid loading by <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.
<span><strong class="command">"raw=N"</strong></span> specifies the format version of
the raw zone file: if N is 0, the raw file can be read by
any version of <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>; if N is 1, the file
can be read by release 9.9.0 or higher; the default is 1.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-p</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Use pseudo-random data when signing the zone. This is faster,
but less secure, than using real random data. This option
may be useful when signing large zones or when the entropy
source is limited.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-P</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Disable post sign verification tests.
</p>
<p>
The post sign verification test ensures that for each algorithm
in use there is at least one non revoked self signed KSK key,
that all revoked KSK keys are self signed, and that all records
in the zone are signed by the algorithm.
This option skips these tests.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-Q</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Remove signatures from keys that are no longer active.
</p>
<p>
Normally, when a previously-signed zone is passed as input
to the signer, and a DNSKEY record has been removed and
replaced with a new one, signatures from the old key
that are still within their validity period are retained.
This allows the zone to continue to validate with cached
copies of the old DNSKEY RRset. The <code class="option">-Q</code>
forces <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> to remove
signatures from keys that are no longer active. This
enables ZSK rollover using the procedure described in
RFC 4641, section 4.2.1.1 ("Pre-Publish Key Rollover").
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-R</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Remove signatures from keys that are no longer published.
</p>
<p>
This option is similar to <code class="option">-Q</code>, except it
forces <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> to signatures from
keys that are no longer published. This enables ZSK rollover
using the procedure described in RFC 4641, section 4.2.1.2
("Double Signature Zone Signing Key Rollover").
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specifies the source of randomness. If the operating
system does not provide a <code class="filename">/dev/random</code>
or equivalent device, the default source of randomness
is keyboard input. <code class="filename">randomdev</code>
specifies
the name of a character device or file containing random
data to be used instead of the default. The special value
<code class="filename">keyboard</code> indicates that keyboard
input should be used.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-S</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Smart signing: Instructs <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> to
search the key repository for keys that match the zone being
signed, and to include them in the zone if appropriate.
</p>
<p>
When a key is found, its timing metadata is examined to
determine how it should be used, according to the following
rules. Each successive rule takes priority over the prior
ones:
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If no timing metadata has been set for the key, the key is
published in the zone and used to sign the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If the key's publication date is set and is in the past, the
key is published in the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If the key's activation date is set and in the past, the
key is published (regardless of publication date) and
used to sign the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If the key's revocation date is set and in the past, and the
key is published, then the key is revoked, and the revoked key
is used to sign the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If either of the key's unpublication or deletion dates are set
and in the past, the key is NOT published or used to sign the
zone, regardless of any other metadata.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specifies a TTL to be used for new DNSKEY records imported
into the zone from the key repository. If not
specified, the default is the TTL value from the zone's SOA
record. This option is ignored when signing without
<code class="option">-S</code>, since DNSKEY records are not imported
from the key repository in that case. It is also ignored if
there are any pre-existing DNSKEY records at the zone apex,
in which case new records' TTL values will be set to match
them, or if any of the imported DNSKEY records had a default
TTL value. In the event of a a conflict between TTL values in
imported keys, the shortest one is used.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-t</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Print statistics at completion.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-u</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Update NSEC/NSEC3 chain when re-signing a previously signed
zone. With this option, a zone signed with NSEC can be
switched to NSEC3, or a zone signed with NSEC3 can
be switch to NSEC or to NSEC3 with different parameters.
Without this option, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> will
retain the existing chain when re-signing.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Sets the debugging level.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-x</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Only sign the DNSKEY RRset with key-signing keys, and omit
signatures from zone-signing keys. (This is similar to the
<span><strong class="command">dnssec-dnskey-kskonly yes;</strong></span> zone option in
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.)
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-z</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Ignore KSK flag on key when determining what to sign. This
causes KSK-flagged keys to sign all records, not just the
DNSKEY RRset. (This is similar to the
<span><strong class="command">update-check-ksk no;</strong></span> zone option in
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.)
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-3 <em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Generate an NSEC3 chain with the given hex encoded salt.
A dash (<em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em>) can
be used to indicate that no salt is to be used when generating the NSEC3 chain.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-H <em class="replaceable"><code>iterations</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
When generating an NSEC3 chain, use this many iterations. The
default is 10.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-A</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
When generating an NSEC3 chain set the OPTOUT flag on all
NSEC3 records and do not generate NSEC3 records for insecure
delegations.
</p>
<p>
Using this option twice (i.e., <code class="option">-AA</code>)
turns the OPTOUT flag off for all records. This is useful
when using the <code class="option">-u</code> option to modify an NSEC3
chain which previously had OPTOUT set.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">zonefile</span></dt>
<dd><p>
The file containing the zone to be signed.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">key</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specify which keys should be used to sign the zone. If
no keys are specified, then the zone will be examined
for DNSKEY records at the zone apex. If these are found and
there are matching private keys, in the current directory,
then these will be used for signing.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2678528"></a><h2>EXAMPLE</h2>
<p>
The following command signs the <strong class="userinput"><code>example.com</code></strong>
zone with the DSA key generated by <span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span>
(Kexample.com.+003+17247). Because the <span><strong class="command">-S</strong></span> option
is not being used, the zone's keys must be in the master file
(<code class="filename">db.example.com</code>). This invocation looks
for <code class="filename">dsset</code> files, in the current directory,
so that DS records can be imported from them (<span><strong class="command">-g</strong></span>).
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">% dnssec-signzone -g -o example.com db.example.com \
Kexample.com.+003+17247
db.example.com.signed
%</pre>
<p>
In the above example, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> creates
the file <code class="filename">db.example.com.signed</code>. This
file should be referenced in a zone statement in a
<code class="filename">named.conf</code> file.
</p>
<p>
This example re-signs a previously signed zone with default parameters.
The private keys are assumed to be in the current directory.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">% cp db.example.com.signed db.example.com
% dnssec-signzone -o example.com db.example.com
db.example.com.signed
%</pre>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2678606"></a><h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
<p><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">dnssec-keygen</span>(8)</span>,
<em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC 4033</em>, <em class="citetitle">RFC 4641</em>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2678634"></a><h2>AUTHOR</h2>
<p><span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
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