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4b598d8ae578861d5f3fc1333c9f84c9c9c8be7cDavid Lawrence - Copyright (C) 2000-2003 Internet Software Consortium.
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f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<hr>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence</div>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<div class="refentry" lang="en">
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<a name="man.dnssec-signzone"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<div class="refnamediv">
b897c52f865b2fc4e220e2110b874e59c716456bBob Halley<h2>Name</h2>
b897c52f865b2fc4e220e2110b874e59c716456bBob Halley<p><span class="application">dnssec-signzone</span> &#8212; DNSSEC zone signing tool</p>
b897c52f865b2fc4e220e2110b874e59c716456bBob Halley</div>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<div class="refsynopsisdiv">
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<h2>Synopsis</h2>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">dnssec-signzone</code> [<code class="option">-a</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-D</code>] [<code class="option">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-h</code>] [<code class="option">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>serial</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-M <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-P</code>] [<code class="option">-p</code>] [<code class="option">-Q</code>] [<code class="option">-R</code>] [<code class="option">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-S</code>] [<code class="option">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t</code>] [<code class="option">-u</code>] [<code class="option">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-V</code>] [<code class="option">-X <em class="replaceable"><code>extended end-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-x</code>] [<code class="option">-z</code>] [<code class="option">-3 <em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-H <em class="replaceable"><code>iterations</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-A</code>] {zonefile} [key...]</p></div>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence</div>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<a name="id2644286"></a><h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
4b598d8ae578861d5f3fc1333c9f84c9c9c8be7cDavid Lawrence<p><span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
4b598d8ae578861d5f3fc1333c9f84c9c9c8be7cDavid Lawrence signs a zone. It generates
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence NSEC and RRSIG records and produces a signed version of the
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence zone. The security status of delegations from the signed zone
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence (that is, whether the child zones are secure or not) is
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence determined by the presence or absence of a
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence <code class="filename">keyset</code> file for each child zone.
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence </p>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence</div>
4b598d8ae578861d5f3fc1333c9f84c9c9c8be7cDavid Lawrence<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<a name="id2644306"></a><h2>OPTIONS</h2>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<div class="variablelist"><dl>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dt><span class="term">-a</span></dt>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dd><p>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence Verify all generated signatures.
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence </p></dd>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span></dt>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dd><p>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence Specifies the DNS class of the zone.
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence </p></dd>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dt><span class="term">-C</span></dt>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dd><p>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence Compatibility mode: Generate a
86cbec9012b1db3f85789155c38d10c63a96156fAndreas Gustafsson <code class="filename">keyset-<em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></code>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence file in addition to
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence <code class="filename">dsset-<em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></code>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence when signing a zone, for use by older versions of
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>.
abfb7fe67fd97adfa4628afa79af5d98c2d9cad0Andreas Gustafsson </p></dd>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dd><p>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence Look for <code class="filename">dsset-</code> or
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence <code class="filename">keyset-</code> files in <code class="option">directory</code>.
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence </p></dd>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dt><span class="term">-D</span></dt>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dd><p>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence Output only those record types automatically managed by
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>, i.e. RRSIG, NSEC,
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence NSEC3 and NSEC3PARAM records. If smart signing
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence (<code class="option">-S</code>) is used, DNSKEY records are also
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence included. The resulting file can be included in the original
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence zone file with <span><strong class="command">$INCLUDE</strong></span>. This option
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence cannot be combined with <code class="option">-O raw</code>,
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence <code class="option">-O map</code>, or serial number updating.
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence </p></dd>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dt><span class="term">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine</code></em></span></dt>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dd>
4b598d8ae578861d5f3fc1333c9f84c9c9c8be7cDavid Lawrence<p>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence When applicable, specifies the hardware to use for
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence cryptographic operations, such as a secure key store used
4b598d8ae578861d5f3fc1333c9f84c9c9c8be7cDavid Lawrence for signing.
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence </p>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<p>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence When BIND is built with OpenSSL PKCS#11 support, this defaults
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence to the string "pkcs11", which identifies an OpenSSL engine
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence that can drive a cryptographic accelerator or hardware service
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence module. When BIND is built with native PKCS#11 cryptography
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence (--enable-native-pkcs11), it defaults to the path of the PKCS#11
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence provider library specified via "--with-pkcs11".
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence </p>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence</dd>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dt><span class="term">-g</span></dt>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dd><p>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence Generate DS records for child zones from
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence <code class="filename">dsset-</code> or <code class="filename">keyset-</code>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence file. Existing DS records will be removed.
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence </p></dd>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dt><span class="term">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dd><p>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence Key repository: Specify a directory to search for DNSSEC keys.
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence If not specified, defaults to the current directory.
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence </p></dd>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dt><span class="term">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></span></dt>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dd><p>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence Treat specified key as a key signing key ignoring any
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence key flags. This option may be specified multiple times.
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence </p></dd>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dt><span class="term">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></span></dt>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dd><p>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence Generate a DLV set in addition to the key (DNSKEY) and DS sets.
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence The domain is appended to the name of the records.
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence </p></dd>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dt><span class="term">-M <em class="replaceable"><code>maxttl</code></em></span></dt>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dd><p>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence Sets the maximum TTL for the signed zone.
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence Any TTL higher than <em class="replaceable"><code>maxttl</code></em> in the
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence input zone will be reduced to <em class="replaceable"><code>maxttl</code></em>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence in the output. This provides certainty as to the largest
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence possible TTL in the signed zone, which is useful to know when
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence rolling keys because it is the longest possible time before
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence signatures that have been retrieved by resolvers will expire
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence from resolver caches. Zones that are signed with this
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence option should be configured to use a matching
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence <code class="option">max-zone-ttl</code> in <code class="filename">named.conf</code>.
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence (Note: This option is incompatible with <code class="option">-D</code>,
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence because it modifies non-DNSSEC data in the output zone.)
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence </p></dd>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dt><span class="term">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></span></dt>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dd><p>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence become valid. This can be either an absolute or relative
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence time. An absolute start time is indicated by a number
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation; 20000530144500 denotes
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence 14:45:00 UTC on May 30th, 2000. A relative start time is
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence indicated by +N, which is N seconds from the current time.
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence If no <code class="option">start-time</code> is specified, the current
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence time minus 1 hour (to allow for clock skew) is used.
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence </p></dd>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dt><span class="term">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></span></dt>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dd><p>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence expire. As with <code class="option">start-time</code>, an absolute
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence the start time. A time relative to the current time is
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence indicated with now+N. If no <code class="option">end-time</code> is
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence specified, 30 days from the start time is used as a default.
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence <code class="option">end-time</code> must be later than
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence <code class="option">start-time</code>.
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence </p></dd>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dt><span class="term">-X <em class="replaceable"><code>extended end-time</code></em></span></dt>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dd>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<p>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence for the DNSKEY RRset will expire. This is to be used in cases
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence when the DNSKEY signatures need to persist longer than
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence signatures on other records; e.g., when the private component
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence of the KSK is kept offline and the KSK signature is to be
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence refreshed manually.
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence </p>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<p>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence As with <code class="option">start-time</code>, an absolute
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence the start time. A time relative to the current time is
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence indicated with now+N. If no <code class="option">extended end-time</code> is
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence specified, the value of <code class="option">end-time</code> is used as
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence the default. (<code class="option">end-time</code>, in turn, defaults to
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence 30 days from the start time.) <code class="option">extended end-time</code>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence must be later than <code class="option">start-time</code>.
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence </p>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence</dd>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dt><span class="term">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></span></dt>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dd><p>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence The name of the output file containing the signed zone. The
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence default is to append <code class="filename">.signed</code> to
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence the input filename. If <code class="option">output-file</code> is
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence set to <code class="literal">"-"</code>, then the signed zone is
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence written to the standard output, with a default output
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence format of "full".
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence </p></dd>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dt><span class="term">-h</span></dt>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dd><p>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence Prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>.
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence </p></dd>
4b598d8ae578861d5f3fc1333c9f84c9c9c8be7cDavid Lawrence<dt><span class="term">-V</span></dt>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dd><p>
4b598d8ae578861d5f3fc1333c9f84c9c9c8be7cDavid Lawrence Prints version information.
4b598d8ae578861d5f3fc1333c9f84c9c9c8be7cDavid Lawrence </p></dd>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dt><span class="term">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></span></dt>
5a6e6c2c9b2f6cf426aa2a682aa800765e26d540Andreas Gustafsson<dd>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<p>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence When a previously-signed zone is passed as input, records
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence may be resigned. The <code class="option">interval</code> option
5a6e6c2c9b2f6cf426aa2a682aa800765e26d540Andreas Gustafsson specifies the cycle interval as an offset from the current
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence time (in seconds). If a RRSIG record expires after the
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence cycle interval, it is retained. Otherwise, it is considered
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence to be expiring soon, and it will be replaced.
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence </p>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<p>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence The default cycle interval is one quarter of the difference
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence between the signature end and start times. So if neither
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence <code class="option">end-time</code> or <code class="option">start-time</code>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence are specified, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence generates
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence signatures that are valid for 30 days, with a cycle
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence interval of 7.5 days. Therefore, if any existing RRSIG records
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence are due to expire in less than 7.5 days, they would be
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence replaced.
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence </p>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence</dd>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dt><span class="term">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></span></dt>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dd><p>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence The format of the input zone file.
5a6e6c2c9b2f6cf426aa2a682aa800765e26d540Andreas Gustafsson Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"text"</strong></span> (default),
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence <span><strong class="command">"raw"</strong></span>, and <span><strong class="command">"map"</strong></span>.
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence This option is primarily intended to be used for dynamic
541ed6feaf687e97990ad19748faeec744158559David Lawrence signed zones so that the dumped zone file in a non-text
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence format containing updates can be signed directly.
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence The use of this option does not make much sense for
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence non-dynamic zones.
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence </p></dd>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dt><span class="term">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></span></dt>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dd>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<p>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence When signing a zone with a fixed signature lifetime, all
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence RRSIG records issued at the time of signing expires
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence simultaneously. If the zone is incrementally signed, i.e.
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence a previously-signed zone is passed as input to the signer,
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence all expired signatures have to be regenerated at about the
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence same time. The <code class="option">jitter</code> option specifies a
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence jitter window that will be used to randomize the signature
541ed6feaf687e97990ad19748faeec744158559David Lawrence expire time, thus spreading incremental signature
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence regeneration over time.
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence </p>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<p>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence Signature lifetime jitter also to some extent benefits
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence validators and servers by spreading out cache expiration,
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence i.e. if large numbers of RRSIGs don't expire at the same time
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence from all caches there will be less congestion than if all
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence validators need to refetch at mostly the same time.
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence </p>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence</dd>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dt><span class="term">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>serial</code></em></span></dt>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dd><p>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence When writing a signed zone to "raw" or "map" format, set the
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence "source serial" value in the header to the specified serial
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence number. (This is expected to be used primarily for testing
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence purposes.)
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence </p></dd>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>ncpus</code></em></span></dt>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dd><p>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence Specifies the number of threads to use. By default, one
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence thread is started for each detected CPU.
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence </p></dd>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dt><span class="term">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></span></dt>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dd>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<p>
541ed6feaf687e97990ad19748faeec744158559David Lawrence The SOA serial number format of the signed zone.
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"keep"</strong></span> (default),
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence <span><strong class="command">"increment"</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">"unixtime"</strong></span>,
541ed6feaf687e97990ad19748faeec744158559David Lawrence and <span><strong class="command">"date"</strong></span>.
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence </p>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<div class="variablelist"><dl>
541ed6feaf687e97990ad19748faeec744158559David Lawrence<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"keep"</strong></span></span></dt>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dd><p>Do not modify the SOA serial number.</p></dd>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"increment"</strong></span></span></dt>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dd><p>Increment the SOA serial number using RFC 1982
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence arithmetics.</p></dd>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"unixtime"</strong></span></span></dt>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dd><p>Set the SOA serial number to the number of seconds
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence since epoch.</p></dd>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"date"</strong></span></span></dt>
f4a7d04843eb62c92f2d4ff338da49ae86e3279bDavid Lawrence<dd><p>Set the SOA serial number to today's date in
b897c52f865b2fc4e220e2110b874e59c716456bBob Halley YYYYMMDDNN format.</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The zone origin. If not specified, the name of the zone file
is assumed to be the origin.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The format of the output file containing the signed zone.
Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"text"</strong></span> (default),
which is the standard textual representation of the zone;
<span><strong class="command">"full"</strong></span>, which is text output in a
format suitable for processing by external scripts;
and <span><strong class="command">"map"</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">"raw"</strong></span>,
and <span><strong class="command">"raw=N"</strong></span>, which store the zone in
binary formats for rapid loading by <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.
<span><strong class="command">"raw=N"</strong></span> specifies the format version of
the raw zone file: if N is 0, the raw file can be read by
any version of <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>; if N is 1, the file
can be read by release 9.9.0 or higher; the default is 1.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-p</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Use pseudo-random data when signing the zone. This is faster,
but less secure, than using real random data. This option
may be useful when signing large zones or when the entropy
source is limited.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-P</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Disable post sign verification tests.
</p>
<p>
The post sign verification test ensures that for each algorithm
in use there is at least one non revoked self signed KSK key,
that all revoked KSK keys are self signed, and that all records
in the zone are signed by the algorithm.
This option skips these tests.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-Q</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Remove signatures from keys that are no longer active.
</p>
<p>
Normally, when a previously-signed zone is passed as input
to the signer, and a DNSKEY record has been removed and
replaced with a new one, signatures from the old key
that are still within their validity period are retained.
This allows the zone to continue to validate with cached
copies of the old DNSKEY RRset. The <code class="option">-Q</code>
forces <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> to remove
signatures from keys that are no longer active. This
enables ZSK rollover using the procedure described in
RFC 4641, section 4.2.1.1 ("Pre-Publish Key Rollover").
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-R</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Remove signatures from keys that are no longer published.
</p>
<p>
This option is similar to <code class="option">-Q</code>, except it
forces <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> to signatures from
keys that are no longer published. This enables ZSK rollover
using the procedure described in RFC 4641, section 4.2.1.2
("Double Signature Zone Signing Key Rollover").
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specifies the source of randomness. If the operating
system does not provide a <code class="filename">/dev/random</code>
or equivalent device, the default source of randomness
is keyboard input. <code class="filename">randomdev</code>
specifies
the name of a character device or file containing random
data to be used instead of the default. The special value
<code class="filename">keyboard</code> indicates that keyboard
input should be used.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-S</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Smart signing: Instructs <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> to
search the key repository for keys that match the zone being
signed, and to include them in the zone if appropriate.
</p>
<p>
When a key is found, its timing metadata is examined to
determine how it should be used, according to the following
rules. Each successive rule takes priority over the prior
ones:
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If no timing metadata has been set for the key, the key is
published in the zone and used to sign the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If the key's publication date is set and is in the past, the
key is published in the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If the key's activation date is set and in the past, the
key is published (regardless of publication date) and
used to sign the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If the key's revocation date is set and in the past, and the
key is published, then the key is revoked, and the revoked key
is used to sign the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If either of the key's unpublication or deletion dates are set
and in the past, the key is NOT published or used to sign the
zone, regardless of any other metadata.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specifies a TTL to be used for new DNSKEY records imported
into the zone from the key repository. If not
specified, the default is the TTL value from the zone's SOA
record. This option is ignored when signing without
<code class="option">-S</code>, since DNSKEY records are not imported
from the key repository in that case. It is also ignored if
there are any pre-existing DNSKEY records at the zone apex,
in which case new records' TTL values will be set to match
them, or if any of the imported DNSKEY records had a default
TTL value. In the event of a a conflict between TTL values in
imported keys, the shortest one is used.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-t</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Print statistics at completion.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-u</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Update NSEC/NSEC3 chain when re-signing a previously signed
zone. With this option, a zone signed with NSEC can be
switched to NSEC3, or a zone signed with NSEC3 can
be switch to NSEC or to NSEC3 with different parameters.
Without this option, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> will
retain the existing chain when re-signing.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Sets the debugging level.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-x</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Only sign the DNSKEY RRset with key-signing keys, and omit
signatures from zone-signing keys. (This is similar to the
<span><strong class="command">dnssec-dnskey-kskonly yes;</strong></span> zone option in
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.)
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-z</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Ignore KSK flag on key when determining what to sign. This
causes KSK-flagged keys to sign all records, not just the
DNSKEY RRset. (This is similar to the
<span><strong class="command">update-check-ksk no;</strong></span> zone option in
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.)
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-3 <em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Generate an NSEC3 chain with the given hex encoded salt.
A dash (<em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em>) can
be used to indicate that no salt is to be used when generating the NSEC3 chain.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-H <em class="replaceable"><code>iterations</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
When generating an NSEC3 chain, use this many iterations. The
default is 10.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-A</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
When generating an NSEC3 chain set the OPTOUT flag on all
NSEC3 records and do not generate NSEC3 records for insecure
delegations.
</p>
<p>
Using this option twice (i.e., <code class="option">-AA</code>)
turns the OPTOUT flag off for all records. This is useful
when using the <code class="option">-u</code> option to modify an NSEC3
chain which previously had OPTOUT set.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">zonefile</span></dt>
<dd><p>
The file containing the zone to be signed.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">key</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specify which keys should be used to sign the zone. If
no keys are specified, then the zone will be examined
for DNSKEY records at the zone apex. If these are found and
there are matching private keys, in the current directory,
then these will be used for signing.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2676092"></a><h2>EXAMPLE</h2>
<p>
The following command signs the <strong class="userinput"><code>example.com</code></strong>
zone with the DSA key generated by <span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span>
(Kexample.com.+003+17247). Because the <span><strong class="command">-S</strong></span> option
is not being used, the zone's keys must be in the master file
(<code class="filename">db.example.com</code>). This invocation looks
for <code class="filename">dsset</code> files, in the current directory,
so that DS records can be imported from them (<span><strong class="command">-g</strong></span>).
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">% dnssec-signzone -g -o example.com db.example.com \
Kexample.com.+003+17247
db.example.com.signed
%</pre>
<p>
In the above example, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> creates
the file <code class="filename">db.example.com.signed</code>. This
file should be referenced in a zone statement in a
<code class="filename">named.conf</code> file.
</p>
<p>
This example re-signs a previously signed zone with default parameters.
The private keys are assumed to be in the current directory.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">% cp db.example.com.signed db.example.com
% dnssec-signzone -o example.com db.example.com
db.example.com.signed
%</pre>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2676171"></a><h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
<p><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">dnssec-keygen</span>(8)</span>,
<em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC 4033</em>, <em class="citetitle">RFC 4641</em>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2676199"></a><h2>AUTHOR</h2>
<p><span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</span>
</p>
</div>
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