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8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster - Copyright (C) 2004-2014 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
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8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster - REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY
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8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<a name="man.dnssec-signzone"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<p><span class="application">dnssec-signzone</span> — DNSSEC zone signing tool</p>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">dnssec-signzone</code> [<code class="option">-a</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-D</code>] [<code class="option">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-h</code>] [<code class="option">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>serial</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-M <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-P</code>] [<code class="option">-p</code>] [<code class="option">-Q</code>] [<code class="option">-R</code>] [<code class="option">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-S</code>] [<code class="option">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t</code>] [<code class="option">-u</code>] [<code class="option">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-V</code>] [<code class="option">-X <em class="replaceable"><code>extended end-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-x</code>] [<code class="option">-z</code>] [<code class="option">-3 <em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-H <em class="replaceable"><code>iterations</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-A</code>] {zonefile} [key...]</p></div>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<p><span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster signs a zone. It generates
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster NSEC and RRSIG records and produces a signed version of the
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster zone. The security status of delegations from the signed zone
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster (that is, whether the child zones are secure or not) is
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster determined by the presence or absence of a
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster <code class="filename">keyset</code> file for each child zone.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Verify all generated signatures.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span></dt>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Specifies the DNS class of the zone.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Compatibility mode: Generate a
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster <code class="filename">keyset-<em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></code>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster file in addition to
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster <code class="filename">dsset-<em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></code>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster when signing a zone, for use by older versions of
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Look for <code class="filename">dsset-</code> or
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster <code class="filename">keyset-</code> files in <code class="option">directory</code>.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Output only those record types automatically managed by
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>, i.e. RRSIG, NSEC,
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster NSEC3 and NSEC3PARAM records. If smart signing
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster (<code class="option">-S</code>) is used, DNSKEY records are also
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster included. The resulting file can be included in the original
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster zone file with <span><strong class="command">$INCLUDE</strong></span>. This option
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster cannot be combined with <code class="option">-O raw</code>,
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster <code class="option">-O map</code>, or serial number updating.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<dt><span class="term">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine</code></em></span></dt>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster When applicable, specifies the hardware to use for
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster cryptographic operations, such as a secure key store used
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster for signing.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster When BIND is built with OpenSSL PKCS#11 support, this defaults
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster to the string "pkcs11", which identifies an OpenSSL engine
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster that can drive a cryptographic accelerator or hardware service
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster module. When BIND is built with native PKCS#11 cryptography
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster (--enable-native-pkcs11), it defaults to the path of the PKCS#11
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster provider library specified via "--with-pkcs11".
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Generate DS records for child zones from
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster <code class="filename">dsset-</code> or <code class="filename">keyset-</code>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster file. Existing DS records will be removed.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<dt><span class="term">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Key repository: Specify a directory to search for DNSSEC keys.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster If not specified, defaults to the current directory.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<dt><span class="term">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></span></dt>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Treat specified key as a key signing key ignoring any
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster key flags. This option may be specified multiple times.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<dt><span class="term">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></span></dt>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Generate a DLV set in addition to the key (DNSKEY) and DS sets.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster The domain is appended to the name of the records.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<dt><span class="term">-M <em class="replaceable"><code>maxttl</code></em></span></dt>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Sets the maximum TTL for the signed zone.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Any TTL higher than <em class="replaceable"><code>maxttl</code></em> in the
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster input zone will be reduced to <em class="replaceable"><code>maxttl</code></em>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster in the output. This provides certainty as to the largest
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster possible TTL in the signed zone, which is useful to know when
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster rolling keys because it is the longest possible time before
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster signatures that have been retrieved by resolvers will expire
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster from resolver caches. Zones that are signed with this
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster option should be configured to use a matching
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster <code class="option">max-zone-ttl</code> in <code class="filename">named.conf</code>.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster (Note: This option is incompatible with <code class="option">-D</code>,
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster because it modifies non-DNSSEC data in the output zone.)
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<dt><span class="term">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></span></dt>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster become valid. This can be either an absolute or relative
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster time. An absolute start time is indicated by a number
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation; 20000530144500 denotes
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster 14:45:00 UTC on May 30th, 2000. A relative start time is
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster indicated by +N, which is N seconds from the current time.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster If no <code class="option">start-time</code> is specified, the current
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster time minus 1 hour (to allow for clock skew) is used.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<dt><span class="term">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></span></dt>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster expire. As with <code class="option">start-time</code>, an absolute
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
f4a2472d1b182b04ec3b4693e484d51b20ba982cPeter Major to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster the start time. A time relative to the current time is
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster indicated with now+N. If no <code class="option">end-time</code> is
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster specified, 30 days from the start time is used as a default.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster <code class="option">end-time</code> must be later than
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<dt><span class="term">-X <em class="replaceable"><code>extended end-time</code></em></span></dt>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
8a3bcf10e6c2ced4eceb11ca204384c3551bb81dKohei Tamura for the DNSKEY RRset will expire. This is to be used in cases
8a3bcf10e6c2ced4eceb11ca204384c3551bb81dKohei Tamura when the DNSKEY signatures need to persist longer than
8a3bcf10e6c2ced4eceb11ca204384c3551bb81dKohei Tamura signatures on other records; e.g., when the private component
8a3bcf10e6c2ced4eceb11ca204384c3551bb81dKohei Tamura of the KSK is kept offline and the KSK signature is to be
8a3bcf10e6c2ced4eceb11ca204384c3551bb81dKohei Tamura refreshed manually.
8a3bcf10e6c2ced4eceb11ca204384c3551bb81dKohei Tamura As with <code class="option">start-time</code>, an absolute
f4a2472d1b182b04ec3b4693e484d51b20ba982cPeter Major time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
8a3bcf10e6c2ced4eceb11ca204384c3551bb81dKohei Tamura to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
8a3bcf10e6c2ced4eceb11ca204384c3551bb81dKohei Tamura the start time. A time relative to the current time is
8a3bcf10e6c2ced4eceb11ca204384c3551bb81dKohei Tamura indicated with now+N. If no <code class="option">extended end-time</code> is
8a3bcf10e6c2ced4eceb11ca204384c3551bb81dKohei Tamura specified, the value of <code class="option">end-time</code> is used as
8a3bcf10e6c2ced4eceb11ca204384c3551bb81dKohei Tamura the default. (<code class="option">end-time</code>, in turn, defaults to
fb7922bf9ef3ae92d8638d8cf43e9425eeef25f0jeff.schenk 30 days from the start time.) <code class="option">extended end-time</code>
8a3bcf10e6c2ced4eceb11ca204384c3551bb81dKohei Tamura must be later than <code class="option">start-time</code>.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<dt><span class="term">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></span></dt>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster The name of the output file containing the signed zone. The
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster default is to append <code class="filename">.signed</code> to
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster the input filename. If <code class="option">output-file</code> is
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster set to <code class="literal">"-"</code>, then the signed zone is
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster written to the standard output, with a default output
f4a2472d1b182b04ec3b4693e484d51b20ba982cPeter Major format of "full".
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Prints version information.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<dt><span class="term">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></span></dt>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster When a previously-signed zone is passed as input, records
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster may be resigned. The <code class="option">interval</code> option
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster specifies the cycle interval as an offset from the current
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster time (in seconds). If a RRSIG record expires after the
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster cycle interval, it is retained. Otherwise, it is considered
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster to be expiring soon, and it will be replaced.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster The default cycle interval is one quarter of the difference
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster between the signature end and start times. So if neither
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster <code class="option">end-time</code> or <code class="option">start-time</code>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster are specified, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster signatures that are valid for 30 days, with a cycle
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster interval of 7.5 days. Therefore, if any existing RRSIG records
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster are due to expire in less than 7.5 days, they would be
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<dt><span class="term">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></span></dt>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster The format of the input zone file.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"text"</strong></span> (default),
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster <span><strong class="command">"raw"</strong></span>, and <span><strong class="command">"map"</strong></span>.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster This option is primarily intended to be used for dynamic
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster signed zones so that the dumped zone file in a non-text
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster format containing updates can be signed directly.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster The use of this option does not make much sense for
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster non-dynamic zones.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<dt><span class="term">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></span></dt>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster When signing a zone with a fixed signature lifetime, all
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster RRSIG records issued at the time of signing expires
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster simultaneously. If the zone is incrementally signed, i.e.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster a previously-signed zone is passed as input to the signer,
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster all expired signatures have to be regenerated at about the
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster same time. The <code class="option">jitter</code> option specifies a
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster jitter window that will be used to randomize the signature
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster expire time, thus spreading incremental signature
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster regeneration over time.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Signature lifetime jitter also to some extent benefits
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster validators and servers by spreading out cache expiration,
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster i.e. if large numbers of RRSIGs don't expire at the same time
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster from all caches there will be less congestion than if all
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster validators need to refetch at mostly the same time.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<dt><span class="term">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>serial</code></em></span></dt>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster When writing a signed zone to "raw" or "map" format, set the
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster "source serial" value in the header to the specified serial
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster number. (This is expected to be used primarily for testing
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>ncpus</code></em></span></dt>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Specifies the number of threads to use. By default, one
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster thread is started for each detected CPU.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<dt><span class="term">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></span></dt>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster The SOA serial number format of the signed zone.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"keep"</strong></span> (default),
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster <span><strong class="command">"increment"</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">"unixtime"</strong></span>,
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster and <span><strong class="command">"date"</strong></span>.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"keep"</strong></span></span></dt>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<dd><p>Do not modify the SOA serial number.</p></dd>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"increment"</strong></span></span></dt>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<dd><p>Increment the SOA serial number using RFC 1982
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"unixtime"</strong></span></span></dt>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<dd><p>Set the SOA serial number to the number of seconds
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"date"</strong></span></span></dt>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<dd><p>Set the SOA serial number to today's date in
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<dt><span class="term">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></span></dt>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster The zone origin. If not specified, the name of the zone file
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster is assumed to be the origin.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<dt><span class="term">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></span></dt>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster The format of the output file containing the signed zone.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"text"</strong></span> (default),
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster which is the standard textual representation of the zone;
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster <span><strong class="command">"full"</strong></span>, which is text output in a
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster format suitable for processing by external scripts;
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster and <span><strong class="command">"map"</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">"raw"</strong></span>,
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster and <span><strong class="command">"raw=N"</strong></span>, which store the zone in
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster binary formats for rapid loading by <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster <span><strong class="command">"raw=N"</strong></span> specifies the format version of
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster the raw zone file: if N is 0, the raw file can be read by
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster any version of <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>; if N is 1, the file
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster can be read by release 9.9.0 or higher; the default is 1.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Use pseudo-random data when signing the zone. This is faster,
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster but less secure, than using real random data. This option
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster may be useful when signing large zones or when the entropy
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster source is limited.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Disable post sign verification tests.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster The post sign verification test ensures that for each algorithm
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster in use there is at least one non revoked self signed KSK key,
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster that all revoked KSK keys are self signed, and that all records
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster in the zone are signed by the algorithm.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster This option skips these tests.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Remove signatures from keys that are no longer active.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Normally, when a previously-signed zone is passed as input
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster to the signer, and a DNSKEY record has been removed and
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster replaced with a new one, signatures from the old key
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster that are still within their validity period are retained.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster This allows the zone to continue to validate with cached
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster copies of the old DNSKEY RRset. The <code class="option">-Q</code>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster forces <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> to remove
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster signatures from keys that are no longer active. This
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster enables ZSK rollover using the procedure described in
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster RFC 4641, section 4.2.1.1 ("Pre-Publish Key Rollover").
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Remove signatures from keys that are no longer published.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster This option is similar to <code class="option">-Q</code>, except it
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster forces <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> to signatures from
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster keys that are no longer published. This enables ZSK rollover
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster using the procedure described in RFC 4641, section 4.2.1.2
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster ("Double Signature Zone Signing Key Rollover").
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<dt><span class="term">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></span></dt>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Specifies the source of randomness. If the operating
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster system does not provide a <code class="filename">/dev/random</code>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster or equivalent device, the default source of randomness
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster is keyboard input. <code class="filename">randomdev</code>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster the name of a character device or file containing random
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster data to be used instead of the default. The special value
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster <code class="filename">keyboard</code> indicates that keyboard
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster input should be used.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Smart signing: Instructs <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> to
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster search the key repository for keys that match the zone being
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster signed, and to include them in the zone if appropriate.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster When a key is found, its timing metadata is examined to
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster determine how it should be used, according to the following
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster rules. Each successive rule takes priority over the prior
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster If no timing metadata has been set for the key, the key is
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster published in the zone and used to sign the zone.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster If the key's publication date is set and is in the past, the
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster key is published in the zone.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster If the key's activation date is set and in the past, the
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster key is published (regardless of publication date) and
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster used to sign the zone.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster If the key's revocation date is set and in the past, and the
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster key is published, then the key is revoked, and the revoked key
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster is used to sign the zone.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster If either of the key's unpublication or deletion dates are set
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster and in the past, the key is NOT published or used to sign the
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster zone, regardless of any other metadata.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<dt><span class="term">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></span></dt>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Specifies a TTL to be used for new DNSKEY records imported
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster into the zone from the key repository. If not
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster specified, the default is the TTL value from the zone's SOA
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster record. This option is ignored when signing without
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster <code class="option">-S</code>, since DNSKEY records are not imported
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster from the key repository in that case. It is also ignored if
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster there are any pre-existing DNSKEY records at the zone apex,
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster in which case new records' TTL values will be set to match
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster them, or if any of the imported DNSKEY records had a default
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster TTL value. In the event of a a conflict between TTL values in
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster imported keys, the shortest one is used.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Print statistics at completion.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Update NSEC/NSEC3 chain when re-signing a previously signed
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster zone. With this option, a zone signed with NSEC can be
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster switched to NSEC3, or a zone signed with NSEC3 can
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster be switch to NSEC or to NSEC3 with different parameters.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Without this option, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> will
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster retain the existing chain when re-signing.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<dt><span class="term">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></span></dt>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Sets the debugging level.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Only sign the DNSKEY RRset with key-signing keys, and omit
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster signatures from zone-signing keys. (This is similar to the
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster <span><strong class="command">dnssec-dnskey-kskonly yes;</strong></span> zone option in
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.)
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Ignore KSK flag on key when determining what to sign. This
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster causes KSK-flagged keys to sign all records, not just the
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster DNSKEY RRset. (This is similar to the
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster <span><strong class="command">update-check-ksk no;</strong></span> zone option in
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.)
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<dt><span class="term">-3 <em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em></span></dt>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Generate an NSEC3 chain with the given hex encoded salt.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster A dash (<em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em>) can
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster be used to indicate that no salt is to be used when generating the NSEC3 chain.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<dt><span class="term">-H <em class="replaceable"><code>iterations</code></em></span></dt>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster When generating an NSEC3 chain, use this many iterations. The
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster default is 10.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster When generating an NSEC3 chain set the OPTOUT flag on all
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster NSEC3 records and do not generate NSEC3 records for insecure
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster delegations.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Using this option twice (i.e., <code class="option">-AA</code>)
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster turns the OPTOUT flag off for all records. This is useful
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster when using the <code class="option">-u</code> option to modify an NSEC3
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster chain which previously had OPTOUT set.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster The file containing the zone to be signed.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster Specify which keys should be used to sign the zone. If
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster no keys are specified, then the zone will be examined
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster for DNSKEY records at the zone apex. If these are found and
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster there are matching private keys, in the current directory,
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster then these will be used for signing.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster The following command signs the <strong class="userinput"><code>example.com</code></strong>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster zone with the DSA key generated by <span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span>
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster (Kexample.com.+003+17247). Because the <span><strong class="command">-S</strong></span> option
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster is not being used, the zone's keys must be in the master file
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster (<code class="filename">db.example.com</code>). This invocation looks
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster for <code class="filename">dsset</code> files, in the current directory,
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster so that DS records can be imported from them (<span><strong class="command">-g</strong></span>).
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<pre class="programlisting">% dnssec-signzone -g -o example.com db.example.com \
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster In the above example, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> creates
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster the file <code class="filename">db.example.com.signed</code>. This
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster file should be referenced in a zone statement in a
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster This example re-signs a previously signed zone with default parameters.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster The private keys are assumed to be in the current directory.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<pre class="programlisting">% cp db.example.com.signed db.example.com
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<p><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">dnssec-keygen</span>(8)</span>,
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster <em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>,
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster <em class="citetitle">RFC 4033</em>, <em class="citetitle">RFC 4641</em>.
8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<p><span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</span>
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8af80418ba1ec431c8027fa9668e5678658d3611Allan Foster<p style="text-align: center;">BIND 9.11.0pre-alpha</p>