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4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<a name="man.dnssec-signzone"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<p><span class="application">dnssec-signzone</span> — DNSSEC zone signing tool</p>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">dnssec-signzone</code> [<code class="option">-a</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-D</code>] [<code class="option">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-h</code>] [<code class="option">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>serial</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-M <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-P</code>] [<code class="option">-p</code>] [<code class="option">-Q</code>] [<code class="option">-R</code>] [<code class="option">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-S</code>] [<code class="option">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t</code>] [<code class="option">-u</code>] [<code class="option">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-V</code>] [<code class="option">-X <em class="replaceable"><code>extended end-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-x</code>] [<code class="option">-z</code>] [<code class="option">-3 <em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-H <em class="replaceable"><code>iterations</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-A</code>] {zonefile} [key...]</p></div>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<p><span class="command"><strong>dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync signs a zone. It generates
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync NSEC and RRSIG records and produces a signed version of the
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync zone. The security status of delegations from the signed zone
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync (that is, whether the child zones are secure or not) is
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync determined by the presence or absence of a
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync <code class="filename">keyset</code> file for each child zone.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Verify all generated signatures.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Specifies the DNS class of the zone.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Compatibility mode: Generate a
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync <code class="filename">keyset-<em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></code>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync file in addition to
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync <code class="filename">dsset-<em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></code>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync when signing a zone, for use by older versions of
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync <span class="command"><strong>dnssec-signzone</strong></span>.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync <code class="filename">keyset-</code> files in <code class="option">directory</code>.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Output only those record types automatically managed by
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync <span class="command"><strong>dnssec-signzone</strong></span>, i.e. RRSIG, NSEC,
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync NSEC3 and NSEC3PARAM records. If smart signing
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync (<code class="option">-S</code>) is used, DNSKEY records are also
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync included. The resulting file can be included in the original
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync zone file with <span class="command"><strong>$INCLUDE</strong></span>. This option
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync cannot be combined with <code class="option">-O raw</code>,
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync <code class="option">-O map</code>, or serial number updating.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine</code></em></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync When applicable, specifies the hardware to use for
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync cryptographic operations, such as a secure key store used
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync for signing.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync When BIND is built with OpenSSL PKCS#11 support, this defaults
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync to the string "pkcs11", which identifies an OpenSSL engine
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync that can drive a cryptographic accelerator or hardware service
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync module. When BIND is built with native PKCS#11 cryptography
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync (--enable-native-pkcs11), it defaults to the path of the PKCS#11
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync provider library specified via "--with-pkcs11".
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Generate DS records for child zones from
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync <code class="filename">dsset-</code> or <code class="filename">keyset-</code>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync file. Existing DS records will be removed.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Key repository: Specify a directory to search for DNSSEC keys.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync If not specified, defaults to the current directory.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Treat specified key as a key signing key ignoring any
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync key flags. This option may be specified multiple times.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Generate a DLV set in addition to the key (DNSKEY) and DS sets.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync The domain is appended to the name of the records.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-M <em class="replaceable"><code>maxttl</code></em></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Sets the maximum TTL for the signed zone.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Any TTL higher than <em class="replaceable"><code>maxttl</code></em> in the
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync input zone will be reduced to <em class="replaceable"><code>maxttl</code></em>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync in the output. This provides certainty as to the largest
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync possible TTL in the signed zone, which is useful to know when
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync rolling keys because it is the longest possible time before
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync signatures that have been retrieved by resolvers will expire
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync from resolver caches. Zones that are signed with this
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync option should be configured to use a matching
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync <code class="option">max-zone-ttl</code> in <code class="filename">named.conf</code>.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync (Note: This option is incompatible with <code class="option">-D</code>,
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync because it modifies non-DNSSEC data in the output zone.)
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync become valid. This can be either an absolute or relative
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync time. An absolute start time is indicated by a number
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation; 20000530144500 denotes
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync 14:45:00 UTC on May 30th, 2000. A relative start time is
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync indicated by +N, which is N seconds from the current time.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync If no <code class="option">start-time</code> is specified, the current
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync time minus 1 hour (to allow for clock skew) is used.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync expire. As with <code class="option">start-time</code>, an absolute
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync the start time. A time relative to the current time is
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync indicated with now+N. If no <code class="option">end-time</code> is
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync specified, 30 days from the start time is used as a default.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync <code class="option">end-time</code> must be later than
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-X <em class="replaceable"><code>extended end-time</code></em></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync for the DNSKEY RRset will expire. This is to be used in cases
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync when the DNSKEY signatures need to persist longer than
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync signatures on other records; e.g., when the private component
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync of the KSK is kept offline and the KSK signature is to be
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync refreshed manually.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync As with <code class="option">start-time</code>, an absolute
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync the start time. A time relative to the current time is
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync indicated with now+N. If no <code class="option">extended end-time</code> is
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync specified, the value of <code class="option">end-time</code> is used as
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync the default. (<code class="option">end-time</code>, in turn, defaults to
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync 30 days from the start time.) <code class="option">extended end-time</code>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync must be later than <code class="option">start-time</code>.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync The name of the output file containing the signed zone. The
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync default is to append <code class="filename">.signed</code> to
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync the input filename. If <code class="option">output-file</code> is
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync set to <code class="literal">"-"</code>, then the signed zone is
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync written to the standard output, with a default output
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync format of "full".
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync <span class="command"><strong>dnssec-signzone</strong></span>.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Prints version information.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync When a previously-signed zone is passed as input, records
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync may be resigned. The <code class="option">interval</code> option
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync specifies the cycle interval as an offset from the current
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync time (in seconds). If a RRSIG record expires after the
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync cycle interval, it is retained. Otherwise, it is considered
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync to be expiring soon, and it will be replaced.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync The default cycle interval is one quarter of the difference
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync between the signature end and start times. So if neither
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync <code class="option">end-time</code> or <code class="option">start-time</code>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync are specified, <span class="command"><strong>dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync signatures that are valid for 30 days, with a cycle
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync interval of 7.5 days. Therefore, if any existing RRSIG records
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync are due to expire in less than 7.5 days, they would be
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync The format of the input zone file.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Possible formats are <span class="command"><strong>"text"</strong></span> (default),
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync <span class="command"><strong>"raw"</strong></span>, and <span class="command"><strong>"map"</strong></span>.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync This option is primarily intended to be used for dynamic
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync signed zones so that the dumped zone file in a non-text
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync format containing updates can be signed directly.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync The use of this option does not make much sense for
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync non-dynamic zones.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync When signing a zone with a fixed signature lifetime, all
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync RRSIG records issued at the time of signing expires
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync simultaneously. If the zone is incrementally signed, i.e.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync a previously-signed zone is passed as input to the signer,
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync all expired signatures have to be regenerated at about the
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync same time. The <code class="option">jitter</code> option specifies a
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync jitter window that will be used to randomize the signature
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync expire time, thus spreading incremental signature
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync regeneration over time.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Signature lifetime jitter also to some extent benefits
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync validators and servers by spreading out cache expiration,
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync i.e. if large numbers of RRSIGs don't expire at the same time
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync from all caches there will be less congestion than if all
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync validators need to refetch at mostly the same time.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>serial</code></em></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync When writing a signed zone to "raw" or "map" format, set the
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync "source serial" value in the header to the specified serial
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync number. (This is expected to be used primarily for testing
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>ncpus</code></em></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Specifies the number of threads to use. By default, one
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync thread is started for each detected CPU.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync The SOA serial number format of the signed zone.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Possible formats are <span class="command"><strong>"keep"</strong></span> (default),
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync <span class="command"><strong>"increment"</strong></span>, <span class="command"><strong>"unixtime"</strong></span>,
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync and <span class="command"><strong>"date"</strong></span>.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term"><span class="command"><strong>"keep"</strong></span></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dd><p>Do not modify the SOA serial number.</p></dd>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term"><span class="command"><strong>"increment"</strong></span></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dd><p>Increment the SOA serial number using RFC 1982
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term"><span class="command"><strong>"unixtime"</strong></span></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dd><p>Set the SOA serial number to the number of seconds
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term"><span class="command"><strong>"date"</strong></span></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync The zone origin. If not specified, the name of the zone file
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync is assumed to be the origin.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync The format of the output file containing the signed zone.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Possible formats are <span class="command"><strong>"text"</strong></span> (default),
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync which is the standard textual representation of the zone;
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync <span class="command"><strong>"full"</strong></span>, which is text output in a
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync format suitable for processing by external scripts;
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync and <span class="command"><strong>"map"</strong></span>, <span class="command"><strong>"raw"</strong></span>,
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync and <span class="command"><strong>"raw=N"</strong></span>, which store the zone in
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync binary formats for rapid loading by <span class="command"><strong>named</strong></span>.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync <span class="command"><strong>"raw=N"</strong></span> specifies the format version of
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync the raw zone file: if N is 0, the raw file can be read by
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync any version of <span class="command"><strong>named</strong></span>; if N is 1, the file
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync can be read by release 9.9.0 or higher; the default is 1.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Use pseudo-random data when signing the zone. This is faster,
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync but less secure, than using real random data. This option
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync may be useful when signing large zones or when the entropy
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync source is limited.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Disable post sign verification tests.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync The post sign verification test ensures that for each algorithm
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync in use there is at least one non revoked self signed KSK key,
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync that all revoked KSK keys are self signed, and that all records
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync in the zone are signed by the algorithm.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync This option skips these tests.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Remove signatures from keys that are no longer active.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Normally, when a previously-signed zone is passed as input
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync to the signer, and a DNSKEY record has been removed and
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync replaced with a new one, signatures from the old key
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync that are still within their validity period are retained.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync This allows the zone to continue to validate with cached
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync copies of the old DNSKEY RRset. The <code class="option">-Q</code>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync forces <span class="command"><strong>dnssec-signzone</strong></span> to remove
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync signatures from keys that are no longer active. This
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync enables ZSK rollover using the procedure described in
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync RFC 4641, section 4.2.1.1 ("Pre-Publish Key Rollover").
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Remove signatures from keys that are no longer published.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync This option is similar to <code class="option">-Q</code>, except it
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync forces <span class="command"><strong>dnssec-signzone</strong></span> to signatures from
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync keys that are no longer published. This enables ZSK rollover
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync using the procedure described in RFC 4641, section 4.2.1.2
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync ("Double Signature Zone Signing Key Rollover").
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Specifies the source of randomness. If the operating
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync system does not provide a <code class="filename">/dev/random</code>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync or equivalent device, the default source of randomness
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync is keyboard input. <code class="filename">randomdev</code>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync the name of a character device or file containing random
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync data to be used instead of the default. The special value
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync <code class="filename">keyboard</code> indicates that keyboard
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync input should be used.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Smart signing: Instructs <span class="command"><strong>dnssec-signzone</strong></span> to
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync search the key repository for keys that match the zone being
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync signed, and to include them in the zone if appropriate.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync When a key is found, its timing metadata is examined to
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync determine how it should be used, according to the following
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync rules. Each successive rule takes priority over the prior
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync If no timing metadata has been set for the key, the key is
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync published in the zone and used to sign the zone.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync If the key's publication date is set and is in the past, the
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync key is published in the zone.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync If the key's activation date is set and in the past, the
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync key is published (regardless of publication date) and
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync used to sign the zone.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync If the key's revocation date is set and in the past, and the
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync key is published, then the key is revoked, and the revoked key
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync is used to sign the zone.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync If either of the key's unpublication or deletion dates are set
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync and in the past, the key is NOT published or used to sign the
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync zone, regardless of any other metadata.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Specifies a TTL to be used for new DNSKEY records imported
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync into the zone from the key repository. If not
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync specified, the default is the TTL value from the zone's SOA
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync record. This option is ignored when signing without
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync <code class="option">-S</code>, since DNSKEY records are not imported
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync from the key repository in that case. It is also ignored if
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync there are any pre-existing DNSKEY records at the zone apex,
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync in which case new records' TTL values will be set to match
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync them, or if any of the imported DNSKEY records had a default
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync TTL value. In the event of a a conflict between TTL values in
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync imported keys, the shortest one is used.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Print statistics at completion.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Update NSEC/NSEC3 chain when re-signing a previously signed
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync zone. With this option, a zone signed with NSEC can be
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync switched to NSEC3, or a zone signed with NSEC3 can
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync be switch to NSEC or to NSEC3 with different parameters.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Without this option, <span class="command"><strong>dnssec-signzone</strong></span> will
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync retain the existing chain when re-signing.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Sets the debugging level.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Only sign the DNSKEY RRset with key-signing keys, and omit
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync signatures from zone-signing keys. (This is similar to the
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync <span class="command"><strong>dnssec-dnskey-kskonly yes;</strong></span> zone option in
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync <span class="command"><strong>named</strong></span>.)
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Ignore KSK flag on key when determining what to sign. This
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync causes KSK-flagged keys to sign all records, not just the
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync DNSKEY RRset. (This is similar to the
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync <span class="command"><strong>update-check-ksk no;</strong></span> zone option in
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync <span class="command"><strong>named</strong></span>.)
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-3 <em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Generate an NSEC3 chain with the given hex encoded salt.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync A dash (<em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em>) can
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync be used to indicate that no salt is to be used when generating the NSEC3 chain.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<dt><span class="term">-H <em class="replaceable"><code>iterations</code></em></span></dt>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync When generating an NSEC3 chain, use this many iterations. The
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync default is 10.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync When generating an NSEC3 chain set the OPTOUT flag on all
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync NSEC3 records and do not generate NSEC3 records for insecure
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync delegations.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Using this option twice (i.e., <code class="option">-AA</code>)
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync turns the OPTOUT flag off for all records. This is useful
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync when using the <code class="option">-u</code> option to modify an NSEC3
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync chain which previously had OPTOUT set.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync The file containing the zone to be signed.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync Specify which keys should be used to sign the zone. If
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync no keys are specified, then the zone will be examined
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync for DNSKEY records at the zone apex. If these are found and
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync there are matching private keys, in the current directory,
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync then these will be used for signing.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync The following command signs the <strong class="userinput"><code>example.com</code></strong>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync zone with the DSA key generated by <span class="command"><strong>dnssec-keygen</strong></span>
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync (Kexample.com.+003+17247). Because the <span class="command"><strong>-S</strong></span> option
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync is not being used, the zone's keys must be in the master file
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync (<code class="filename">db.example.com</code>). This invocation looks
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync for <code class="filename">dsset</code> files, in the current directory,
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync so that DS records can be imported from them (<span class="command"><strong>-g</strong></span>).
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<pre class="programlisting">% dnssec-signzone -g -o example.com db.example.com \
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync In the above example, <span class="command"><strong>dnssec-signzone</strong></span> creates
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync the file <code class="filename">db.example.com.signed</code>. This
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync file should be referenced in a zone statement in a
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync This example re-signs a previously signed zone with default parameters.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync The private keys are assumed to be in the current directory.
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<pre class="programlisting">% cp db.example.com.signed db.example.com
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<p><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">dnssec-keygen</span>(8)</span>,
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync <em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>,
4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync <em class="citetitle">RFC 4033</em>, <em class="citetitle">RFC 4641</em>.
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4fd606d1f5abe38e1f42c38de1d2e895166bd0f4vboxsync<p xmlns:db="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook" style="text-align: center;">BIND 9.11.0a2</p>