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53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter<a name="man.dnssec-signzone"></a><div class="titlepage"></div>
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter<p><span class="application">dnssec-signzone</span> — DNSSEC zone signing tool</p>
7185b49f58c4cdb16d035ecc45e38ec9b1cd9bd0matthew_swift<div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">dnssec-signzone</code> [<code class="option">-a</code>] [<code class="option">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-D</code>] [<code class="option">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-g</code>] [<code class="option">-h</code>] [<code class="option">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>serial</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-P</code>] [<code class="option">-p</code>] [<code class="option">-R</code>] [<code class="option">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-S</code>] [<code class="option">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-t</code>] [<code class="option">-u</code>] [<code class="option">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-X <em class="replaceable"><code>extended end-time</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-x</code>] [<code class="option">-z</code>] [<code class="option">-3 <em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-H <em class="replaceable"><code>iterations</code></em></code>] [<code class="option">-A</code>] {zonefile} [key...]</p></div>
7185b49f58c4cdb16d035ecc45e38ec9b1cd9bd0matthew_swift<p><span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
7185b49f58c4cdb16d035ecc45e38ec9b1cd9bd0matthew_swift signs a zone. It generates
7185b49f58c4cdb16d035ecc45e38ec9b1cd9bd0matthew_swift NSEC and RRSIG records and produces a signed version of the
7185b49f58c4cdb16d035ecc45e38ec9b1cd9bd0matthew_swift zone. The security status of delegations from the signed zone
7185b49f58c4cdb16d035ecc45e38ec9b1cd9bd0matthew_swift (that is, whether the child zones are secure or not) is
7185b49f58c4cdb16d035ecc45e38ec9b1cd9bd0matthew_swift determined by the presence or absence of a
7185b49f58c4cdb16d035ecc45e38ec9b1cd9bd0matthew_swift <code class="filename">keyset</code> file for each child zone.
7185b49f58c4cdb16d035ecc45e38ec9b1cd9bd0matthew_swift Verify all generated signatures.
7185b49f58c4cdb16d035ecc45e38ec9b1cd9bd0matthew_swift<dt><span class="term">-c <em class="replaceable"><code>class</code></em></span></dt>
7185b49f58c4cdb16d035ecc45e38ec9b1cd9bd0matthew_swift Specifies the DNS class of the zone.
7185b49f58c4cdb16d035ecc45e38ec9b1cd9bd0matthew_swift Compatibility mode: Generate a
7185b49f58c4cdb16d035ecc45e38ec9b1cd9bd0matthew_swift <code class="filename">keyset-<em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></code>
7185b49f58c4cdb16d035ecc45e38ec9b1cd9bd0matthew_swift file in addition to
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter <code class="filename">dsset-<em class="replaceable"><code>zonename</code></em></code>
7185b49f58c4cdb16d035ecc45e38ec9b1cd9bd0matthew_swift when signing a zone, for use by older versions of
7185b49f58c4cdb16d035ecc45e38ec9b1cd9bd0matthew_swift <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>.
7185b49f58c4cdb16d035ecc45e38ec9b1cd9bd0matthew_swift<dt><span class="term">-d <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
7185b49f58c4cdb16d035ecc45e38ec9b1cd9bd0matthew_swift Look for <code class="filename">dsset-</code> or
7185b49f58c4cdb16d035ecc45e38ec9b1cd9bd0matthew_swift <code class="filename">keyset-</code> files in <code class="option">directory</code>.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter Output only those record types automatically managed by
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>, i.e. RRSIG, NSEC,
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter NSEC3 and NSEC3PARAM records. If smart signing
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter (<code class="option">-S</code>) is used, DNSKEY records are also
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter included. The resulting file can be included in the original
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter zone file with <span><strong class="command">$INCLUDE</strong></span>. This option
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter cannot be combined with <code class="option">-O raw</code>,
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter <code class="option">-O map</code>, or serial number updating.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter<dt><span class="term">-E <em class="replaceable"><code>engine</code></em></span></dt>
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter Uses a crypto hardware (OpenSSL engine) for the crypto operations
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter it supports, for instance signing with private keys from
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter a secure key store. When compiled with PKCS#11 support
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter it defaults to pkcs11; the empty name resets it to no engine.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter Generate DS records for child zones from
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter <code class="filename">dsset-</code> or <code class="filename">keyset-</code>
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter file. Existing DS records will be removed.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter<dt><span class="term">-K <em class="replaceable"><code>directory</code></em></span></dt>
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter Key repository: Specify a directory to search for DNSSEC keys.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter If not specified, defaults to the current directory.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter<dt><span class="term">-k <em class="replaceable"><code>key</code></em></span></dt>
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter Treat specified key as a key signing key ignoring any
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter key flags. This option may be specified multiple times.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter<dt><span class="term">-l <em class="replaceable"><code>domain</code></em></span></dt>
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter Generate a DLV set in addition to the key (DNSKEY) and DS sets.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter The domain is appended to the name of the records.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter<dt><span class="term">-s <em class="replaceable"><code>start-time</code></em></span></dt>
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter become valid. This can be either an absolute or relative
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter time. An absolute start time is indicated by a number
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation; 20000530144500 denotes
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter 14:45:00 UTC on May 30th, 2000. A relative start time is
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter indicated by +N, which is N seconds from the current time.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter If no <code class="option">start-time</code> is specified, the current
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter time minus 1 hour (to allow for clock skew) is used.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter<dt><span class="term">-e <em class="replaceable"><code>end-time</code></em></span></dt>
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter expire. As with <code class="option">start-time</code>, an absolute
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter the start time. A time relative to the current time is
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter indicated with now+N. If no <code class="option">end-time</code> is
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter specified, 30 days from the start time is used as a default.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter <code class="option">end-time</code> must be later than
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter<dt><span class="term">-X <em class="replaceable"><code>extended end-time</code></em></span></dt>
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter Specify the date and time when the generated RRSIG records
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter for the DNSKEY RRset will expire. This is to be used in cases
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter when the DNSKEY signatures need to persist longer than
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter signatures on other records; e.g., when the private component
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter of the KSK is kept offline and the KSK signature is to be
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter refreshed manually.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter As with <code class="option">start-time</code>, an absolute
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter time is indicated in YYYYMMDDHHMMSS notation. A time relative
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter to the start time is indicated with +N, which is N seconds from
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter the start time. A time relative to the current time is
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter indicated with now+N. If no <code class="option">extended end-time</code> is
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter specified, the value of <code class="option">end-time</code> is used as
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter the default. (<code class="option">end-time</code>, in turn, defaults to
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter 30 days from the start time.) <code class="option">extended end-time</code>
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter must be later than <code class="option">start-time</code>.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter<dt><span class="term">-f <em class="replaceable"><code>output-file</code></em></span></dt>
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter The name of the output file containing the signed zone. The
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter default is to append <code class="filename">.signed</code> to
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter the input filename. If <code class="option">output-file</code> is
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter set to <code class="literal">"-"</code>, then the signed zone is
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter written to the standard output, with a default output
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter format of "full".
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter Prints a short summary of the options and arguments to
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter<dt><span class="term">-i <em class="replaceable"><code>interval</code></em></span></dt>
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter When a previously-signed zone is passed as input, records
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter may be resigned. The <code class="option">interval</code> option
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter specifies the cycle interval as an offset from the current
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter time (in seconds). If a RRSIG record expires after the
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter cycle interval, it is retained. Otherwise, it is considered
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter to be expiring soon, and it will be replaced.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter The default cycle interval is one quarter of the difference
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter between the signature end and start times. So if neither
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter <code class="option">end-time</code> or <code class="option">start-time</code>
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter are specified, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span>
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter signatures that are valid for 30 days, with a cycle
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter interval of 7.5 days. Therefore, if any existing RRSIG records
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter are due to expire in less than 7.5 days, they would be
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter<dt><span class="term">-I <em class="replaceable"><code>input-format</code></em></span></dt>
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter The format of the input zone file.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"text"</strong></span> (default),
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter <span><strong class="command">"raw"</strong></span>, and <span><strong class="command">"map"</strong></span>.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter This option is primarily intended to be used for dynamic
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter signed zones so that the dumped zone file in a non-text
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter format containing updates can be signed directly.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter The use of this option does not make much sense for
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter non-dynamic zones.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter<dt><span class="term">-j <em class="replaceable"><code>jitter</code></em></span></dt>
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter When signing a zone with a fixed signature lifetime, all
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter RRSIG records issued at the time of signing expires
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter simultaneously. If the zone is incrementally signed, i.e.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter a previously-signed zone is passed as input to the signer,
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter all expired signatures have to be regenerated at about the
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter same time. The <code class="option">jitter</code> option specifies a
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter jitter window that will be used to randomize the signature
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter expire time, thus spreading incremental signature
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter regeneration over time.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter Signature lifetime jitter also to some extent benefits
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter validators and servers by spreading out cache expiration,
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter i.e. if large numbers of RRSIGs don't expire at the same time
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter from all caches there will be less congestion than if all
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter validators need to refetch at mostly the same time.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter<dt><span class="term">-L <em class="replaceable"><code>serial</code></em></span></dt>
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter When writing a signed zone to "raw" or "map" format, set the
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter "source serial" value in the header to the specified serial
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter number. (This is expected to be used primarily for testing
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter<dt><span class="term">-n <em class="replaceable"><code>ncpus</code></em></span></dt>
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter Specifies the number of threads to use. By default, one
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter thread is started for each detected CPU.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter<dt><span class="term">-N <em class="replaceable"><code>soa-serial-format</code></em></span></dt>
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter The SOA serial number format of the signed zone.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"keep"</strong></span> (default),
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter <span><strong class="command">"increment"</strong></span> and
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter <span><strong class="command">"unixtime"</strong></span>.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"keep"</strong></span></span></dt>
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter<dd><p>Do not modify the SOA serial number.</p></dd>
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"increment"</strong></span></span></dt>
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter<dd><p>Increment the SOA serial number using RFC 1982
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter<dt><span class="term"><span><strong class="command">"unixtime"</strong></span></span></dt>
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter<dd><p>Set the SOA serial number to the number of seconds
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter<dt><span class="term">-o <em class="replaceable"><code>origin</code></em></span></dt>
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter The zone origin. If not specified, the name of the zone file
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter is assumed to be the origin.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter<dt><span class="term">-O <em class="replaceable"><code>output-format</code></em></span></dt>
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter The format of the output file containing the signed zone.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter Possible formats are <span><strong class="command">"text"</strong></span> (default),
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter which is the standard textual representation of the zone;
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter <span><strong class="command">"full"</strong></span>, which is text output in a
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter format suitable for processing by external scripts;
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter and <span><strong class="command">"map"</strong></span>, <span><strong class="command">"raw"</strong></span>,
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter and <span><strong class="command">"raw=N"</strong></span>, which store the zone in
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter binary formats for rapid loading by <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter <span><strong class="command">"raw=N"</strong></span> specifies the format version of
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter the raw zone file: if N is 0, the raw file can be read by
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter any version of <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>; if N is 1, the file
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter can be read by release 9.9.0 or higher; the default is 1.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter Use pseudo-random data when signing the zone. This is faster,
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter but less secure, than using real random data. This option
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter may be useful when signing large zones or when the entropy
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter source is limited.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter Disable post sign verification tests.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter The post sign verification test ensures that for each algorithm
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter in use there is at least one non revoked self signed KSK key,
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter that all revoked KSK keys are self signed, and that all records
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter in the zone are signed by the algorithm.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter This option skips these tests.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter Remove signatures from keys that no longer exist.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter Normally, when a previously-signed zone is passed as input
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter to the signer, and a DNSKEY record has been removed and
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter replaced with a new one, signatures from the old key
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter that are still within their validity period are retained.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter This allows the zone to continue to validate with cached
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter copies of the old DNSKEY RRset. The <code class="option">-R</code> forces
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> to remove all orphaned
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter<dt><span class="term">-r <em class="replaceable"><code>randomdev</code></em></span></dt>
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter Specifies the source of randomness. If the operating
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter system does not provide a <code class="filename">/dev/random</code>
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter or equivalent device, the default source of randomness
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter is keyboard input. <code class="filename">randomdev</code>
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter the name of a character device or file containing random
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter data to be used instead of the default. The special value
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter <code class="filename">keyboard</code> indicates that keyboard
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter input should be used.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter Smart signing: Instructs <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> to
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter search the key repository for keys that match the zone being
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter signed, and to include them in the zone if appropriate.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter When a key is found, its timing metadata is examined to
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter determine how it should be used, according to the following
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter rules. Each successive rule takes priority over the prior
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter If no timing metadata has been set for the key, the key is
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter published in the zone and used to sign the zone.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter If the key's publication date is set and is in the past, the
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter key is published in the zone.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter If the key's activation date is set and in the past, the
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter key is published (regardless of publication date) and
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter used to sign the zone.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter If the key's revocation date is set and in the past, and the
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter key is published, then the key is revoked, and the revoked key
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter is used to sign the zone.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter If either of the key's unpublication or deletion dates are set
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter and in the past, the key is NOT published or used to sign the
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter zone, regardless of any other metadata.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter<dt><span class="term">-T <em class="replaceable"><code>ttl</code></em></span></dt>
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter Specifies a TTL to be used for new DNSKEY records imported
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter into the zone from the key repository. If not
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter specified, the default is the TTL value from the zone's SOA
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter record. This option is ignored when signing without
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter <code class="option">-S</code>, since DNSKEY records are not imported
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter from the key repository in that case. It is also ignored if
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter there are any pre-existing DNSKEY records at the zone apex,
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter in which case new records' TTL values will be set to match
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter them, or if any of the imported DNSKEY records had a default
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter TTL value. In the event of a a conflict between TTL values in
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter imported keys, the shortest one is used.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter Print statistics at completion.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter Update NSEC/NSEC3 chain when re-signing a previously signed
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter zone. With this option, a zone signed with NSEC can be
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter switched to NSEC3, or a zone signed with NSEC3 can
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter be switch to NSEC or to NSEC3 with different parameters.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter Without this option, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> will
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter retain the existing chain when re-signing.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter<dt><span class="term">-v <em class="replaceable"><code>level</code></em></span></dt>
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter Sets the debugging level.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter Only sign the DNSKEY RRset with key-signing keys, and omit
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter signatures from zone-signing keys. (This is similar to the
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter <span><strong class="command">dnssec-dnskey-kskonly yes;</strong></span> zone option in
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.)
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter Ignore KSK flag on key when determining what to sign. This
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter causes KSK-flagged keys to sign all records, not just the
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter DNSKEY RRset. (This is similar to the
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter <span><strong class="command">update-check-ksk no;</strong></span> zone option in
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter <span><strong class="command">named</strong></span>.)
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter<dt><span class="term">-3 <em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em></span></dt>
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter Generate an NSEC3 chain with the given hex encoded salt.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter A dash (<em class="replaceable"><code>salt</code></em>) can
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter be used to indicate that no salt is to be used when generating the NSEC3 chain.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter<dt><span class="term">-H <em class="replaceable"><code>iterations</code></em></span></dt>
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter When generating an NSEC3 chain, use this many iterations. The
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter default is 10.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter When generating an NSEC3 chain set the OPTOUT flag on all
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter NSEC3 records and do not generate NSEC3 records for insecure
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter Using this option twice (i.e., <code class="option">-AA</code>)
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter turns the OPTOUT flag off for all records. This is useful
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter when using the <code class="option">-u</code> option to modify an NSEC3
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter chain which previously had OPTOUT set.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter The file containing the zone to be signed.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter Specify which keys should be used to sign the zone. If
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter no keys are specified, then the zone will be examined
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter for DNSKEY records at the zone apex. If these are found and
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter there are matching private keys, in the current directory,
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter then these will be used for signing.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter The following command signs the <strong class="userinput"><code>example.com</code></strong>
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter zone with the DSA key generated by <span><strong class="command">dnssec-keygen</strong></span>
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter (Kexample.com.+003+17247). Because the <span><strong class="command">-S</strong></span> option
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter is not being used, the zone's keys must be in the master file
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter (<code class="filename">db.example.com</code>). This invocation looks
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter for <code class="filename">dsset</code> files, in the current directory,
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter so that DS records can be imported from them (<span><strong class="command">-g</strong></span>).
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter<pre class="programlisting">% dnssec-signzone -g -o example.com db.example.com \
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter In the above example, <span><strong class="command">dnssec-signzone</strong></span> creates
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter the file <code class="filename">db.example.com.signed</code>. This
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter file should be referenced in a zone statement in a
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter <code class="filename">named.conf</code> file.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter This example re-signs a previously signed zone with default parameters.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter The private keys are assumed to be in the current directory.
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter<pre class="programlisting">% cp db.example.com.signed db.example.com
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter% dnssec-signzone -o example.com db.example.com
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter<p><span class="citerefentry"><span class="refentrytitle">dnssec-keygen</span>(8)</span>,
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter <em class="citetitle">BIND 9 Administrator Reference Manual</em>,
53247d28ba99538f841a13ea2cde01c3faa3ef36kenneth_suter<p><span class="corpauthor">Internet Systems Consortium</span>
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