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0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna<div class="refentry" lang="en">
f7b6dbf2e1e9170838431e4f15699cc117a17d94nd<a name="man.dnssec-signzone"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
5c3c22e3324f26848c1782e711c24faf28136012jerenkrantz<div class="refnamediv">
5c3c22e3324f26848c1782e711c24faf28136012jerenkrantz<h2>Name</h2>
5c3c22e3324f26848c1782e711c24faf28136012jerenkrantz<p><span class="application">dnssec-signzone</span> &#8212; DNSSEC zone signing tool</p>
5c3c22e3324f26848c1782e711c24faf28136012jerenkrantz</div>
5c3c22e3324f26848c1782e711c24faf28136012jerenkrantz<div class="refsynopsisdiv">
5c3c22e3324f26848c1782e711c24faf28136012jerenkrantz<h2>Synopsis</h2>
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">dnssec-signzone</code> [<code class="option">-a</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-D</code>] [<code class="option">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-h</code>] [<code class="option">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>serial</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-M <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-P</code>] [<code class="option">-p</code>] [<code class="option">-Q</code>] [<code class="option">-R</code>] [<code class="option">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-S</code>] [<code class="option">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t</code>] [<code class="option">-u</code>] [<code class="option">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-V</code>] [<code class="option">-X <em class="replaceable"><code>extended end-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-x</code>] [<code class="option">-z</code>] [<code class="option">-3 <em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-H <em class="replaceable"><code>iterations</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-A</code>] {zonefile} [key...]</p></div>
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna</div>
f7b6dbf2e1e9170838431e4f15699cc117a17d94nd<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
1acae7fb634ac2b01682507175e072b168995e0dcolm<a name="id2644154"></a><h2>DESCRIPTION</h2>
9bcfc3697a91b5215893a7d0206865b13fc72148nd<p><span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
1acae7fb634ac2b01682507175e072b168995e0dcolm signs a zone. It generates
9bcfc3697a91b5215893a7d0206865b13fc72148nd NSEC and RRSIG records and produces a signed version of the
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna zone. The security status of delegations from the signed zone
5383fa753e1bcd3a04ec34ba9810d671302380f2colm (that is, whether the child zones are secure or not) is
5383fa753e1bcd3a04ec34ba9810d671302380f2colm determined by the presence or absence of a
1acae7fb634ac2b01682507175e072b168995e0dcolm <code class="filename">keyset</code> file for each child zone.
1acae7fb634ac2b01682507175e072b168995e0dcolm </p>
1acae7fb634ac2b01682507175e072b168995e0dcolm</div>
5383fa753e1bcd3a04ec34ba9810d671302380f2colm<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
b09705acacab4c960c608c71377aa3ec2bf9e8a1colm<a name="id2644173"></a><h2>OPTIONS</h2>
2a869ee6594f1e3e9039af332cd73f939509483acolm<div class="variablelist"><dl>
2a869ee6594f1e3e9039af332cd73f939509483acolm<dt><span class="term">-a</span></dt>
2a869ee6594f1e3e9039af332cd73f939509483acolm<dd><p>
b09705acacab4c960c608c71377aa3ec2bf9e8a1colm Verify all generated signatures.
b09705acacab4c960c608c71377aa3ec2bf9e8a1colm </p></dd>
b09705acacab4c960c608c71377aa3ec2bf9e8a1colm<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span></dt>
b09705acacab4c960c608c71377aa3ec2bf9e8a1colm<dd><p>
b09705acacab4c960c608c71377aa3ec2bf9e8a1colm Specifies the DNS class of the zone.
b09705acacab4c960c608c71377aa3ec2bf9e8a1colm </p></dd>
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna<dt><span class="term">-C</span></dt>
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna<dd><p>
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna Compatibility mode: Generate a
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna <code class="filename">keyset-<em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></code>
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna file in addition to
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna <code class="filename">dsset-<em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></code>
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna when signing a zone, for use by older versions of
6b797d6bd26bbf8589eb0e2b6cfa2fa808f456b1pquerna <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>.
f9616f83476fe7a18173b677f237126e6301e18fjorton </p></dd>
6b797d6bd26bbf8589eb0e2b6cfa2fa808f456b1pquerna<dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
20189240503ef2c8f5dc6e2248b57faab4b23b5and<dd><p>
20189240503ef2c8f5dc6e2248b57faab4b23b5and Look for <code class="filename">dsset-</code> or
20189240503ef2c8f5dc6e2248b57faab4b23b5and <code class="filename">keyset-</code> files in <code class="option">directory</code>.
6b797d6bd26bbf8589eb0e2b6cfa2fa808f456b1pquerna </p></dd>
8bb7126c063c34d63966733988411f72dfcb2294maczniak<dt><span class="term">-D</span></dt>
8bb7126c063c34d63966733988411f72dfcb2294maczniak<dd><p>
8bb7126c063c34d63966733988411f72dfcb2294maczniak Output only those record types automatically managed by
8bb7126c063c34d63966733988411f72dfcb2294maczniak <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>, i.e. RRSIG, NSEC,
8bb7126c063c34d63966733988411f72dfcb2294maczniak NSEC3 and NSEC3PARAM records. If smart signing
8bb7126c063c34d63966733988411f72dfcb2294maczniak (<code class="option">-S</code>) is used, DNSKEY records are also
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna included. The resulting file can be included in the original
f9616f83476fe7a18173b677f237126e6301e18fjorton zone file with <span><strong class="command">$INCLUDE</strong></span>. This option
f9616f83476fe7a18173b677f237126e6301e18fjorton cannot be combined with <code class="option">-O raw</code>,
1acae7fb634ac2b01682507175e072b168995e0dcolm <code class="option">-O map</code>, or serial number updating.
1acae7fb634ac2b01682507175e072b168995e0dcolm </p></dd>
f9616f83476fe7a18173b677f237126e6301e18fjorton<dt><span class="term">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine</code></em></span></dt>
f9616f83476fe7a18173b677f237126e6301e18fjorton<dd>
7fa75a06a4fee19e995c069ee00310455d1452e1pquerna<p>
7fa75a06a4fee19e995c069ee00310455d1452e1pquerna When applicable, specifies the hardware to use for
7fa75a06a4fee19e995c069ee00310455d1452e1pquerna cryptographic operations, such as a secure key store used
7fa75a06a4fee19e995c069ee00310455d1452e1pquerna for signing.
7fa75a06a4fee19e995c069ee00310455d1452e1pquerna </p>
7fa75a06a4fee19e995c069ee00310455d1452e1pquerna<p>
7fa75a06a4fee19e995c069ee00310455d1452e1pquerna When BIND is built with OpenSSL PKCS#11 support, this defaults
8ac3ff7008df949c096f9cd8f769c7893594f61fnd to the string "pkcs11", which identifies an OpenSSL engine
ffe91a953fdd9354f1fbe543c3d92d53491e3eb7niq that can drive a cryptographic accelerator or hardware service
8ac3ff7008df949c096f9cd8f769c7893594f61fnd module. When BIND is built with native PKCS#11 cryptography
ffe91a953fdd9354f1fbe543c3d92d53491e3eb7niq (--enable-native-pkcs11), it defaults to the path of the PKCS#11
ffe91a953fdd9354f1fbe543c3d92d53491e3eb7niq provider library specified via "--with-pkcs11".
ffe91a953fdd9354f1fbe543c3d92d53491e3eb7niq </p>
ffe91a953fdd9354f1fbe543c3d92d53491e3eb7niq</dd>
ffe91a953fdd9354f1fbe543c3d92d53491e3eb7niq<dt><span class="term">-g</span></dt>
8ac3ff7008df949c096f9cd8f769c7893594f61fnd<dd><p>
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna Generate DS records for child zones from
ffe91a953fdd9354f1fbe543c3d92d53491e3eb7niq <code class="filename">dsset-</code> or <code class="filename">keyset-</code>
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna file. Existing DS records will be removed.
ffe91a953fdd9354f1fbe543c3d92d53491e3eb7niq </p></dd>
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna<dt><span class="term">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna<dd><p>
5c3c22e3324f26848c1782e711c24faf28136012jerenkrantz Key repository: Specify a directory to search for DNSSEC keys.
5c3c22e3324f26848c1782e711c24faf28136012jerenkrantz If not specified, defaults to the current directory.
5c3c22e3324f26848c1782e711c24faf28136012jerenkrantz </p></dd>
5c3c22e3324f26848c1782e711c24faf28136012jerenkrantz<dt><span class="term">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></span></dt>
5c3c22e3324f26848c1782e711c24faf28136012jerenkrantz<dd><p>
5c3c22e3324f26848c1782e711c24faf28136012jerenkrantz Treat specified key as a key signing key ignoring any
5c3c22e3324f26848c1782e711c24faf28136012jerenkrantz key flags. This option may be specified multiple times.
5c3c22e3324f26848c1782e711c24faf28136012jerenkrantz </p></dd>
5c3c22e3324f26848c1782e711c24faf28136012jerenkrantz<dt><span class="term">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></span></dt>
5c3c22e3324f26848c1782e711c24faf28136012jerenkrantz<dd><p>
5c3c22e3324f26848c1782e711c24faf28136012jerenkrantz Generate a DLV set in addition to the key (DNSKEY) and DS sets.
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna The domain is appended to the name of the records.
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna </p></dd>
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna<dt><span class="term">-M <em class="replaceable"><code>maxttl</code></em></span></dt>
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna<dd><p>
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna Sets the maximum TTL for the signed zone.
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna Any TTL higher than <em class="replaceable"><code>maxttl</code></em> in the
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna input zone will be reduced to <em class="replaceable"><code>maxttl</code></em>
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna in the output. This provides certainty as to the largest
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna possible TTL in the signed zone, which is useful to know when
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna rolling keys because it is the longest possible time before
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna signatures that have been retrieved by resolvers will expire
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna from resolver caches. Zones that are signed with this
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna option should be configured to use a matching
5b6890f4bf64eff2abec93f06ad5b5cb7560f780pquerna <code class="option">max-zone-ttl</code> in <code class="filename">named.conf</code>.
5b6890f4bf64eff2abec93f06ad5b5cb7560f780pquerna (Note: This option is incompatible with <code class="option">-D</code>,
5b6890f4bf64eff2abec93f06ad5b5cb7560f780pquerna because it modifies non-DNSSEC data in the output zone.)
5b6890f4bf64eff2abec93f06ad5b5cb7560f780pquerna </p></dd>
5b6890f4bf64eff2abec93f06ad5b5cb7560f780pquerna<dt><span class="term">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></span></dt>
5b6890f4bf64eff2abec93f06ad5b5cb7560f780pquerna<dd><p>
82d4a929c9d891a758667c94e09c871358acf6ecjerenkrantz Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
82d4a929c9d891a758667c94e09c871358acf6ecjerenkrantz become valid. This can be either an absolute or relative
82d4a929c9d891a758667c94e09c871358acf6ecjerenkrantz time. An absolute start time is indicated by a number
82d4a929c9d891a758667c94e09c871358acf6ecjerenkrantz in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation; 20000530144500 denotes
5b6890f4bf64eff2abec93f06ad5b5cb7560f780pquerna 14:45:00 UTC on May 30th, 2000. A relative start time is
82d4a929c9d891a758667c94e09c871358acf6ecjerenkrantz indicated by +N, which is N seconds from the current time.
ffe91a953fdd9354f1fbe543c3d92d53491e3eb7niq If no <code class="option">start-time</code> is specified, the current
5b6890f4bf64eff2abec93f06ad5b5cb7560f780pquerna time minus 1 hour (to allow for clock skew) is used.
ffe91a953fdd9354f1fbe543c3d92d53491e3eb7niq </p></dd>
5b6890f4bf64eff2abec93f06ad5b5cb7560f780pquerna<dt><span class="term">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></span></dt>
5b6890f4bf64eff2abec93f06ad5b5cb7560f780pquerna<dd><p>
5b6890f4bf64eff2abec93f06ad5b5cb7560f780pquerna Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
5b6890f4bf64eff2abec93f06ad5b5cb7560f780pquerna expire. As with <code class="option">start-time</code>, an absolute
5b6890f4bf64eff2abec93f06ad5b5cb7560f780pquerna time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
5b6890f4bf64eff2abec93f06ad5b5cb7560f780pquerna to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
5b6890f4bf64eff2abec93f06ad5b5cb7560f780pquerna the start time. A time relative to the current time is
d6982afaa3d5b461b2f65a88b834a26e74aef91dpquerna indicated with now+N. If no <code class="option">end-time</code> is
72e02458beb6f111ebe89cb33bde36a64d34be6fpquerna specified, 30 days from the start time is used as a default.
72e02458beb6f111ebe89cb33bde36a64d34be6fpquerna <code class="option">end-time</code> must be later than
72e02458beb6f111ebe89cb33bde36a64d34be6fpquerna <code class="option">start-time</code>.
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna </p></dd>
ffe91a953fdd9354f1fbe543c3d92d53491e3eb7niq<dt><span class="term">-X <em class="replaceable"><code>extended end-time</code></em></span></dt>
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna<dd>
ffe91a953fdd9354f1fbe543c3d92d53491e3eb7niq<p>
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna for the DNSKEY RRset will expire. This is to be used in cases
ffe91a953fdd9354f1fbe543c3d92d53491e3eb7niq when the DNSKEY signatures need to persist longer than
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna signatures on other records; e.g., when the private component
281c0b44de97d9942428ff51bc2be0e8e61ed87bkess of the KSK is kept offline and the KSK signature is to be
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna refreshed manually.
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna </p>
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna<p>
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna As with <code class="option">start-time</code>, an absolute
5c3c22e3324f26848c1782e711c24faf28136012jerenkrantz time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
5c3c22e3324f26848c1782e711c24faf28136012jerenkrantz to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
5c3c22e3324f26848c1782e711c24faf28136012jerenkrantz the start time. A time relative to the current time is
5c3c22e3324f26848c1782e711c24faf28136012jerenkrantz indicated with now+N. If no <code class="option">extended end-time</code> is
5c3c22e3324f26848c1782e711c24faf28136012jerenkrantz specified, the value of <code class="option">end-time</code> is used as
5c3c22e3324f26848c1782e711c24faf28136012jerenkrantz the default. (<code class="option">end-time</code>, in turn, defaults to
5c3c22e3324f26848c1782e711c24faf28136012jerenkrantz 30 days from the start time.) <code class="option">extended end-time</code>
5c3c22e3324f26848c1782e711c24faf28136012jerenkrantz must be later than <code class="option">start-time</code>.
5c3c22e3324f26848c1782e711c24faf28136012jerenkrantz </p>
5c3c22e3324f26848c1782e711c24faf28136012jerenkrantz</dd>
5c3c22e3324f26848c1782e711c24faf28136012jerenkrantz<dt><span class="term">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></span></dt>
5c3c22e3324f26848c1782e711c24faf28136012jerenkrantz<dd><p>
5c3c22e3324f26848c1782e711c24faf28136012jerenkrantz The name of the output file containing the signed zone. The
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna default is to append <code class="filename">.signed</code> to
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna the input filename. If <code class="option">output-file</code> is
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna set to <code class="literal">"-"</code>, then the signed zone is
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna written to the standard output, with a default output
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna format of "full".
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna </p></dd>
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna<dt><span class="term">-h</span></dt>
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna<dd><p>
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna Prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>.
9bcfc3697a91b5215893a7d0206865b13fc72148nd </p></dd>
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna<dt><span class="term">-V</span></dt>
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna<dd><p>
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna Prints version information.
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna </p></dd>
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna<dt><span class="term">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></span></dt>
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna<dd>
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna<p>
8bb7126c063c34d63966733988411f72dfcb2294maczniak When a previously-signed zone is passed as input, records
8bb7126c063c34d63966733988411f72dfcb2294maczniak may be resigned. The <code class="option">interval</code> option
8bb7126c063c34d63966733988411f72dfcb2294maczniak specifies the cycle interval as an offset from the current
8bb7126c063c34d63966733988411f72dfcb2294maczniak time (in seconds). If a RRSIG record expires after the
8bb7126c063c34d63966733988411f72dfcb2294maczniak cycle interval, it is retained. Otherwise, it is considered
8bb7126c063c34d63966733988411f72dfcb2294maczniak to be expiring soon, and it will be replaced.
8bb7126c063c34d63966733988411f72dfcb2294maczniak </p>
8bb7126c063c34d63966733988411f72dfcb2294maczniak<p>
8bb7126c063c34d63966733988411f72dfcb2294maczniak The default cycle interval is one quarter of the difference
8ac3ff7008df949c096f9cd8f769c7893594f61fnd between the signature end and start times. So if neither
8ac3ff7008df949c096f9cd8f769c7893594f61fnd <code class="option">end-time</code> or <code class="option">start-time</code>
8ac3ff7008df949c096f9cd8f769c7893594f61fnd are specified, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
8ac3ff7008df949c096f9cd8f769c7893594f61fnd generates
20189240503ef2c8f5dc6e2248b57faab4b23b5and signatures that are valid for 30 days, with a cycle
20189240503ef2c8f5dc6e2248b57faab4b23b5and interval of 7.5 days. Therefore, if any existing RRSIG records
20189240503ef2c8f5dc6e2248b57faab4b23b5and are due to expire in less than 7.5 days, they would be
20189240503ef2c8f5dc6e2248b57faab4b23b5and replaced.
20189240503ef2c8f5dc6e2248b57faab4b23b5and </p>
20189240503ef2c8f5dc6e2248b57faab4b23b5and</dd>
20189240503ef2c8f5dc6e2248b57faab4b23b5and<dt><span class="term">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></span></dt>
20189240503ef2c8f5dc6e2248b57faab4b23b5and<dd><p>
20189240503ef2c8f5dc6e2248b57faab4b23b5and The format of the input zone file.
20189240503ef2c8f5dc6e2248b57faab4b23b5and Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"text"</strong></span> (default),
20189240503ef2c8f5dc6e2248b57faab4b23b5and <span><strong class="command">"raw"</strong></span>, and <span><strong class="command">"map"</strong></span>.
7dd2be584ba36c686d9f748b55451f54f0043bccniq This option is primarily intended to be used for dynamic
7dd2be584ba36c686d9f748b55451f54f0043bccniq signed zones so that the dumped zone file in a non-text
7dd2be584ba36c686d9f748b55451f54f0043bccniq format containing updates can be signed directly.
7dd2be584ba36c686d9f748b55451f54f0043bccniq The use of this option does not make much sense for
7dd2be584ba36c686d9f748b55451f54f0043bccniq non-dynamic zones.
7dd2be584ba36c686d9f748b55451f54f0043bccniq </p></dd>
2a7f3c80a48282b9edebe74b2e9c6f1ae9faf329colm<dt><span class="term">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></span></dt>
7dd2be584ba36c686d9f748b55451f54f0043bccniq<dd>
2a7f3c80a48282b9edebe74b2e9c6f1ae9faf329colm<p>
7dd2be584ba36c686d9f748b55451f54f0043bccniq When signing a zone with a fixed signature lifetime, all
7dd2be584ba36c686d9f748b55451f54f0043bccniq RRSIG records issued at the time of signing expires
7dd2be584ba36c686d9f748b55451f54f0043bccniq simultaneously. If the zone is incrementally signed, i.e.
7dd2be584ba36c686d9f748b55451f54f0043bccniq a previously-signed zone is passed as input to the signer,
7dd2be584ba36c686d9f748b55451f54f0043bccniq all expired signatures have to be regenerated at about the
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna same time. The <code class="option">jitter</code> option specifies a
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna jitter window that will be used to randomize the signature
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna expire time, thus spreading incremental signature
8bb7126c063c34d63966733988411f72dfcb2294maczniak regeneration over time.
1cc20a8827ff6056399d64e3106b44d31e8e0e53nd </p>
1cc20a8827ff6056399d64e3106b44d31e8e0e53nd<p>
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna Signature lifetime jitter also to some extent benefits
b95ae799514ad86a15610ad75808d7065e9847c9kess validators and servers by spreading out cache expiration,
0c294487ab3a4e567dc574bb2ad81c7ce07cfd31pquerna i.e. if large numbers of RRSIGs don't expire at the same time
ffe91a953fdd9354f1fbe543c3d92d53491e3eb7niq from all caches there will be less congestion than if all
validators need to refetch at mostly the same time.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>serial</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
When writing a signed zone to "raw" or "map" format, set the
"source serial" value in the header to the specified serial
number. (This is expected to be used primarily for testing
purposes.)
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>ncpus</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specifies the number of threads to use. By default, one
thread is started for each detected CPU.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
The SOA serial number format of the signed zone.
Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"keep"</strong></span> (default),
<span><strong class="command">"increment"</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">"unixtime"</strong></span>,
and <span><strong class="command">"date"</strong></span>.
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"keep"</strong></span></span></dt>
<dd><p>Do not modify the SOA serial number.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"increment"</strong></span></span></dt>
<dd><p>Increment the SOA serial number using RFC 1982
arithmetics.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"unixtime"</strong></span></span></dt>
<dd><p>Set the SOA serial number to the number of seconds
since epoch.</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"date"</strong></span></span></dt>
<dd><p>Set the SOA serial number to today's date in
YYYYMMDDNN format.</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The zone origin. If not specified, the name of the zone file
is assumed to be the origin.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
The format of the output file containing the signed zone.
Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"text"</strong></span> (default),
which is the standard textual representation of the zone;
<span><strong class="command">"full"</strong></span>, which is text output in a
format suitable for processing by external scripts;
and <span><strong class="command">"map"</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">"raw"</strong></span>,
and <span><strong class="command">"raw=N"</strong></span>, which store the zone in
binary formats for rapid loading by <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.
<span><strong class="command">"raw=N"</strong></span> specifies the format version of
the raw zone file: if N is 0, the raw file can be read by
any version of <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>; if N is 1, the file
can be read by release 9.9.0 or higher; the default is 1.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-p</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Use pseudo-random data when signing the zone. This is faster,
but less secure, than using real random data. This option
may be useful when signing large zones or when the entropy
source is limited.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-P</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Disable post sign verification tests.
</p>
<p>
The post sign verification test ensures that for each algorithm
in use there is at least one non revoked self signed KSK key,
that all revoked KSK keys are self signed, and that all records
in the zone are signed by the algorithm.
This option skips these tests.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-Q</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Remove signatures from keys that are no longer active.
</p>
<p>
Normally, when a previously-signed zone is passed as input
to the signer, and a DNSKEY record has been removed and
replaced with a new one, signatures from the old key
that are still within their validity period are retained.
This allows the zone to continue to validate with cached
copies of the old DNSKEY RRset. The <code class="option">-Q</code>
forces <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> to remove
signatures from keys that are no longer active. This
enables ZSK rollover using the procedure described in
RFC 4641, section 4.2.1.1 ("Pre-Publish Key Rollover").
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-R</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Remove signatures from keys that are no longer published.
</p>
<p>
This option is similar to <code class="option">-Q</code>, except it
forces <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> to signatures from
keys that are no longer published. This enables ZSK rollover
using the procedure described in RFC 4641, section 4.2.1.2
("Double Signature Zone Signing Key Rollover").
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specifies the source of randomness. If the operating
system does not provide a <code class="filename">/dev/random</code>
or equivalent device, the default source of randomness
is keyboard input. <code class="filename">randomdev</code>
specifies
the name of a character device or file containing random
data to be used instead of the default. The special value
<code class="filename">keyboard</code> indicates that keyboard
input should be used.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-S</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
Smart signing: Instructs <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> to
search the key repository for keys that match the zone being
signed, and to include them in the zone if appropriate.
</p>
<p>
When a key is found, its timing metadata is examined to
determine how it should be used, according to the following
rules. Each successive rule takes priority over the prior
ones:
</p>
<div class="variablelist"><dl>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If no timing metadata has been set for the key, the key is
published in the zone and used to sign the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If the key's publication date is set and is in the past, the
key is published in the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If the key's activation date is set and in the past, the
key is published (regardless of publication date) and
used to sign the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If the key's revocation date is set and in the past, and the
key is published, then the key is revoked, and the revoked key
is used to sign the zone.
</p></dd>
<dt></dt>
<dd><p>
If either of the key's unpublication or deletion dates are set
and in the past, the key is NOT published or used to sign the
zone, regardless of any other metadata.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specifies a TTL to be used for new DNSKEY records imported
into the zone from the key repository. If not
specified, the default is the TTL value from the zone's SOA
record. This option is ignored when signing without
<code class="option">-S</code>, since DNSKEY records are not imported
from the key repository in that case. It is also ignored if
there are any pre-existing DNSKEY records at the zone apex,
in which case new records' TTL values will be set to match
them, or if any of the imported DNSKEY records had a default
TTL value. In the event of a a conflict between TTL values in
imported keys, the shortest one is used.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-t</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Print statistics at completion.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-u</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Update NSEC/NSEC3 chain when re-signing a previously signed
zone. With this option, a zone signed with NSEC can be
switched to NSEC3, or a zone signed with NSEC3 can
be switch to NSEC or to NSEC3 with different parameters.
Without this option, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> will
retain the existing chain when re-signing.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Sets the debugging level.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-x</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Only sign the DNSKEY RRset with key-signing keys, and omit
signatures from zone-signing keys. (This is similar to the
<span><strong class="command">dnssec-dnskey-kskonly yes;</strong></span> zone option in
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.)
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-z</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Ignore KSK flag on key when determining what to sign. This
causes KSK-flagged keys to sign all records, not just the
DNSKEY RRset. (This is similar to the
<span><strong class="command">update-check-ksk no;</strong></span> zone option in
<span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.)
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-3 <em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
Generate an NSEC3 chain with the given hex encoded salt.
A dash (<em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em>) can
be used to indicate that no salt is to be used when generating the NSEC3 chain.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-H <em class="replaceable"><code>iterations</code></em></span></dt>
<dd><p>
When generating an NSEC3 chain, use this many iterations. The
default is 10.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">-A</span></dt>
<dd>
<p>
When generating an NSEC3 chain set the OPTOUT flag on all
NSEC3 records and do not generate NSEC3 records for insecure
delegations.
</p>
<p>
Using this option twice (i.e., <code class="option">-AA</code>)
turns the OPTOUT flag off for all records. This is useful
when using the <code class="option">-u</code> option to modify an NSEC3
chain which previously had OPTOUT set.
</p>
</dd>
<dt><span class="term">zonefile</span></dt>
<dd><p>
The file containing the zone to be signed.
</p></dd>
<dt><span class="term">key</span></dt>
<dd><p>
Specify which keys should be used to sign the zone. If
no keys are specified, then the zone will be examined
for DNSKEY records at the zone apex. If these are found and
there are matching private keys, in the current directory,
then these will be used for signing.
</p></dd>
</dl></div>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2676370"></a><h2>EXAMPLE</h2>
<p>
The following command signs the <strong class="userinput"><code>example.com</code></strong>
zone with the DSA key generated by <span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span>
(Kexample.com.+003+17247). Because the <span><strong class="command">-S</strong></span> option
is not being used, the zone's keys must be in the master file
(<code class="filename">db.example.com</code>). This invocation looks
for <code class="filename">dsset</code> files, in the current directory,
so that DS records can be imported from them (<span><strong class="command">-g</strong></span>).
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">% dnssec-signzone -g -o example.com db.example.com \
Kexample.com.+003+17247
db.example.com.signed
%</pre>
<p>
In the above example, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> creates
the file <code class="filename">db.example.com.signed</code>. This
file should be referenced in a zone statement in a
<code class="filename">named.conf</code> file.
</p>
<p>
This example re-signs a previously signed zone with default parameters.
The private keys are assumed to be in the current directory.
</p>
<pre class="programlisting">% cp db.example.com.signed db.example.com
% dnssec-signzone -o example.com db.example.com
db.example.com.signed
%</pre>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2676517"></a><h2>SEE ALSO</h2>
<p><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">dnssec-keygen</span>(8)</span>,
<em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>,
<em class="citetitle">RFC 4033</em>, <em class="citetitle">RFC 4641</em>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="refsect1" lang="en">
<a name="id2676545"></a><h2>AUTHOR</h2>
<p><span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
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